ABSTRACT:

Heart rate measurement is one of the very important parameters of the

human cardiovascular system. The heart rate of a healthy adult at rest is
around 72 beats per minute (bpm). Athletes normally have lower heart
rates than less active people. Babies have a much higher heart rate at
around 120 bpm, while older children have heart rates at around 90 bpm.
The heart rate rises gradually during exercises and returns slowly to the
rest value after exercise. The rate when the pulse returns to normal is an
indication of the fitness of the person.
Heart rate is simply and traditionally measured by placing the thumb over
the subject’s arterial pulsation, and feeling, timing and counting the pulses
usually in a 5 second period. Heart rate (bpm) of the subject is then found
by multiplying the obtained number by 12. This method although simple,
is not accurate and can give errors when the rate is high. More
sophisticated methods to measure the heart rate utilize electronic
techniques. Electro-cardiogram (ECG) is one of frequently used and
accurate methods for measuring the heart rate. ECG is an expensive
device and its use for the measurement of the heart rate only is not
economical. Low-cost devices in the form of wrist watches are also
available for the instantaneous measurement of the heart rate. Such
devices can give accurate measurements but their cost is usually in excess
of several hundred dollars, making them uneconomical. Most hospitals
and clinics in the UK use integrated devices designed to measure the heart
rate, blood pressure, and temperature of the subject. Although such
devices are useful, their cost is usually high and beyond the reach of
individuals.
This paper describes the design of a very low-cost device which measures
the heart rate of the subject by clipping sensors on one of the fingers and
then displaying the result on a text based LCD. Advantage of such a
design is that it can be expanded and can easily be connected to a
recording device or a PC to collect and analyse the data for over a period
of time.

Infrared RX

Compar Microco
ator and ntroller LCD
Finger
filter

Infrared TX

Figure shows the block diagram of the proposed device. Basically, the
device consists of an LED and an LDR. The transmitter-sensor pair is
clipped on one of the fingers of the subject. The LED emits infrared light
to the finger of the subject. The LDR detects this light beam and measures
the change of blood volume through the finger artery. This signal, which
is in the form of pulses is then amplified and filtered suitably and is fed to
a low-cost microcontroller for analysis and display. The microcontroller
counts the number of pulses over a fixed time interval and thus obtains
the heart rate of the subject. Several such readings are obtained over a
known period of time and the results are averaged to give a more accurate
reading of the heart rate. The calculated heart rate is displayed on an LCD
in beats-per-minute in the following format:
Rate = nnn bpm
Where nnn is an integer between 1 and 999.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives the brief description about the need for wireless patient
monitoring system and its importance. This chapter also gives the brief
description about scope of the project and design methodology.
Patient Monitoring System is a process where a surgeon can continuously
monitor more than one patient at a time in remote place.

1.1 Proposed Work

Some severe diseases and disorders e.g. heart failure needs close and
continual monitoring procedure after diagnosis, in order to prevent
mortality or further damage as secondary to the mentioned diseases or
disorders. Monitoring these types of patients, usually, occur at hospitals
or healthcare centers. Heart arrhythmias for instance, in many cases, need
continual long-term monitoring. However, the patients are often too early
released, owing to need of hospital bed for another patient on the waiting
list, who needs to be hospitalized immediately.

1.2 Scope of the Work

Long waiting time for hospitalization or ambulatory patient
monitoring/treatment, are other well-known issues for both the healthcare
institutions and the patients. This project provides healthcare authorities
to maximize the quality and breadth of healthcare services by controlling
costs. As the population increases and demand for services increases, the
ability to maintain the quality and availability of care, while effectively
managing financial and human resources, is achieved by this project. The
use of modern communication technology in this context is the sole
decisive factor that makes such communication system successful.
1.3 Design Methodology
In transmitter circuit the Heat Beat is measured by LED and LDR, then it
is applied to the microcontroller. The Microcontroller maintains the
records of the measured readings. It compares the measured heart beat
with the normal readings and checks it is within the normal range or not.
If it is normal, then it keeps record of the same and the readings in
SMS(Short Messaging Service) form to the specified mobile number. The
time specified for sending message is given by the user.

CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Embedded systems are one of the emerging technologies which are
touching every nook and corner of the mind. “It is impossible to live
without these embedded gadgets”-says ELECTRONICS magazine. From
the above statement, the liveliness of embedded system can be
understood. Data communications is one of the most rapidly growing
commercial market areas today, especially “wireless communications”. In
the past few years, wireless data communications has grown from an
obscure and expensive curiosity into a practical and affordable
communication and networking technology. The convenience of wireless
is very appealing as not to deal with running cables to and from devices
in order to interconnect them, and wireless devices can be moved to any
location within the transmission range, while still being able to
communicate and broadcast data. Due to this, it is expected that wireless
data communications will become even more popular and more
extensively used in the medical field. Currently the most popular method
of wireless communications is radio frequency transmission. As these
devices have a very low power consumption and power output, perhaps
more importantly devices can achieve good data transmission rates.
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

In the block diagram shown above, the microcontroller AT89C2051

receives the signal from the sensors and is transmitted through the
transmitter. The receiver then receives the transmitted signal and is fed to
the microcontroller. Microcontroller displays the received signal. Here
AM is used for transmission and reception of signals. The sensors include
temperature sensor and heart beat sensor. LCD display is used for
displaying the data.

2.3 HEART BEAT SENSOR

This block is used to sense the heart beat with the help of an LED and an
LDR. A continuous light from the LED should fall on the LDR and the
finger of the patient is to be placed in between the LED and LDR. The
slight variation in the skin due to the heart beat is read by the LDR. The
LDR output is fed to an operational amplifier to the digital level (0 and 5)
which is then fed in to the microcontroller.
2.4 MICROCONTROLLER
The microcontroller AT89S51 is used to get the data from the decoder and
send the data over GSM Network.

2.5 GSM Modem

This GSM-Modem should be a plug and play GSM 900 / GSM 1800 /
GSM 1900 modem. A direct and easy integration with RS232 and with in
voltage range for the power supply. A SIMCOM's GSM/GPRS modem is
suitable for the GSM-SMS Transceiver System.

The features of SIMCOM-Modem:

· Triband GSM GPRS modem (EGSM 900/1800/1900 MHz)
· Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications
· GPRS multi-slot class 10
· GPRS mobile station class B
· Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications
· Fully compliant with GSM Phase 2/2+ specifications
· Built-in TCP/IP Protocol
· Built-in RTC in the module
· AT Command based
IMPLEMENTATION:
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of death in the many

countries and in 1999, it accounted for over 15 million deaths worldwide.
In addition, several million people are disabled by cardiovascular disease
(WHO, 1999). The delay between the first symptom of any cardiac
ailment and the call for medical assistance has a large variation among
different patients and can have fatal consequences. One critical inference
drawn from epidemiological data is that deployment of resources for early
detection and treatment of heart disease has a higher potential of reducing
fatality associated with cardiac disease than improved care after
hospitalization. Hence new strategies are needed in order to reduce time
before treatment. Monitoring of patients is one possible solution. Also,
the trend towards an independent lifestyle has also increased the demand
for personalized non-hospital based care.

This project “Heart beat monitoring by GSM technology” can be used in

hospitals and also for patients who can be under continues monitoring
while traveling from place to place. Since the system is continuously
monitoring the patient and in case of any abnormal in the heart beat rate
of the patient the system will immediately message to the concerned
doctors and relatives about the condition of the patient and abnormal
details.
To perform these operations the system uses heart beat sensor, GSM
modem, and to control all these devices the heart of the system micro
controller (P89V51RD2) is used.

1.1 Proposed Work

Some severe diseases and disorders e.g. heart failure needs close and
continual monitoring procedure after diagnosis, in order to prevent
mortality or further damage as secondary to the mentioned diseases or
disorders. Monitoring these types of patients, usually, occur at hospitals
or healthcare centers. Heart arrhythmias for instance, in many cases, need
continual long-term monitoring. However, the patients are often too early
released, owing to need of hospital bed for another patient on the waiting
list, who needs to be hospitalized immediately.

