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 BRITISH STANDARD BS 594-1:1992
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1

Hot rolled asphalt for

roads and other paved
areas —
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

Part 1: Specification for constituent

materials and asphalt mixtures

UDC 625.85:|625.07 + 665.775|

BS 594-1:1992

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical

Committee B/510, Road Materials, to subcommittee B/510/1, Coated macadam
and hot asphalt, upon which the following bodies were represented:

British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries

British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers’ Association
County Surveyors’ Society

Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Department of Transport
Department of Transport (Transport and Road Research Laboratory)
Institute of Asphalt Technology
Institute of Petroleum
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Highways and Transportation
Low Temperature Coal Distillers’ Association of Great Britain Ltd.
Mastic Asphalt Council and Employers’ Federation
Mastic Asphalt Producers’ Association
Refined Bitumen Association Ltd.
Sand and Gravel Association Limited
Society of Chemical Industry

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of Technical
Committee B/510, was
published under the authority
of the Standards Board and
comes into effect on
15 September 1992

© BSI 11-1998 Amendments issued since publication

First published April 1985 Amd. No. Date Comments
Second edition September 1992
8397 February 1995 Indicated by a sideline in the margin
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/510/1
Draft for comment 90/16196 DC

ISBN 0 580 20928 8

 BS 594-1:1992

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Section 1. General
Introduction 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 References 1
1.3 Definitions 1
1.4 Sampling and testing 2
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

Section 2. Constituent materials

2.1 Binder 3
2.2 Coarse aggregate 3
2.3 Fine aggregate 3
2.4 Added filler 3
Section 3. Rolled asphalt mixtures
3.1 Group 1. Roadbase, basecourse and regulating course mixtures 4
3.2 Group 2. Wearing course design mixtures 4
3.3 Group 3. Wearing course recipe mixtures 7
3.4 Mixing 7
Section 4. Coated chippings for application to wearing course surfaces
4.1 Chippings 10
4.2 Binder coating 10
4.3 Quality of binder coating 10
4.4 Size, shape and grading of coated chippings 10
Annex A (informative) Guidance on the selection of materials and
mixtures 11
Annex B (informative) Recommendations for the application of
design test criteria 13
Annex C (informative) Information to be provided by the purchaser
and the supplier 13
Table 1 — Designation of binders and recommended storage
temperatures 3
Table 2 — Composition of roadbase, basecourse and regulating
course mixtures 5
Table 3 — Composition of design type F wearing course mixtures 6
Table 4 — Composition of design type C wearing course mixtures 6
Table 5 — Composition of design type R wearing course mixtures 7
Table 6 — Composition of recipe type F wearing course mixtures 8
Table 7 — Maximum temperatures of mixed asphalt 9
Table 8 — Gradings of chippings 10
Table B.1 — Criteria for the stability of laboratory design asphalt 13
List of references 16

© BSI 11-1998 i
BS 594-1:1992

Foreword

This Part of BS 594 has been prepared under the direction of Technical
Committee B/510, Road Materials. It is a revision of BS 594-1:1985 which is
withdrawn.
BS 594 comprises two Parts:
— Part 1: Specification for constituent materials and asphalt mixtures;
— Part 2: Specification for the transport, laying and compaction of rolled
asphalt.
This Part includes requirements for asphalt mixtures and their constituent

Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

materials and for coated chippings applied to the surface of some asphalt wearing
courses.
The requirements and recommendations for transporting asphalt and for site
work are given in Part 2.
Over the years, a considerable number of rolled asphalt mixture compositions
have evolved. During the preparation of this edition, some rationalization of the
previous range has been undertaken by omitting some infrequently used
mixtures and introducing a limited range of preferred mixes, identified in bold
type in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 6. Mixtures suitable for most uses can be
selected from this range and it is intended that specifiers should encourage their
general use.
However, enriched mixtures, designated type R, have been introduced to provide
enhanced fatigue resistance in lightly trafficked, low stiffness pavements and
greater durability in areas of the country which are particularly cold and wet.
Further guidance on selection of mixtures, the application of design test criteria,
recommendations for stability, related to traffic conditions, and information to be
provided by the purchaser and the supplier is given in annexes A, B and C.
The requirements for composition of all mixtures are based on testing the
constituents and the mixture by methods described in BS 598 and other British
Standards. Adjustment values for soluble binder content and material passing
the 75 µm test sieve, previously given in BS 594-1:1985, are now given in
BS 598-102. Methods of test to determine the condition of the binder on coated
chippings and their rate of spread, the texture of finished surfaces, the density of
cores drilled from asphalt surfacing and a method for assessing the compaction
performance of other rollers by comparison with the performance of a
non-vibrating 8 t roller are included in other Parts of BS 598.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this Part of BS 594 that the execution of
its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 16, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

