COMM 401: Signals & Systems Theory

Dr. Ahmed El-Mahdy

Associate Prof. in Communications Department

E-mail: ahmed.elmahdy@guc.edu.eg
 COMM 401: Signals & Systems Theory

• Instructor: Dr. Ahmed El-Mahdy

• Office : C3.213

• Lecture Time:

MET: Saturday, 1st slot H13

IET : Saturday, 3rd slots H13

• Office Hours: Tuesday (10 am-5pm)

• Email: ahmed.elmahdy@guc.edu.eg
• Teaching Assistants
- Eng. Moustafa Adly
- Eng. Abdel-Rahman Kamel
- Eng. Hatem Mohamed Ayman
- Eng. Mohamed Osama El-Shaer
- Eng. Ahmed Taha
- Eng. Mohamed Ahmed Abdel Ghany
- Eng. Arsany Amir
- Eng. Dalia El-Banna
- Eng. Mohamed Essam
 Text Book
Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky,
Signals & Systems, 2nd edition, Prentice-
Hall, 1997.
 Grading
• Assignments 10%

• Lab. 20%

• Midterm Exam 20%

• Quizzes 10%

• Final Exam 40%

 Course Contents
No. Subject
1 -Signal Classifications.
2 -Linear Time Invariant Systems.

3 - Fourier Series Representation for Periodic Signals.

4 - Continuous Time Fourier Transform.

5 - Discrete Time Fourier Transform

6 -Sampling and reconstruction

7 -Communication Systems.
 Practice and Lab
Practice and Lab assignments are performed using
Mtalab.
What is MatLab?
MatLab is a programming language and data
visualization software package which is especially
effective in signal processing and systems analysis.
website
http://www.mathworks.com
COMM 401: Signals & Systems
Theory

Lecture 1

Signal Classifications
 What is the Signal?
• Definition: A signal is a function representing a
physical quantity.
How Can We Represent the Signal?

• by mathematical formula (function)

Ex.: x(t)=A sin(t)
• by computer program
• by plot
• by sound
Example: Sinusoidal Signal in
MatLab
% sinusoidal signal plot
fs = 100000;%
100000; sampling frequency
Ampl=1;%
Ampl=1; signal amplitude
f=400;%
f=400; signal frequency
t = 0:1/fs:0.01;%
0:1/fs:0.01; sample period
x = Ampl*cos(2*pi*f*t); %signal
clf;%
clf clear last figure
figure, plot(t,x) %figure, plot
axis([0 .01 -1.2*Ampl 1.2*Ampl]);
1.2*Ampl]) %axis
xlabel('time (sec)');
(sec)') %labeling in x-axis
ylabel('x(t)') %labeling in y-axis
Plot of Sinusoidal Signal by Matlab
 Sound of Sinusoidal Signal

% sinusoidal signal
fs = 100000;
Ampl=1;
f=400;
t = 0:1/fs:1.5;
x = Ampl*cos(2*pi*f*t);
sound(x,fs)
wavwrite(x,fs,'sig2');
%writes data to WAV-file
 Classification of Signals
• Mathematically, a signal is represented as a function of time
x(t).
Signals

Continuous-Time Discrete-Time
Signals (CT) Signals (DT)
t is a continuous t is a discrete variable
variable
t = n Ts, Ts : sampling period
 Continuous Versus Discrete Time Signal

Continuous Time Signal (CT) Discrete Time Signal (DT)

• the independent variable t is continuous. • the independent variable t is discrete.

• the signal values are defined for all t in
the interval of interest.
• notation x(t).
• Example: volt or current.
• it takes only a discrete values n.
• n is an integer.
• notation x(nTs) or x(n), Ts is the sampling time.
• it results from sampling of (CT) signal.