1.2 Scope of the Work

Long waiting time for hospitalization or ambulatory patient

monitoring/treatment, are other well-known issues for both the healthcare
institutions and the patients. This project provides healthcare authorities
to maximize the quality and breadth of healthcare services by controlling
costs. As the population increases and demand for services increases, the
ability to maintain the quality and availability of care, while effectively
managing financial and human resources, is achieved by this project. The
use of modern communication technology in this context is the sole
decisive factor that makes such communication system successful.
1.3 Design Methodology

In transmitter circuit the Heat Beat is measured by LED and LDR,

then it is applied to the microcontroller. The Microcontroller maintains
the records of the measured readings. It compares the measured heart beat
with the normal readings and checks it is within the normal range or not.
If it is normal, then it sends the message as normal otherwise it sends
abnormal to the specified mobile number. The time specified for sending
message is given by the user.
CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Embedded systems are one of the emerging technologies which are

touching every nook and corner of the mind. “It is impossible to live
without these embedded gadgets”-says ELECTRONICS magazine. From
the above statement, the liveliness of embedded system can be
understood. Data communications is one of the most rapidly growing
commercial market areas today, especially “wireless communications”. In
the past few years, wireless data communications has grown from an
obscure and expensive curiosity into a practical and affordable
communication and networking technology. The convenience of wireless
is very appealing as not to deal with running cables to and from devices
in order to interconnect them, and wireless devices can be moved to any
location within the transmission range, while still being able to
communicate and broadcast data. Due to this, it is expected that wireless
data communications will become even more popular and more
extensively used in the medical field. Currently the most popular method
of wireless communications is radio frequency transmission. As these
devices have a very low power consumption and power output, perhaps
more importantly devices can achieve good data transmission rates.

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Transmitter

Heart Beat
Sensor

Serial
Micro controller
Switcher
Oscillator RS 232
P89V51RD2
 GSM
Regulate DC
Modem
Power
Supply

Receiver

Mobile

2.2.1 POWER SUPPLY

The 230V line voltage is step-down, rectified, filtered and regulated

using regulators to obtain desired voltages. This circuit can give +5V
output at about 150 mA current and +3.8v and 12v respectively.
2.2.2 MICROCONTROLLER

The microcontroller used is P89V51RD2 operates at 11.0592 MHz

at 5V D.C. Microcontroller controls all the operation. The microcontroller
obtains the input from the heart beat sensors and monitors the heart beat
rate.

2.2.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

A Liquid Crystal Display is a low cost, low power device capable of

displaying text. The LCD used is (2 lines X 16 characters) operates at 5V
D.C. A microcontroller is connected to an LCD controller, which in turn
is connected to an LCD. The LCD controller receives control words from
the microcontrollers; it decodes the control words and performs the
corresponding actions on LCD. Once the initialization sequence is done,
we can send control words or send actual data to be displayed

2.2.4 GSM MODEM

This GSM-Modem should be a plug and play GSM 900 / GSM 1800
/ GSM 1900 modem. A direct and easy integration with RS232 and with
in voltage range for the power supply.

A WAVECOM's GSM/GPRS modem is suitable for the GSM-SMS

Transceiver System.

The features of SIMCOM-Modem:

 Triband GSM GPRS modem(EGSM 900/1800/1900 MHz)

  Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications
 GPRS multi-slot class 10
 GPRS mobile station class B
 Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications
 Fully compliant with GSM Phase 2/2+ specifications
 Built-in TCP/IP Protocol
 Built-in RTC in the module
 AT Command based
2.2.5 HEARTBEAT SENSOR

Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heat beat when
a finger is placed on it. When the heart beat detector is working, the beat
LED flashes in unison with each heart beat. This digital output can be
connected to microcontroller directly to measure the Beats Per Minute
(BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light modulation by blood flow
through finger at each pulse.

2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 POWER SUPPLY

The transformer 230Volts will be stepped down to 12-0-12 one side of the
12V is given to the 7805 and Lm317.In this project the microcontroller
requires +5V power supply. The design description of power supply is
given below.

The +5 Volt and 3.8V power supply is based on the commercial 7805 &
Lm317 voltage regulator IC. This IC contains all the circuitry needed to
accept any input voltage from 8 to 18 volts and produce a steady +5 volt
& 3.8volt output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also contains
current-limiting circuitry and thermal overload protection, so that the IC
won't be damaged in case of excessive load current; it will reduce its
output voltage instead.

The 1000µf capacitor serves as a "reservoir" which maintains a reasonable

input voltage to the 7805 throughout the entire cycle of the ac line voltage.
The bridge rectifier (WM04) keep recharging the reservoir capacitor on
alternate half-cycles of the line voltage, and the capacitor is quite capable
of sustaining any reasonable load in between charging pulses.

The LED and its series resistor(220ohm) serve as a pilot light to indicate
when the power supply is on and also helps to the reservoir capacitor is
completely discharged after power is turned off. Then I know it's safe to
remove or install components for the next experiment.

Fig 1: Power supply Circuit Diagram

3.1.1 LM317:

The LM317 series of adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulators is

capable of supplying in excess of 1.5A over a 1.2V to 37V output range.
They are exceptionally easy to use and require only two external resistors
to set the output voltage.Further, both line and load regulations are better
than standard fixed regulators. Also, the LM317 is packaged in standard
transistor packages which are easily mounted and handled.

Fig 2: LM317 pin out

A truly timeless circuit LM317 is a versatile and highly efficient 1.2-37V

voltage regulator that can provide up to 1.5A of current with a large heat
sink. It’s ideal for just about any application. This was my first workbench
power supply and I still use it. Since LM317 is protected against short-
circuit, no fuse is necessary. Thanks to automatic thermal shutdown, it
will turn off if heating excessively.

All in all, a very powerful (and affordable!) package, indeed. Although

LM317 is capable of delivering up to 37V, the circuit pictured here is
limited to 25V for the sake of safety and simplicity.

Any higher output voltage would require additional components and a

larger heat sink. Make sure that the input voltage is at least a couple of
Volts higher than the desired output. It’s ok to use a trimmer if you’re
building a fixed-voltage supply.

3.1.2 LM7805:

Fig 3: IC Lm7805 pin out

The 7805 is a +5V DC three-terminal fixed-voltage regulator chip. It is a
popular low-cost voltage regulator used in many projects and it is
relatively easy to build a power supply with.

The disadvantage of the 7805 is that it is a "lousy" regulator and therefore

not very efficient. Thus it will not work well using AA batteries, for
example. The 7805 is commonly packaged in a TO-220 case and is rated
at 1.0 amp, plenty for the GPS-20. However, in order for the 7805 to
handle its designed rating requires a heat sink be installed on the 7805.

Bear this in mind when you build this version of the power supply. If the
7805 will be in the open air it may be okay without a heat sink, but if you
install it inside an enclosure, it will require one. If the enclosure is
aluminum, simply attach the 7805 to the enclosure, it will act as a heat
sink.

3.2 MICROCONTROLLER P89V51RD2

1. General description

The P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 are 80C51 microcontrollers with 16/32/64

kB flash and 1024 B of data RAM. A key feature of the
P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 is its X2 mode option. The design engineer can
choose to run the application with the conventional 80C51 clock rate (12
clocks per machine cycle) or select the X2 mode (six clocks per machine
cycle) to achieve twice the throughput at the same clock frequency.
Another way to benefit from this feature is to keep the same performance
by reducing the clock frequency by half, thus dramatically reducing the
EMI The flash program memory supports both parallel programming and
in serial ISP. Parallel programming mode offers gang-programming at
high speed, reducing programming costs and time to market. ISP allows
a device to be reprogrammed in the end product under software control.
The capability to field/update the application firmware makes a wide
range of applications possible. The P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 is also capable
of IAP, allowing the flash program memory to be reconfigured even while
the application is running.

2. Features

 80C51 CPU
 5 V operating voltage from 0 MHz to 40 MHz
 16/32/64 kB of on-chip flash user code memory with ISP and IAP
 Supports 12-clock (default) or 6-clock mode selection via software
or ISP
 SPI and enhanced UART
 PCA with PWM and capture/compare functions
 Four 8-bit I/O ports with three high-current port 1 pins (16 mA
each)
 Three 16-bit timers/counters
 Programmable watchdog timer
 Eight interrupt sources with four priority levels
 Second DPTR register
  Low EMI mode (ALE inhibit)
 TTL- and CMOS-compatible logic levels
 Brownout detection
 Low power modes
 Power-down mode with external interrupt wake-up
 Idle mode
3.Block diagram of P89V51RD2
P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2

Fig 4: DIP40 pin configuration

4. PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC: Supply voltage.

GND: Ground.

Port 0:

Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output

port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0
pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be
configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during
accesses to external pro-gram and data memory. In this mode P0 has
internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification.
External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1:

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to
Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used
as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source) because of the internal pull-ups. Current (IIL Port 1 also receives
the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2:

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The

Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can
be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source) because of the internal pull-ups. In this application, it
uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to
external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2
emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives
the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.
Port 3:

Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The

Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can
be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source) because of the pull-ups.

Memory organization

The device has separate address spaces for program and data memory.