ii © BSI 11-1998

Section 1. General
Introduction
This Part of BS 594 specifies the properties of
materials used to make rolled asphalt and of the
mixtures manufactured from those materials.
Roadbase, basecourse and regulating course
mixtures are specified by conventional recipe
methods in 3.1.
Wearing course mixtures are specified in two ways.
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
In 3.2 design mixtures are specified, based on the
mechanical testing of the asphalt mixture to
estimate a “design” binder content. This binder
content is normally a good guide to the amount
necessary to give satisfactory mixtures and is of
particular value when dealing with aggregates of
previously unknown performance. The design
method uses laboratory facilities and techniques
additional to those required for routine compliance
testing purposes. Design mixtures are
recommended for heavily trafficked roads.
The recipe type of wearing course mixture specified
in 3.3 is the conventional mixture which has proved
satisfactory except under heavy traffic for most
applications for many years. Purchasers having
satisfactory experience with recipe mixtures may
wish to continue using them.
Where rolled asphalt wearing course mixtures, of
nominal 40 % coarse aggregate content or less, are
used in trafficked areas it is usual to apply coated
chippings to provide a suitable level of skidding
resistance to the finished road. The properties of
such chippings and the requirements for their
manufacture are specified in section 4.
1.1 Scope
This Part of BS 594 specifies requirements for
mixtures of hot rolled asphalt to be laid as wearing
course, regulating course, basecourse or roadbase on
roads and other paved areas, excluding heavy duty
airfield pavements.
It also specifies requirements for coated chippings,
but excludes requirements for site-specific
properties such as polished stone values and
abrasion values of aggregates.
Guidance on selection of asphalt mixtures and their
constituent materials is also included in annex A.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 594-1:1992
1.2 References
1.2.1 Normative references
This Part of BS 594 incorporates, by reference,
provisions from specific editions of other
publications. These normative references are cited
at the appropriate points in the text and the
publications are listed on page 16. Subsequent
amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications apply to this Part of BS 594 only when
incorporated in it by updating or revision.
1.2.2 Informative references
This Part of BS 594 refers to other publications that
provide information or guidance. Editions of these
publications current at the time of issue of this
standard are listed on the inside back cover, but
reference should be made to the latest editions.
1.3 Definitions
For the purposes of this Part of BS 594 the
definitions given in BS 6100 apply together with the
following.
1.3.1
stability
the maximum resistance to deformation, in
kilonewtons, of a moulded asphalt specimen made
and tested in accordance with BS 598-107:1990
1.3.2
flow
the deformation of moulded asphalt specimen in
millimetres at the point of maximum resistance,
when made and tested in accordance with the
requirements of BS 598-107:1990
1.3.3
design binder content
the binder content of a wearing course design
mixture determined in accordance with the
procedure described in BS 598-107:1990
1.3.4
target binder content
the nominal soluble binder content of a wearing
course design mixture specified in 3.2, and which is
equal to or greater than the design binder content
and the specific requirements given in Table 3,
Table 4 or Table 5
1.3.5
added filler
material, a substantial proportion of which passes
a 75 µm test sieve, added to the mixture in excess of
that present in the proportioned coarse and fine
aggregates
1
BS 594-1:1992
1.3.6
test sieve
a sieve conforming to BS 410
1.4 Sampling and testing
NOTE The tolerances and ranges specified in this Part of
BS 594 are intended to provide for errors in sampling and testing
when carried out by a skilled operator as well as for variations in
the asphalt due to plant variations and fluctuations in gradings
of aggregates. Attention is drawn to the difficulties inherent in
obtaining representative samples of asphalt for analysis and to
the further (usually smaller) errors in the reduction of the sample
and its analysis in the laboratory. It should be realized that,
whenever any sampling and testing procedure is used, complete
compliance with the specification may not always be achieved
with every sample tested even when the material is satisfactory
(see BS 598-102).
1.4.1 Binders
Penetration grade bitumens and lake
asphalt-bitumen blends shall be sampled and tested
in accordance with BS 3690-1:1989 and
BS 3690-3:1990 respectively.
1.4.2 Aggregates and fillers
Coarse and fine aggregates and fillers shall be
sampled and tested in accordance with the
appropriate Parts of BS 812.
2 © BSI 11-1998
1.4.3 Asphalt mixtures
Asphalt mixtures shall be sampled and tested in
accordance with BS 598-100:1987,
BS 598-101:1987 and BS 598-102:1989.
NOTE The grading of the mineral aggregate fraction of the
mixture is determined by means of wet sieving. The
passing 75 µm fraction as obtained by this method should be
reported without wet/dry correction.
1.4.4 Coated chippings
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
Coated chippings shall be sampled in accordance
with BS 598-100:1987, when their temperature is
below 130 °C, and tested in accordance with
BS 598-102:1989.
Flakiness index shall be determined in accordance
with the method given in BS 812-105.1:1989. The
condition of the binder on the chippings shall be
determined in accordance with clause 3 of
BS 598-108:1990.
 BS 594-1:1992