X(t) X(n)
5 5
2.5
-1 -2 -1
0 1 t 0 1 2
n
-2.5
-5
-5
Classifications of Signals (Contd.)
Signals

Real Signals Complex

Signals

x(t) is a real signal if x(t) is a complex

its value is a real signal if its value is
number a complex number
jω t
Example: x(t)=sin(t) Example: x ( t ) = e
 Classifications of Signals
Signals
Deterministic Random
Signals Signals
whose values are Take random values at any
completely specified given time and must be
for any given time characterized statistically.
Ex: sin, step, ramp,.. Ex: noise of wireless comm.
channel
 Classifications of Signals
Signals

Periodic Non periodic

Signals Signals
x(t) is periodic with period To if
Cont. there is a +ve nonzero value of
Time To for which x(t + To) = x(t).
In general: x(t + mTo)=x(t) (1)
m=1, 2, ..

x[n] is periodic with period No if The fundamental period To (or

Discr. there is a +ve nonzero integer No
Time for which x[n + No] = x[n].
In general: x[n + mNo] = x[n] (2)
m=1, 2, ..
No) is the smallest positive
value (or number) for which the
equalities (1) or (2) holds.
 Examples:
• Continuous Time (CT) Signals

CT non-periodic
CT periodic signal
signal
 Examples:
• Discrete Time (DT) Signals

DT non-periodic sequence

DT periodic sequence
• Example: The signal: x (t ) = sin(t )
is periodic because it repeats itself every 2π

for t > 0 sin(t ) = sin(t + 2π )

• Similarly:

The signal: x(t ) = cos(t )

2π
is periodic because it repeats itself every
cos(t ) = cos(t + 2π )
• Example:
cos(t ) if t < 0
x(t ) =
sin(t ) if t ≥ 0

X(t) has a discontinuity at the time origin and

does not happen at any other time. Since
every feature in the shape of a periodic signal
must occur periodically, then the signal x(t) is
non-periodic.
 Power and Energy Signals
• Total Energy: ∞
2
- for CT signals: E ∞ = x (t ) dt joules
−∞
∞
- for DT signals: E∞ = x[n]
2
joules x(t ) is the signal
n = −∞
• Average Power:
-For Non-Periodic Signals:
T
2
- for CT signals: P∞ = Tlim
→∞
1
2T x(t ) dt Watts
−T
N
2
- for DT signals: P∞ = Nlim
→∞
1
2 N +1 x[n] Watts
n=− N
-For Periodic Signals:
T0
2 2
P= 1
T0
x p (t ) dt T0 is the period
−T0
2
 Power and Energy Signals
Signals
-Any Periodic Signal has Non-periodic
infinite energy.
Signals
Periodic
Signals Calculate E∞
P∞

Yes No
Calculate
E P E∞ finite
∞

Calculate P∞
Yes No
P finite Energy No
Yes
signal P∞ Finite

Neither Neither
Power Power
Power nor energy Power or
Signal Signal
energy
Example:
• S(t)=A cos(t) it is periodic signal then it has infinite energy.

T /2
1 0 2
P= s (t ) dt
T0 −T0 / 2
π
1
= A2 cos 2 (t )dt
2π −π
π
A2
= [1 + cos(2t )]dt E∞ =
∞
2
x(t ) dt
4π −π −∞
∞
2
A = A2 cos2 (t )dt = ∞
= Watt −∞
2

Then s(t) is a power signal

Transformation of the independent variable: Time Scaling
Reflection and Time Shift

Reflection

Time Shift
Time-Scaling with Time Shift (CT signals)
The proper order in which the operations of time scaling and time shifting
should be applied in the case of the continuous-time signal

1 2

The incorrect way of applying the precedence rule.

1 2
 Time-Scaling with Time Shift (DT signals)
The proper order of applying the operations of time scaling and
time shifting for the case of a discrete-time signal.

2
 Time Reversal
Reflection
 Even and Odd Signals
Even signal: symmetric around y-axis

x(t ) = x(−t ); x[n] = x[− n]

Odd signal: symmetric around the origin

(must be zero at the origin)

x(t ) = − x(−t ); x [n] = − x [− n]

x(t)
x[n]
t
n
Signal Decomposition