Flash program memory bank selection

There are two internal flash memory blocks in the device. Block 0
has 16/32/64 kB and is organized as 128/256/512 sectors, each sector
consists of 128 B. Block 1 contains the IAP/ISP routines and may be
enabled such that it overlays the first 8 kB of the user code memory. The
overlay function is controlled by the combination of the Software Reset
Bit (SWR) at FCF.1 and the Bank Select Bit (BSEL) at FCF.0. The
combination of these bits and the memory source used for instructions is
shown in Table below.
Code memory bank selection

Access to the IAP routines in block 1 may be enabled by clearing the

BSEL bit (FCF.0), provided that the SWR bit (FCF.1) is cleared.
Following a power-on sequence, the boot code is automatically executed
and attempts to auto baud to a host. If no auto baud occurs within
approximately 400 ms and the SoftICE flag is not set, control will be
passed to the user code. A software reset is used to accomplish this control
transfer and as a result the SWR bit will remain set. Therefore the user's
code will need to clear the SWR bit in order to access the IAP routines in
block 1. However, caution must be taken when dynamically changing the
BSEL bit. Since this will cause different physical memory to be mapped
to the logical program address space, the user must avoid clearing the
BSEL bit when executing user code within the address range 0000H to
1FFFH.
Power-on reset code execution

At initial power up, the port pins will be in a random state until the
oscillator has started and the internal reset algorithm has weakly pulled all
pins high. Powering up the device without a valid reset could cause the
MCU to start executing instructions from an indeterminate location. Such
undefined states may inadvertently corrupt the code in the flash. A system
reset will not affect the 1 kB of on-chip RAM while the device is running,
however, the contents of the on-chip RAM during power up are
indeterminate. When power is applied to the device, the RST pin must be
held high long enough for the oscillator to start up (usually several
milliseconds for a low frequency crystal), in addition to two machine
cycles for a valid power-on reset. An example of a method to extend the
RST signal is to implement a RC circuit by connecting the RST pin to
VDD through a 10 mF capacitor and to VSS through an 8.2 kW resistor
as shown in Figure 5. Note that if an RC circuit is being used, provisions
should be made to ensure the VDD rise time does not exceed 1 ms and the
oscillator start-up time does not exceed 10 ms. For a low frequency
oscillator with slow start-up time the reset signal must be extended in
order to account for the slow start-up time. This method maintains the
necessary relationship between VDD and RST to avoid programming at
an indeterminate location, which may cause corruption in the code of the
flash. The power-on detection is designed to work during initial power up,
before the voltage reaches the brownout detection level. The POF flag in
the PCON register is set to indicate an initial power up condition. The
POF flag will remain active until cleared by software. Following a power-
on or external reset the P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 will force the SWR and
BSEL bits (FCF[1:0]) = 00. This causes the boot block to be mapped into
the lower 8 kB of code memory and the device will execute the ISP code
in the boot block and attempt to auto baud to the host. If the auto baud is
successful the device will remain in ISP mode. If, after approximately 400
ms, the auto baud is unsuccessful the boot block code will check to see if
the SoftICE flag is set (from a previous programming operation). If the
SoftICE flag is set the device will enter SoftICE mode. If the SoftICE flag
is cleared, the boot code will execute a software reset causing the device
to execute the user code from block 0 starting at address 0000H. Note that
an external reset applied to the RST pin has the same effect as a power-
on reset.
Software reset

A software reset is executed by changing the SWR bit (FCF.1) from ‘0’
to ‘1’. A software reset will reset the program counter to address 0000H
and force both the SWR and BSEL bits (FCF[1:0]) = 10. This will result
in the lower 8 kB of the user code memory being mapped into the user
code memory space. Thus the user's code will be executed starting at
address 0000H. A software reset will not change WDTC.2 or RAM data.
Other SFRs will be set to their reset values.

Brownout detect reset

The device includes a brownout detection circuit to protect the system

from severe supply voltage fluctuations. The P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2's
brownout detection threshold is 2.35 V. When VDD drops below this
voltage threshold, the brownout detect triggers the circuit to generate a
brownout interrupt but the CPU still runs until the supplied voltage returns
to the brownout detection voltage VBOD. The default operation for a
brownout detection is to cause a processor reset. VDD must stay below
VBOD at least four oscillator clock periods before the brownout detection
circuit will respond. Brownout interrupt can be enabled by setting the
EBO bit (IEA.3). If EBO bit is set and a brownout condition occurs, a
brownout interrupt will be generated to execute the program at location
004BH. It is required that the EBO bit be cleared by software after the
brownout interrupt is serviced. Clearing EBO bit when the brownout
condition is active will properly reset the device. If brownout interrupt is
not enabled, a brownout condition will reset the program to resume
execution at location 0000H. A brownout detect reset will clear the BSEL
bit (FCF.0) but will not change the SWR bit (FCF.1) and therefore will
not change the banking of the lower 8 kB of user code memory space.

Watchdog reset

Like a brownout detect reset, the watchdog timer reset will clear the BSEL
bit (FCF.0) but will not change the SWR bit (FCF.1) and therefore will
not change the banking of the lower 8 kB of user code memory space. The
state of the SWR and BSEL bits after different types of resets is shown in
below This results in the code memory bank selections as shown.
Data RAM memory

The data RAM has 1024 B of internal memory. The device can also
address up to 64 kB for external data memory.

Expanded data RAM addressing

The P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 has 1 kB of RAM

The device has four sections of internal data memory:

1. The lower 128 B of RAM (00H to 7FH) are directly and indirectly
addressable.

2. The higher 128 B of RAM (80H to FFH) are indirectly addressable.

3. The special function registers (80H to FFH) are directly addressable

only.

4. The expanded RAM of 768 B (00H to 2FFH) is indirectly addressable

by the move

external instruction (MOVX) and clearing the EXTRAM bit

Since the upper 128 B occupy the same addresses as the SFRs, the RAM
must be accessed indirectly. The RAM and SFRs space are physically
separate even though they have the same addresses.
Internal and external data memory structure

Dual data pointers

The device has two 16-bit data pointers. The DPTR Select (DPS) bit in
AUXR1n determines which of the two data pointers is accessed. When
DPS = 0, DPTR0 is selected; when DPS = 1, DPTR1 is selected. Quickly
switching between the two data pointers can be accomplished by a single
INC instruction on AUXR1.

Flash memory IAP

1.Flash organization

The P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 program memory consists of a 16/32/64 kB

block. ISP capability, in a second 8 kB block, is provided to allow the user
code to be programmed in-circuit through the serial port. There are three
methods of erasing or programming of the flash memory that may be used.
First, the flash may be programmed or erased in the end-user application
by calling low-level routines through a common entry point (IAP).
Second, the on-chip ISP bootloader may be invoked. This ISP bootloader
will, in turn, call low-level routines through the same common entry point
that can be used by the end-user application. Third, the flash may be
programmed or erased using the parallel method by using a commercially
available EPROM programmer which supports this device.

2.Boot block (block 1)

When the microcontroller programs its own flash memory, all of the
low level details are handled by code that is contained in block 1. A user
program calls the common entry point in the block 1 with appropriate
parameters to accomplish the desired operation. Boot block operations
include erase user code, program user code, program security bits, etc.

A chip-erase operation can be performed using a commercially available

parallel programer. This operation will erase the contents of this Boot
Block and it will be necessary for the user to reprogram this Boot Block
(block 1) with the NXP-provided ISP/IAP code in order to use the ISP or
IAP capabilities of this device.
3.ISP

ISP is performed without removing the microcontroller from the system.

The ISP facility consists of a series of internal hardware resources coupled
with internal firmware to facilitate remote programming of the
P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 through the serial port. This firmware is provided
by NXP and embedded within each P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 device. The
NXP ISP facility has made in-circuit programming in an embedded
application possible with a minimum of additional expense in components
and circuit board area. The ISP function uses five pins (VDD, VSS, TXD,
RXD, and RST). Only a small connector needs to be available to interface
your application to an external circuit in order to use this feature

3.1Using the ISP

The ISP feature allows for a wide range of baud rates to be used in your
application, independent of the oscillator frequency. It is also adaptable to
a wide range of oscillator frequencies. This is accomplished by measuring
the bit-time of a single bit in a received character. This information is then
used to program the baud rate in terms of timer counts based on the
oscillator frequency. The ISP feature requires that an initial character (an
uppercase U) be sent to the P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 to establish the baud
rate. The ISP firmware provides auto-echo of received characters. Once
baud rate initialization has been performed, the ISP firmware will only
accept Intel Hex-type records
UARTs

The UART operates in all standard modes. Enhancements over the

standard 80C51 UART include Framing Error detection, and automatic
address recognition.

Mode 0

Serial data enters and exits through RXD and TXD outputs the shift clock.
Only 8 bits are transmitted or received, LSB first. The baud rate is fixed
at 1¤6 of the CPU clock frequency. UART configured to operate in this
mode outputs serial clock on TXD line no matter whether it sends or
receives data on RXD line.

