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Types of Bullying
Verbal- the use of words that could hurt an individual emotionally and mentally.
Physical- the use of force or physical actions to gain power or control of something
Cyber Bullying - the use of internet , social media, sites and other electronic devices to hurt an individual or to gain
power and harras or threaten someone.
Sexual Bullying- repeated , harmful and humiliating actions that target a person sexually.
Examples are : crude comments, sexual name calling and unwanted or uninvited touching.
Indicators:(Bully) Hurting others physically or saying hurtful and harsh/harmful words. Habit of teasing people exceeding
the line.
Effects on victims:
Depression
Suicide
Para-Suicide
Stress
Emotionally mentally hurt Physically hurt ( wounds, bruises) Anxiety
Definition of Stalking
Stalking is unwanted or obsessive attention by an individual or group towards another person. Stalking behaviors are
related to harassment and intimidation and may include following the victim in person or monitoring them. The term
stalking is used with some differing definitions in psychiatry and psychology, as well as in some legal jurisdictions as a
term for a criminal offense.
Classification of stalking:
Underlying Motives
One widely-accepted typology of stalkers is based on the stalker's underlying motives. These types of stalkers are
essentially general classifications. Therefore, individual stalkers may not exactly fit in one single category, but instead
may exhibit characteristics associated with more than one category. The categories are as follows:
Simple Obsessional: This is the most common type of stalker. The stalker is usually a male and the focus of the stalking
is an ex-wife, ex-lover or former boss. In intimate relationships, the stalking frequently starts before the break-up. The
stalking can sometimes result from the stalker feeling that he or she has been mistreated by the victim.
Love Obsessional: In this type of stalking, the stalker is a stranger or a casual acquaintance to the victim. Nonetheless,
the stalker becomes obsessed and begins a pattern of behavior as a means of making the victim aware of his or her
existence. High profile examples of this type of stalking include when celebrities or public figures become the target.
However, this type of stalking can be focused on an "average" citizen as well.
Erotomania: In this type of stalking, the stalker incorrectly believes that the victim is in love with him or her, and that,
but for some external barrier or interference, the two of them would be together. Given that perceived "love" between
the stalker and the victim, the stalker can also pose a risk to those persons close to the victim since they may be viewed
as "being in the way."
False Victimization Syndrome: This involves an individual who either consciously or subconsciously seeks to play the
role of the "victim." As such, the individual may invent a detailed tale in which he or she claims to be a stalking victim. In
reality, however, the would-be victim is sometimes the actual stalker and the alleged stalker is actually the real victim.
This is an extremely rare form of stalking.
Relationship to Victim Another method used to classify stalkers defines them according to their relationship to the
victim. This typology divides stalkers into two basic categories:
Intimate: In this type of stalking, the stalker and victim had a former relationship with each other. Often times, the
stalker seeks to reestablish a relationship with the victim which has either ended or which the victim has tried to end. It
is likely that there is a history of abuse, including domestic violence, by the stalker.
Nonintimate: Here, the stalker and victim have absolutely no interpersonal relationship with each other. Rather, the
stalker may select and focus on the victim following a brief encounter with each other, or merely after observing the
victim. The victim is often at a loss to readily identify the stalker once he or she becomes aware of the conduct.
Types:
The Rejected stalker
Rejected stalking arises in the context of the breakdown of a close relationship. Victims are usually former sexual
intimates; however family members, close friends, or others with a very close relationship to the stalker can also
become targets of Rejected stalking. The initial motivation of a Rejected stalker is either attempting to reconcile the
relationship, or to exacting revenge for a perceived rejection. In many cases Rejected stalkers present as ambivalent
about the victim and sometimes appear to want the relationship back, while at other times they are clearly angry and
want revenge on the victim. In some cases of protracted stalking, the behaviour is maintained because becomes a
substitute for the past relationship as it allows the stalker to continue to feel close to the victim. In other cases the
behaviour is maintained because it allows the stalker to salvage their damage self-esteem and feel better about
themselves.
Definition of Extortion
Extortion is a criminal offense whereby the defendant illegally gains property or funds through threats, bribes, or
character defamation. Threats to do bodily injury, threats to expose harmful information, threats to accuse the victim of
a crime are just a few examples for extortion.
The two most obvious types of extortion are bribery and blackmail. Bribery is the crime of giving something of value to
influence the conduct of a person, who is generally a public official. Accepting a bribe also constitutes a crime. Blackmail
is extortion by threatening another person with the disclosure of harmful or secret information that would damage that
person’s reputation if released.
Generally, receiving proceeds of extortion is punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. A person shall be
imprisoned for not more than three years or fined or both if the person receiving the proceeds has knowledge that it is
unlawfully obtained.
The crime of extortion is different from crimes of robbery or corruption. Robbery is the crime of taking another’s
possessions by the use of force. Corruption involves the persuasion of legislators and is a separate crime from extortion.
Effects on victims:
Victims are more nuanced Stress that could lead to depression Extortion causes victims to consent to other crimes
Mental disorder Physical Changes (such as weight loss) Over thinking
Rodulfo,Ma. Aljerica L.
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