Mode 1

10 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): a start

bit (logical 0), 8 data bits (LSB first), and a stop bit (logical 1). When data
is received, the stop bit is stored in RB8 in Special Function Register
SCON. The baud rate is variable and is determined by the Timer 1¤2
overflow rate.

Mode 2

11 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): start

bit (logical 0), 8 data bits (LSB first), a programmable 9th data bit, and a
stop bit (logical 1). When data is transmitted, the 9th data bit (TB8 in
SCON) can be assigned the value of 0 or (e.g. the parity bit (P, in the
PSW) could be moved into TB8). When data is received, the 9th data bit
goes into RB8 in Special Function Register SCON, while the stop bit is
ignored. The baud rate is programmable to either 1¤16 or 1¤32 of the CPU
clock frequency, as determined by the SMOD1 bit in PCON.

Mode 3

11 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): a start

bit (logical 0), 8 data bits (LSB first), a programmable 9th data bit, and a
stop bit (logical 1). In fact, mode 3 is the same as mode 2 in all respects
except baud rate. The baud rate in mode 3 is variable and is determined
by the Timer 1¤2 overflow rate.

SCON REGISTER (address 98h) bit allocation

SPI

SPI features

• Master or slave operation

• 10 MHz bit frequency (max)

• LSB first or MSB first data transfer

• Four programmable bit rates

• End of transmission (SPIF)

• Write collision flag protection (WCOL)

• Wake-up from Idle mode (slave mode only)

SPI description

The SPI allows high-speed synchronous data transfer between the

P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 and peripheral devices or between several
P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 devices. Figure below shows the correspondence
between master and slave SPI devices. The SCK pin is the clock output
and input for the master and slave modes, respectively. The SPI clock
generator will start following a write to the master devices SPI data
register. The written data is then shifted out of the MOSI pin on the master
device into the MOSI pin of the slave device. Following a complete
transmission of one byte of data, the SPI clock generator is stopped and
the SPIF flag is set. An SPI interrupt request will be generated if the SPI
Interrupt Enable bit (SPIE) and the Serial Port Interrupt Enable bit (ES)
are both set. An external master drives the Slave Select input pin,
SS/P1[4], low to select the SPI module as a slave. If SS/P1[4] has not been
driven low, then the slave SPI unit is not active and the MOSI/P1[5] port
can also be used as an input port pin. CPHA and CPOL control the phase
and polarity of the SPI clock. Following fig shows the four possible
combinations of these two bits

Watchdog timer

The device offers a programmable Watchdog Timer (WDT) for fail

safe protection against software deadlock and automatic recovery. To
protect the system against software deadlock, the user software must
refresh the WDT within a user-defined time period. If the software fails
to do this periodical refresh, an internal hardware reset will be initiated if
enabled (WDRE = 1). The software can be designed such that the WDT
times out if the program does not work properly.

The WDT in the device uses the system clock (XTAL1) as its time base.
So strictly speaking, it is a Watchdog counter rather than a WDT. The
WDT register will increment every 344064 crystal clocks. The upper 8-
bits of the time base register (WDTD) are used as the reload register of
the WDT. The WDTS flag bit is set by WDT overflow and is not changed
by WDT reset. User software can clear WDTS by writing ‘1' to it. Figure
below provides a block diagram of the WDT. Two SFRs (WDTC and
WDTD) control WDT operation. During Idle mode, WDT operation is
temporarily suspended, and resumes upon an interrupt exit from idle. The
time-out period of the WDT is calculated as follows: Period = (255 -
WDTD) ´ 344064 ´ 1 / fCLK(XTAL1) where WDTD is the value loaded
into the WDTD register and fosc is the oscillator frequency.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WATCHDOG TIMER

Power-saving modes

The device provides two power saving modes of operation for

applications where power consumption is critical. The two modes are Idle
and Power-down.

Idle mode

Idle mode is entered setting the IDL bit in the PCON register. In Idle
mode, the program counter (PC) is stopped. The system clock continues
to run and all interrupts and peripherals remain active. The on-chip RAM
and the special function registers hold their data during this mode The
device exits Idle mode through either a system interrupt or a hardware
reset. Exiting Idle mode via system interrupt, the start of the interrupt
clears the IDL bit and exits Idle mode. After exit the Interrupt Service
Routine, the interrupted program resumes execution beginning at the
instruction immediately following the instruction which invoked the Idle
mode. A hardware reset starts the device similar to a power-on reset.

Power-down mode

The Power-down mode is entered by setting the PD bit in the PCON

register. In the Power-down mode, the clock is stopped and external
interrupts are active for level sensitive interrupts only. SRAM contents
are retained during Power-down, the minimum VDD level is 2.0 V. The
device exits Power-down mode through either an enabled external level
sensitive interrupt or a hardware reset. The start of the interrupt clears the
PD bit and exits Power-down. Holding the external interrupt pin low
restarts the oscillator, the signal must hold low at least 1024 clock cycles
before bringing back high to complete the exit. Upon interrupt signal
restored to logic VIH, the interrupt service routine program execution
resumes beginning at the instruction immediately following the
instruction which invoked Power-down mode. A hardware reset starts the
device similar to power-on reset. To exit properly out of Power-down
mode, the reset or external interrupt should not be executed before the
VDD line is restored to its normal operating voltage. Be sure to hold VDD
voltage long enough at its normal operating level for the oscillator to
restart and stabilize (normally less than 10 ms).

System clock and clock options

Clock input options and recommended capacitor values for oscillator

Shown in Figure below are the input and output of an internal

inverting amplifier (XTAL1, XTAL2), which can be configured for use
as an on-chip oscillator. When driving the device from an external clock
source, XTAL2 should be left disconnected and XTAL1 should be driven.
At start-up, the external oscillator may encounter a higher capacitive load
at XTAL1 due to interaction between the amplifier and its feedback
capacitance. However, the capacitance will not exceed 15 pF once the
external signal meets the VIL and VIH specifications. Crystal
manufacturer, supply voltage, and other factors may cause circuit
performance to differ from one application to another. C1 and C2 should
be adjusted appropriately for each design. Table below shows the typical
values for C1 and C2 vs. crystal type for various frequencies.

By default, the device runs at 12 clocks per machine cycle (X1

mode). The device has a clock doubling option to speed up to 6 clocks per
machine cycle . Clock double mode can be enabled either by an external
programmer or using IAP. When set, the EDC bit in FST register will
indicate 6-clock mode. The clock double mode is only for doubling the
internal system clock and the internal flash memory, i.e. EA = 1. To access
the external memory and the peripheral devices, careful consideration
must be taken. Also note that the crystal output (XTAL2) will not be
doubled.
Oscillator characteristics (using on-chip oscillator)

Oscillator characteristics (external clock drive)

3.3 HEART BEAT SENSOR

Fig 5:Heart beat sensor

The Microcontroller AT89S51 is used to sense the heart Beat.

The Red high intensity light emitted by led initially falls on LDR .This is
the condition where the heartbeat is calibrated to zero using resistor R16.
When a patient places his finger in between LED and LDR the light is
restricted by the finger .The intensity of light penetration decreases if the
blood is pumped into the finger .If the blood is not pumped then the light
intensity is high .This high and low light intensity helps to measure
heartbeat . Actually light falling on LDR cuts due to blood movement .The
duration of light disturbed is measured which gives the time duration of
each heart beat pulse ,inverse of this time gives the heartbeat count per
minute .This signal is amplified in two stages using dual operational
amplifiers.R17 resistor is used to adjust the square wave pulse obtained,
C4 is used as feedback capacitor .The output after amplification is
obtained at pin number 7 of OP-AMP and fed to microcontroller.The
Heart Beat Sensor provides a simple way to study the heart's function.
This sensor monitors the flow of blood through Finger. As the heart forces
blood through the blood vessels in the Finger, the amount of blood in the
Finger changes with time. The sensor shines a light lobe (small High
Bright LED) through the ear and measures the light that is transmitted to
LDR. The signal is amplified, inverted and filtered, in the Circuit .By
graphing this signal, the heart rate can be determined, and some details of
the pumping action of the heart can be seen on the graph.

Fig 6: A sample measurement taken with the heartbeat sensor.

Figure 3.3.1 shows that the blood flowing through the Finger rises at the
start of the heartbeat. This is caused by the contraction of the ventricles
forcing blood into the arteries. Soon after the first peak a second, smaller
peak is observed. This is caused by the shutting of the heart valve, at the
end of the active phase, which raises the pressure in the arteries and the
earlobe.
The heart beat is sensed with help of an LED and LDR arrangement. The
LED is a high intensity type LED. Here the LDR is the sensor. As Sensor,
a photo diode or a photo transistor can be used. The skin may be
illuminated with visible (red) or infrared LEDs using transmitted or
reflected light for detection. The very small changes in reflectivity or
in transmittance caused by the varying blood content of human tissue are
almost invisible.

FEATURES

 Heat beat indication by LED

 Instant output digital signal for directly connecting to
microcontroller
 Compact Size
 Working Voltage +5V DC
APPLICATIONS

 Digital Heart Rate monitor

 Patient Monitoring System
 Bio-Feedback control of robotics and applications

SPECIFICATIONS:
PIN DETAILS:

Board has 3-pin connector for using the sensor. Details are marked on
PCB as below.

USING THE SENSOR

 Connect regulated DC power supply of 5 Volts. Black wire is

Ground, Next middle wire is Brown which is output and Red wire
is positive supply. These wires are also marked on PCB.
 To test sensor you only need power the sensor by connect two wires
+5V and GND. You can leave the output wire as it is. When Beat
LED is off the output is at 0V.
  Put finger on the marked position, and you can view the beat LED
blinking on each heartbeat.
 The output is active high for each beat and can be given directly to
microcontroller for
interfacing applications.

HEART BEAT OUTPUT SIGNAL

WORKING

The sensor consists of a super bright red LED and light detector. The
LED needs to be super bright as the maximum light must pass spread in
finger and detected by detector. Now, when the heart pumps a pulse of
blood through the blood vessels, the finger becomes slightly more opaque
and so less light reached the detector. With each heart pulse the detector
signal varies. This variation is converted to electrical pulse. This signal is
amplified and triggered through an amplifier which outputs +5V logic
level signal. The output signal is also indicated by a LED which blinks on
each heart beat.

The pulse signal is applied to the P1.0 input of U2 that is AT89S52

(Can be any 8051 type) which is monitored by the program whenever this
input goes high. Internally to U2, there is a counter which counts how
many 1ms intervals there are between two high going heart beat pulses.
This number is then divided by 60,000 and the result is the pulse rate. For
example, if the pulse rate is 60 BPM (beats per minute) there will be a
pulse every second. The duration of one heart beat will be one seconds or
1000 x 1ms. Dividing 60,000 by 1000 will give the correct result of 60
which is shown on the display. If there is invalid result (BPM>200) it is
invalid and waits for next cycle.

3.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) offer several advantages over

traditional cathode-ray tube displays that make them ideal for several
applications. Of course, LCDs are flat and they use only a fraction of the
power required by cathode-ray tubes. They are easier to read and more
pleasant to work with for long periods of time than most ordinary video
monitors. There are several tradeoffs as well, such as limited view angle,
brightness, and contrast, not to mention high manufacturing cost.16x2
LCD is used in this project to display data to user. There are two rows and
16 columns. It is possible to display 16 characters on each of the 2 rows.
It has two registers, command register and data register.

P 0.5 D7

P 0.4 D6

P 0.3 D5
 Fig 7: 8051 and LCD interface.
Description of pins used:
RS, Register Select (Pin 4):
This pin is used to select command register and data register.

If RS=0, instruction command register is selected, allowing the user to

send a command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc.

If RS =1, the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be
displayed on the LCD.

EN Enable (Pin 6):

The LCD to latch information presented to its data pins uses the enable
pin. When data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be
applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the
data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450ns wide.

R / W, Read/Write (Pin 5):

This pin is connected to ground, as LCD is used only to display data.

D4 – D7 (Pin 11 – Pin 14):

Data to be displayed is sent to LCD on these pins. First MSB is sent,
followed by LSB.
D0 – D3 (Pin 7 – Pin 10):
These pins are connected to ground, as they are not used to display data.

Vcc (Pin 2):

This pin is connected to +5v power supply.

Vss (Pin 1):

This pin is connected to ground.

PIN OUT
The module that we are using is a 16 character x 2 line display that
we stock over here. It uses an ST7065C controller, which is HD44780
compatible. The figure below shows the LCD module and pin out.

Fig 8: LCD pin out

 The last 2 pins (15 & 16) are optional and are only used if the display
has a backlight.

The circuit diagram below shows the LCD module with the basic
“plumbing” wired up. You will notice that pin 5 (RW) is tied to ground.
This pin is use to control whether you are reading or writing to the display.
Since reading from the display is very rare, most people just tie this pin to
ground.

The potentiometer connected to pin 3 controls the LCD contrast.

Fig9: LCD pin3 connection

3.5. GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications originally from

Group Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile
telephony systems in the world. The GSM Association, its promoting
industry trade organization of mobile phone carriers and manufacturers,
estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard.

The ubiquity of implementation of the GSM standard has been an

advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam
and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network
operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment
vendors.

Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the

original GSM system. For example, Release '97 of the standard added
packet data capabilities by means of General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

3.5.1 The GSM Network – Circuit Switching Domain:

The GSM network was designed keeping in mind the voice activities
of the user and its main purpose was to provide voice connectivity like
Public Switched Telephone Networks but with mobility. The data
communication was of secondary importance to this network but to
support this also, designers have considered the circuit switching itself the
mechanism for transmitting data packets.
3.5.2 GSM Architecture:

Fig 10: GSM Architecture

The Mobile Station (MS) directly interacts with one of the Base
Transceiver Stations, which in turn interacts with a Base Station
Controllers (BSC). BTS and BSC combined together forms the BSS.
More than one BTSs are connected with one BSC. The BSC further
interacts with Mobile Station Controller (MSC) which is a the heart of the
GSM network. MSC further gives connectivity to the PSTN and other
PLMNs. MSC is also responsible to interact with HLR and VLR, which
form the Permanent and Temporary data bases for all the subscribers’
static and dynamic information.

3.5.3 GSM Speech and Channel coding :

First of ALL speech is converted to 8 Ksps by going through a LPF

and a A/D converter. Then each symbol is encoded as 13 bits giving 104
Kbps output. Now this is applied to a RPE/LTP encoder, which converts
this to 13Kbps. Speech is divided into 20 millisecond samples, each of
which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total bit rate of 13 kbps.The words,
“Mobile Station” (MS) or “Mobile Equipment” (ME) are used for mobile
terminals supporting GSM services. A call from a GSM mobile station to
the PSTN is called a “mobile originated call” (MOC) or “outgoing call”,
and a call from a fixed network to a GSM mobile station is called a
“mobile terminated call” (MTC) or “incoming call”. In this document, the
word “product” refers to any product supporting the AT commands
interface.

LED Status Indicator:

The LED will indicate different status of the modem:

- OFF Modem Switched off

- ON Modem is connecting to the network
- Flashing Slowly Modem is in idle mode
- Flashing rapidly Modem is in transmission/communication
(GSM only)
 Now every embedded system is used to communicate with other
system using GSM and GPRS technology, In this project MODEM is used
to access the message sent by the user to display in doctors mobile.

3.5.4 AT COMMANDS:
1 AT commands features:-

1.1 Wavecom line settings

A serial link handler is set with the following default values (factory
settings): auto baud, 8 bits data, 1 stop bit, no parity, RTS/CTS flow
control. Please use the +IPR, +IFC and +ICF commands to change these
settings.

1.2 Command line

Commands always start with AT (which means ATtention) and finish

with a <CR> character.

1.3 Information responses and result codes

Responses start and end with <CR><LF>, except for the ATV0 DCE
response format) and the ATQ1 (result code suppression) commands.

 If command syntax is incorrect, an ERROR string is returned.

  If command syntax is correct but with some incorrect parameters,
the +CME ERROR: <Err> or +CMS ERROR: <SmsErr> strings
are returned with different error codes.
 If the command line has been performed successfully, an OK string
is returned. In some cases, such as “AT+CPIN?” or (unsolicited)
incoming events, the product does not return the OK string as a
response. In the following examples <CR> and <CR><LF> are
intentionally omitted.

2 General behaviors:-

2.1 SIM Insertion, SIM Removal

SIM card Insertion and Removal procedures are supported. There are
software functions relying on positive reading of the hardware SIM detect
pin. This pin state (open/closed) is permanently monitored. When the SIM
detect pin indicates that a card is present in the SIM connector, the product
tries to set up a logical SIM session. The logical SIM session will be set
up or not depending on whether the detected card is a SIM Card or not.
The AT+CPIN? Command delivers the following responses:

 If the SIM detect pin indicates “absent”, the response to AT+CPIN?

is “+CME ERROR 10” (SIM not inserted).
  If the SIM detect pin indicates “present”, and the inserted Card is a
SIM Card, the Response to AT+CPIN? is “+CPIN: xxx” depending
on SIM PIN state.
 If the SIM detect pin indicates “present”, and the inserted Card is
not a SIM Card, the response to AT+CPIN? is CME ERROR 10.
 These last two states are not given immediately due to background
initialization.
Between the hardware SIM detect pin indicating “present” and the
previous results the AT+CPIN? Sends “+CME ERROR: 515” (Please
wait, init in progress). When the SIM detect pin indicates card absence,
and if a SIM Card was previously inserted, an IMSI detach procedure is
performed, all user data is removed from the product (Phonebooks, SMS
etc.). The product then switches to emergency mode.

2.2 Background initialization

After entering the PIN (Personal Identification Number), some SIM user
data files are loaded into the product (Phonebooks, SMS status, etc.).
Please be aware that it might take some time to read a large phonebook.
The AT+CPIN? Command response comes just after the PIN is checked.
After this response user data is loaded (in background). This means that
some data may not be available just after PIN entry is confirmed by ’OK’.
The reading of phonebooks will then be refused by
“+CME ERROR: 515” or “+CMS ERROR: 515” meaning, “Please wait,
service is not available, init in progress”. This type of answer may be sent
by the product at several points:

 when trying to execute another AT command before the previous

one is completed (before response),
 when switching from ADN to FDN (or FDN to ADN) and trying to
read the relevant phonebook immediately,
 When asking for +CPIN? Status immediately after SIM insertion
and before the product has determined if the inserted card is a valid
SIM Card.
3 General commands

3.1 Select TE character set +CSCS

3.1.1 Description:

This command informs the ME which character set is used by the TE. The
ME can convert each character of entered or displayed strings. This is
used to send, read or write short messages. See also +WPCS for the
phonebooks’ character sets.
3.1.2 Syntax:

Command Syntax: AT+CSCS=<Character Set>

COMMAND POSSIBLE RESPONSES

AT+CSCS=”GSM” OK

Note: GSM default alphabet Note: Command valid

AT+CSCS=”PCCP437” OK

Note: PC character set code page 437 Note: Command valid

AT+CSCS=? +CSCS: ("GSM","PCCP437","CUSTOM","HEX") OK

Note: Get possible values Note: Possible values

3.1.3 Defined values:

<Character Set>

“GSM”............................................. GSM default alphabet.

“PCCP437”......................................PC character set code page 437.

“CUSTOM” .....................................User defined character set (cf.

+WCCS command).
“HEX”..................Hexadecimal mode. No character set used ; the user
can read or write hexadecimal values.

4 Operator selection +COPS

4.1 Description:

There are three possible ways of selecting an operator (PLMN):

 The product is in manual mode. It then tries to find the operator

specified by the application and if found, tries to register.
 The product is in automatic mode. It then tries to find the home
operator and if found, tries to register. If not found, the product
automatically searches for another network.
 The product enters into manual/automatic mode, and then tries to
find an operator as specified by the application (as in manual mode).
If this attempt fails it enters automatic mode. If this is successful,
the operator specified by the application is selected. The mobile
equipment then enters into automatic mode.
NOTE: The read command returns the current mode and the currently
selected operator. In annual Mode, this PLMN may not be the one set by
the application (as it is in the search phase). These commands are not
allowed during one communication.
4.1.1 Syntax:

To force an attempt to select and register on a network, the application

must send the

following command:

Command syntax: AT+COPS=<mode>, [<format> [ , <oper> ] ]

Possible responses: AT+COPS=<mode>:

OK (Network is selected with full service)

+CME ERROR: 30 (No network service),

+CME ERROR: 32 (Network not allowed – emergency calls only)

+CME ERROR: 3 (Not allowed during one Communication)

+CME ERROR: 4 (Incorrect parameters)

+CME ERROR: 527 (Please wait, and retry your selection later)

+CME ERROR: 528 (Location update failure – emergency calls only)

+CME ERROR: 529 (Selection failure – emergency calls only)

Response syntax for AT+COPS?:

+COPS: <mode> [, <format>, <oper> ]

Response syntax for AT+COPS=?:

+COPS: [list of supported (<stat>, long alphanumeric <oper>, short
alphanumeric <oper>s,

Numeric <oper>) s]

4.2 Network registration +CREG

4.2.1 Description:

This command is used by the application to ascertain the registration

status of the product.

4.2.2 Syntax:

Command Syntax: AT+CREG= <mode>

Response Syntax: +CREG : <mode>, <stat> [ ,<lac>,<ci> ] for

AT+CREG? Command only

COMMAND POSSIBLE RESPONSES

AT+CREG? +CREG:
<mode>,<stat> OK

Note: As defined here-above

AT+CREG=0 OK

Note: Disable network registration Note: Command valid

unsolicited result code

AT+CREG=1 OK

Note: Enable network registration Note: Command valid

unsolicited result code

AT+CREG=2 OK

Note: Enable network registration and location Note: Command valid

information unsolicited result code

AT+CREG=? +CREG: (0-2)

Note: 0,1,2 <mode> values are supported

5 AT COMMANDS TO SEND SMS+CMGS:

Description:

This command is used by the application to send the text message of the
product.

5.1 Syntax:

Command Syntax: AT+CMGS= <mode>

Response Syntax: + CMGS : <mode>, <stat> [ ,<lac>,<ci> ] for AT+

CMGS? Command only
COMMAND POSSIBLERESPONSES

AT+CMGS? +CMGS:
<mode>,<stat>

OK

Note: As defined here-above

AT+CMGS=0 OK

Note: Disable message sending Note: Command valid

Unsolicited result code

AT+ CMGS =1 OK

Note: Enable message sending Note: Command valid

Unsolicited result code

CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 SOFTWARE USED

4.1.1 KEIL SOFTWARE

The KEIL 8051 Development Tools are designed to solve the

complex problems facing embedded software developers. In this project
we select the KEIL software of version8.08 .Because it provides Device
Database and the µVision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and
memory options for you. Numerous example programs are included in
this software, and also the KEIL µVision Debugger accurately simulates
on-chip peripherals (I²C, CAN, UART, SPI, Interrupts, I/O Ports, A/D
Converter, D/A Converter, and PWM Modules) of your 8051 device.

Simulation helps you understand hardware configurations and

avoids time wasted on setup problems. When testing the software
application with target hardware, use the MON51, MON390, MONADI,
or FlashMON51 Target Monitors, the ISD51 In-System Debugger, or the
ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter to download and test program code on your
target system.

4.1.2 EMBEDDED C

The C programming language is perhaps the most popular

programming language for programming embedded systems. Most C
programmers are spoiled because they program in environments where
not only there is a standard library implementation, but there are
frequently a number of other libraries available for use. The cold fact is,
that in embedded systems, there rarely are many of the libraries that
programmers have grown used to, but occasionally an embedded system
might not have a complete standard library, if there is a standard library
at all. Few embedded systems have capability for dynamic linking, so if
standard library functions are to be available at all, they often need to be
directly linked into the executable. Oftentimes, because of space
concerns, it is not possible to link in an entire library file, and
programmers are often forced to "brew their own" standard c library
implementations if they want to use them at all. While some libraries are
bulky and not well suited for use on microcontrollers, many development
systems still include the standard libraries which are the most common for
C programmers.

C remains a very popular language for micro-controller developers

due to the code efficiency and reduced overhead and development time.
C offers low-level control and is considered more readable than assembly.
Many free C compilers are available for a wide variety of development
platforms. The compilers are part of an IDEs with ICD support,
breakpoints, single-stepping and an assembly window. The performance
of C compilers has improved considerably in recent years, and they are
claimed to be more or less as good as assembly, depending on who you
ask. Most tools now offer options for customizing the compiler
optimization. Additionally, using C increases portability, since C code can
be compiled for different types of processors.

4.2 PROGRAM
#include<p89v51rd2.h>
//#include<Reverse.c>
#define LINE1_ADDR 0x80
#define LINE2_ADDR 0xC0
sbit LCD_CS = P3^4;
sbit REG_SELECT = P3^5;
#define NULL_00 '\0'
#define CONTRL_Z 0x1A

#define RELOADLOW0 0x59

#define RELOADHI0 0xDC
sbit ext =P3^2;
sbit TEST =P2^0;

#define MAX_RECD_CHAR 120

#define NULL_00 '\0'
#define CARRIAGE_RETURN 0X0D
#define END_OF_LINE '\n'
#include<define.h>
static unsigned char ucsthreadState = INIT_STATE;

unsigned char code ucOwnerMGMTNum1[] =

"AT+CMGS=\"+919686044657\"\r";
unsigned char code ucOwnerMGMTNum2[] =
"AT+CMGS=\"+919945345959\"\r";
void ClearRecdCharArray(void);
void TxdCommandToModem(unsigned char *s);
void Sms_CommandToModem(unsigned char *s, unsigned char
ucMGMTIndex);
bit mystr_recdchar_ncmp(unsigned char *chkString, unsigned char
StrLength);
void check_Modem(void);
void check_SIM_SIMPIN(void);
void SIM_REG(void);
void SIM_MODEM_INIT_CHECK(void);
void LCD_INIT(void);
void write_instr_bit(unsigned char value);
void Prep_lcd_Write_Data(unsigned char *line1, unsigned char
Line1Addr, unsigned char *line2, unsigned char Line2Addr);
void MSDelay(unsigned int delay);
void MSDelay_lcd(unsigned int delay);
unsigned char i,j,ucbcd100,ucbcd10,ucbcd1,buffer[15]=" ";
void serial_Init(void);
void byte_hex_to_bcd_conversion(unsigned int);
unsigned char Actual_KeyData,temp100,temp10,temp1;
static unsigned int xttemp;
static unsigned char xdata ucpulseCount=0,timecount=0,stop=0;

unsigned char recd_count = 0;

bit gbok_flag = 0;

unsigned char xdata ABNORM[15]="ABNORMAL ";

unsigned char xdata NORM[15]="NORMAL ";

unsigned char xdata recd_char[MAX_RECD_CHAR];

enum ucsthreadState123
{
INIT_STATE = 0,
MODEM_CHK,
SIMPIN_CHK,
SIMREG_CHK,
 SEND_CMNDS,HEART_BEAT_MONITORING,STOP,
NO_ACTION
}
#include<variable.h>
void main(void)
{
while(1)
{
switch(ucsthreadState)
{
case INIT_STATE:
TEST=0;
ext=0;
LCD_INIT();
buffer[14]=NULL_00;
buffer[3]=' ';
buffer[4]=' ';
buffer[5]=' ';
buffer[9]=' ';
serial_Init();
Prep_lcd_Write_Data(" Heart Beat ",LINE1_ADDR,"Project",
LINE2_ADDR);
ucsthreadState=MODEM_CHK;
break;
case MODEM_CHK :
check_Modem();
ucsthreadState=SIMPIN_CHK;
break;
case SIMPIN_CHK :
check_SIM_SIMPIN();
ucsthreadState=SIMREG_CHK;
break;
case SIMREG_CHK :
SIM_REG();
ucsthreadState=SEND_CMNDS;
break;
case SEND_CMNDS :
TxdCommandToModem("AT+CMGF=1\r\n");
MSDelay(10);

TxdCommandToModem("AT&W\r\n"); //Store current

parameter to user defined profile
MSDelay(10);

TxdCommandToModem("AT+CMGD=1,4\r\n"); //Delete
All SMS
MSDelay(300);

Prep_lcd_Write_Data(" Heart Beat ",LINE1_ADDR,"",

LINE2_ADDR);
ucsthreadState=HEART_BEAT_MONITORING;
break;
case HEART_BEAT_MONITORING :
while(TEST==0);
MSDelay(5);
while(TEST==0);
TR0 = 1;
Prep_lcd_Write_Data(" Heart Beat ",LINE1_ADDR,"Testing Starts",
LINE2_ADDR);
while(1)
{
while(ext==0);
xttemp++;
byte_hex_to_bcd_conversion(xttemp);
buffer[0]=ucbcd100;
temp10=ucbcd10;
buffer[1]=ucbcd10;
temp100=ucbcd100;
buffer[2]=ucbcd1;
temp1=ucbcd1;
//Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Heart Beat ",LINE1_ADDR," Project ",
LINE2_ADDR);
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("PUL SEC
PULSRTE",LINE1_ADDR,&buffer[0], LINE2_ADDR);
MSDelay(10);

}
MSDelay(100);
Prep_lcd_Write_Data(" Heart Beat ",LINE1_ADDR,"Testing Stop",
LINE2_ADDR);
ucsthreadState=STOP;
break;
case STOP :
byte_hex_to_bcd_conversion(ucpulseCount);
buffer[6]=ucbcd100;
buffer[7]=ucbcd10;
buffer[8]=ucbcd1;
//Prep_lcd_Write_Data(" ISHWAR ",LINE1_ADDR," ",
LINE2_ADDR);

if(stop)
{
if((xttemp<65)||(xttemp>80))
{
ABNORM[9]=' ';

ABNORM[10]=temp100;
ABNORM[11]=temp10;
ABNORM[12]=temp1;
Sms_CommandToModem(&ABNORM[0],1);
MSDelay(10);
Sms_CommandToModem(&ABNORM[0],2);
MSDelay(10);
 xttemp=0;
TR0 = 0;
TL0 = RELOADLOW0;
TH0 = RELOADHI0;
TR0 = 1;
}
else if((xttemp>=65) && (xttemp<=80))

{
NORM[7]=' ';
NORM[8]=temp100;
NORM[9]=temp10;
NORM[10]=temp1;
Sms_CommandToModem(&NORM[0],1);
MSDelay(10);
Sms_CommandToModem(&NORM[0],2);
MSDelay(10);
xttemp=0;
TR0 = 0;
TL0 = RELOADLOW0;
TH0 = RELOADHI0;
TR0 = 1;
}
}
ucsthreadState=HEART_BEAT_MONITORING;
break;
}
}
}

void serial_Init(void)
{
unsigned char int_temp = 0;
////////////////////// Timer 0 10 ms init //////////////////////////
IEN0 = 0;
TR0 = 0;

TL0 = RELOADLOW0;
TH0 = RELOADHI0;

int_temp = TMOD;
int_temp |= 0X01;
TMOD = int_temp;

// TR0 = 1;

int_temp = IEN0;
int_temp |= 0x02;
IEN0 = int_temp;

TF0 = 0;

int_temp = IEN0;
int_temp |= 0x80;
IEN0 = int_temp;

//////////// Timer 1 serial init with 2400 baud rate /////////////////

int_temp = PCON;
int_temp |= 0x80;
PCON = int_temp;
TMOD |= 0x20;
TH1=0xFA; // 9600 Baudrate
SCON=0x50;
TR1 = 1;
TI = 1;
RI=0;
ES = 1;
 PS=1;

void serial_interrupt(void) interrupt 4

{
unsigned char temp_char;
if(TI)
{
TI = 0;
} else
if(RI)
{
temp_char = SBUF;
RI = 0;
if((temp_char>='A' && temp_char<='Z') || (temp_char>='a' &&
temp_char<='z') ||
(temp_char>='0' && temp_char<='9') || (temp_char=='"') ||
(temp_char==',') ||
(temp_char=='+') || (temp_char==':'))
{
recd_char[recd_count++] = temp_char;

if(recd_count >=MAX_RECD_CHAR)
recd_count = 0;
}
}

void byte_hex_to_bcd_conversion(unsigned int tmp_hex_value)

{
int hex_value = (int)tmp_hex_value;
unsigned char hex_wt; /* variable to store the weights of hex no */
 ucbcd100 = ucbcd10 = ucbcd1 = 0;

hex_wt = 0x64; /* hex digit 3 weight value */

while(1)
{
hex_value -= hex_wt;
if(hex_value<0)
break;
ucbcd100++;
}
ucbcd100 = ucbcd100 + 0x30;
hex_value += hex_wt;

hex_wt = 0xA; /* hex digit 2 weight value */

while(1)
{
hex_value -= hex_wt;
if(hex_value<0)
break;
ucbcd10++;
}
ucbcd10 = ucbcd10 + 0x30;
hex_value += hex_wt;

ucbcd1 = hex_value+0x30;
}

void LCD_INIT(void)
{
write_instr_bit(0x38);//8-bit data -2-line display
MSDelay(10);
write_instr_bit(0x0e);//cursor on
MSDelay(10);
 write_instr_bit(0x01);//clear display
MSDelay(10);
write_instr_bit(0x06);//increment cursor
MSDelay(10);
}

void write_instr_bit(unsigned char value)

{
P1=value;
REG_SELECT=0;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay(1);
LCD_CS=0;
}

void Prep_lcd_Write_Data(unsigned char *line1, unsigned char

Line1Addr,
unsigned char *line2, unsigned char Line2Addr)
{
unsigned char i;

write_instr_bit(0x01);//clear display
MSDelay_lcd(1);

write_instr_bit(Line1Addr);

for(i=0;((line1[i]!=NULL_00) && (i<16)); i++)

{
P1=line1[i];
REG_SELECT=1;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay_lcd(5);
LCD_CS=0;
}
 write_instr_bit(Line2Addr);
for(i=0; ((line2[i]!=NULL_00) && (i<16)); i++)
{
P1=line2[i];
REG_SELECT=1;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay_lcd(5);
LCD_CS=0;
}

void MSDelay(unsigned int delay)

{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<delay;i++)
for(j=0;j<2000;j++);
}

void MSDelay_lcd(unsigned int delay)

{
unsigned int i;
for(i=0;i<delay;i++);
}

void timer_Interrupt(void) interrupt 1 //10MS TIMER INTERRUPT

{
TR0 = 0;
TL0 = RELOADLOW0;
TH0 = RELOADHI0;
TR0 = 1;
if(timecount>=100)
{
timecount=0;
 if(ucpulseCount<60)
ucpulseCount++;
else
{
stop=1;
buffer[10]=temp100;
buffer[11]=temp10;
buffer[12]=temp1;
}
}
else
{
timecount++;
}

void TxdCommand(unsigned char *s)

{
while(*s!=NULL_00)
{
SBUF = *s;
MSDelay(1);
s++;
}
SBUF = CARRIAGE_RETURN;
SBUF = END_OF_LINE;
MSDelay(10);
}

void check_Modem(void)
{
unsigned char count = 0;
 gbok_flag = 0;

while(1)
{
ClearRecdCharArray();
recd_count=0;
TxdCommandToModem("AT\r\n");
gbok_flag = mystr_recdchar_ncmp("OK",2);
if(gbok_flag)
break;
count++;
if(count == 10)
{
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Modem init",LINE1_ADDR, "Fail",
LINE2_ADDR);
}

}
}

void SIM_REG(void)
{
unsigned char count = 0;
gbok_flag = 0;
ClearRecdCharArray();
recd_count = 0;

while(1)
{
MSDelay(100);
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Network",LINE1_ADDR, "Searching.......",
LINE2_ADDR);

TxdCommandToModem("AT+CREG?\r\n");
MSDelay(20);
 gbok_flag = mystr_recdchar_ncmp("+CREG:0,1",9);
if(gbok_flag)
break;
gbok_flag = mystr_recdchar_ncmp("+CREG:0,5",9);
if(gbok_flag)
break;

ClearRecdCharArray();
recd_count = 0;
count++;
if(count == 180)
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Network",LINE1_ADDR, "Reg Failed",
LINE2_ADDR);
}
}

bit mystr_recdchar_ncmp(unsigned char *chkString, unsigned char

StrLength)
{
unsigned char uChar1,uChar2=0x00;

while((uChar2+StrLength)<MAX_RECD_CHAR-5)
{
uChar1=0x00;
while(uChar1<StrLength)
{
if(recd_char[uChar2+uChar1]!=*(chkString+uChar1))
break;
uChar1++;
}
if(uChar1==StrLength)
 return(1);
uChar2++;

}
return(0);
}

void ClearRecdCharArray(void)
{
unsigned char gucloop;

for(gucloop=0; gucloop<=MAX_RECD_CHAR; gucloop++)

recd_char[gucloop] = NULL_00;
}
void Sms_CommandToModem(unsigned char *s, unsigned char
ucMGMTIndex)
{
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Sending.SMS.....",LINE1_ADDR,"",
LINE2_ADDR);

if(ucMGMTIndex == 1)
{

Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Sending.SMS.....",LINE1_ADDR,&ucOwnerM
GMTNum1[9], LINE2_ADDR);
TxdCommandToModem(&ucOwnerMGMTNum1[0]);
}
if(ucMGMTIndex == 2)
{

Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Sending.SMS.....",LINE1_ADDR,&ucOwnerM
GMTNum2[9], LINE2_ADDR);
TxdCommandToModem(&ucOwnerMGMTNum2[0]);
 }

MSDelay(50);
ClearRecdCharArray();
recd_count = 0;
while(*s!=NULL_00)
{
SBUF = *s;
MSDelay(1);
s++;
}
SBUF = CONTRL_Z;
MSDelay(10);
s++;
SBUF = CARRIAGE_RETURN;
MSDelay(10);

while((!mystr_recdchar_ncmp("OK",2)) &&
(!mystr_recdchar_ncmp("ERROR",5)));

if(mystr_recdchar_ncmp("OK",2))
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Message Sent ",LINE1_ADDR,
"Successfully ", LINE2_ADDR);
else if(mystr_recdchar_ncmp("ERROR",5))
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Message Sending",LINE1_ADDR, "Failed
", LINE2_ADDR);
MSDelay(50);
ClearRecdCharArray();
recd_count = 0;
}
void TxdCommandToModem(unsigned char *s)
{
while(*s!=NULL_00)
{
SBUF = *s;
 MSDelay(1);
s++;
}
SBUF = CARRIAGE_RETURN;
SBUF = END_OF_LINE;
MSDelay(10);
}

4.3 CHARACTERS DISPLAYED IN LCD SCREEN

1. INITIAL DISPLAY

HEART BEAT

PROJECT

2. WHEN SIM CARD INSERTED

NETWORK SEARCHING…

3. WHEN FINGURE PLACED AND PUSH BUTTON PRESSED

PUL SEC PULSTR

4. WHEN MSG SENT SUCCESFULLY

MASSAGE SENT SUCCESFULLY

5. IF MSG NOT SENT

MASSAGE SENDING FAILED

4.4.APPLICATIONS

 It can be used in hospitals, may be in ICU or general wards so that

always a bulky ECG unit is not required.
 It can also be employed in the houses so that the doctor can come to
know about the abnormalities when away.
 The use of GSM technology simplifies the delivery of health care
services and enhances communication between health care
providers and their patients.
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

FLOWCHART FOR TRANSMITTER:

The figure shows the software flowchart diagram of the

programming. The main program has two loops one is to check the
whether the heartbeat is normal or not, and second loop is a timer
loop, for the timer. On power ON, the microcontroller reads the pulses
on the DIO. The count of pulses in minute compared with the normal pulse
count of a human. If the difference between the count exceeds, the
microcontroller send a SMS to the mobile number provided by the user.
Similarly, the timer is set for user defined time is fired, the microcontroller
sends the last count or status to the specified mobile number.
CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

 It is neccesarry to monitor the heart beat rate of patients those
already receiving some forms of surgical treatment,so our device will
be nearly helpful for them.

Our device will be able to

- Provides early detection of heart attacks

- Eliminates delays in receiving medical treatment
- Improves healthcare services to at risk population
- Saves lives and improves quality of living
FIG:Heart Beat Monitoring By GSM Technology
a

FIG:Microcontroller With LCD Unit and mobile

 FIG:GSM Modem with sim card inserted

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

6.1 CONCLUSION

Biomedical engineering (BME) is the application of engineering

principles and techniques to the medical field. It combines the design and
problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological
sciences to improve patient’s health care and the quality of life of
individuals. A medical device is intended for use in the diagnosis of
disease, or in the cure, treatment, or prevention of diseases.

Thus in Implementation of Wireless Systems for Patient Monitoring

System, the heart beat and body temperature are successfully sensed.
Heart beat is measured using LED, LDR and operational amplifier. Hence
parameters are displayed on a LCD display. Then both the parameters are
transmitted and displayed in a distant location. This project will
eventually reduce man power in the very near future.

Further, Cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of untimely

deaths in world, heart beat readings are by far the only viable diagnostic
tool that could promote early detection of cardiac events. Wireless and
mobile technologies are key components that would help enable patients
suffering from chronic heart diseases to live in their own homes and lead
their normal life, while at the same time being monitored for any cardiac
events. This will not only serve to reduce the burden on the resources of
the healthcare center but would also improve the quality of healthcare
sector. In this project, the heart beat rate of the patient is sensed. When
the implant detects a heart beat rate, it will alert the microcontroller which
in turn will automatically send the message and provide the patient’s
condition so that the patient will be given medical attention within the first
few critical hours, thus greatly improving his or her chances of survival.

6.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

 This algorithm deals only with single patient. This algorithm can
be extended to multiple doctors and multiple patients.
 In future we can also design PC software to analyze this received
signal and generate the report and this can be sent back to the
doctor.
 With the connection established between two ends we can also
send patient’s body temperature, blood pressure to doctor’s side.
  In addition to ECG rate, we can also send EEG
(electroencephalogram) and EMG (electromyogram) signals for
analyzing.
 Using GSM technology we can display the ECG signal on doctor’s
mobile phone.
APPENDIX:
7.REFERENCES
 Kenneth J. Ayala – The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture,
Programming and Applicatins, 2nd Edition, Penarm International,
1996

 Muhammad Ali Mazidi an Janice Gillispie – The 8051

Microcontroller Architecture and Embedded systems, Pearson
Education, pearson Eduction, 2003

 Boylested and Nashelsky- Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,

EEE, 8th Edition 2002

 Gsm Technology By Lokesh Raghavan

 Electronics For You - Magazine

 www.Wikipidea.com

 www.google.com