Section 2. Constituent materials

2.1 Binder
The binder shall be one of those designated in
Table 1. Penetration grade bitumen shall conform to
BS 3690-1:1989. Lake asphalt-bitumen mixtures
shall conform to BS 3690-3:1990.
NOTE Guidance on the selection and use of different grades of
binder is given in annex A.
Table 1 — Designation of binders and
recommended storage temperatures
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
NOTE 1 Other slag may be suitable aggregates for rolled
asphalt but are outside the scope of this standard.
NOTE 2 This standard does not include requirements for
site-specific properties of aggregates, such as the polished stone
value or the aggregate abrasion value, that may be required to
assist skid-resistance, or the 10 % fines value which indicates
aggregate strength.
2.2.2 Particle shape
Flakiness index shall not exceed 45 % for crushed
rock and crushed gravels or 50 % for uncrushed
gravels when tested in accordance with

Binders Type Grade Recommended

numbers storage
BS 812-105.1:1989.
temperature 2.2.3 Fraction passing 75 µm sieve
°C
When determined by the washing and sieving
1 Bitumen 35 pen 175
method given in BS 812-103.1:1985, the fraction of
2 Lake 35 pen 175 material passing a 75 µm test sieve shall not
asphalt-bitumen exceed 6 % (m/m) of coarse aggregate for crushed
3 Bitumen 50 pen 165 rocks and slags and 4 % (m/m) for gravels.
NOTE There is no acceptable method for determining clay
4 Lake 50 pen 170 content of coarse aggregate but an indication of quantity is given
asphalt-bitumen by using the sedimentation test described in BS 812-103.2.

5 Bitumen 70 pen 160

6 Lake 70 pen 165
asphalt-bitumen
7 Bitumen 100 pen 155
NOTE 1 The use of grade 40 pen HD bitumen conforming to
BS 3690 may be considered but caution is advised as knowledge
of its in-service behaviour is limited. The recommended storage
temperature for 40 pen HD is 175 °C.
NOTE 2 Prolonged storage of binders at elevated
temperatures may result in hardening. To reduce this risk,
binders should be delivered to coating plants at temperatures
below 200 °C and prolonged subsequent storage above the
temperatures given in this table should be avoided. (It should be
recognized that binder deliveries may result in short-term
storage temperatures above those recommended in this table.)
2.2 Coarse aggregate
2.2.1 Type of coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall be material substantially
retained on a 2.36 mm test sieve and shall consist of
one of the following.
a) Crushed rock of one or more of the following
groups:
basalt, gabbro, granite, gritstone, hornfels,
limestone, porphyry or quartzite.
b) Gravel of one or more of the groups in item a)
or flint.
c) Blastfurnace slag conforming to BS 1047:1983.
d) Steel slag, either electric-arc furnace or basic
oxygen slag, which shall be weathered until it is
no longer susceptible to falling. The compacted
bulk density shall be between 1 700 kg/m3
and 1 900 kg/m3 when tested in accordance with
BS 1047:1983.
2.3 Fine aggregate
2.3.1 Type of fine aggregate
Fine aggregate shall substantially pass a 2.36 mm
test sieve and shall consist of one of the following:
a) sand;
b) fines produced by crushing coarse aggregate
conforming to 2.2.1;
c) a blend of item a) and item b).
NOTE Advice on the selection of asphalt mixtures containing
various types of fine aggregate is given in annex A.
2.3.2 Fraction passing 75 µm sieve
When determined by the washing and sieving
method given in BS 812-103.1:1985, the fraction of
material passing a 75 µm test sieve shall not exceed
the appropriate limit given in 3.1.1.2, 3.2.2.2
or 3.3.2.2.
NOTE There is no acceptable method for determining clay
content of fine aggregate but an indication of quantity is given by
using the sedimentation test described in BS 812-103.2.
2.4 Added filler
2.4.1 Added filler shall be limestone or Portland
cement, and shall have a bulk density in toluene of
not less than 0.5 g/ml and not more than 0.9 g/ml.
2.4.2 If readily available, an added filler containing
not less than 85 % (m/m) of particles passing
a 75 µm test sieve when determined in accordance
with the procedure for dry sieving in
BS 812-103.1:1985 shall be used (see also A.2).
Otherwise, an added filler containing not less
than 75 % (m/m) passing a 75 µm test sieve shall be
used, subject to the approval of the purchaser.

© BSI 11-1998 3
BS 594-1:1992
Section 3. Rolled asphalt mixtures
3.1 Group 1. Roadbase, basecourse and
regulating course mixtures
NOTE 1 Adherence to the requirements of this clause will
generally give mixtures of satisfactory performance. However, it
is impossible in a general specification to cover all suitable
aggregates, a few of which might necessitate binder contents
other than those given in Table 2.
NOTE 2 The requirements for composition are based on testing
the constituent materials and the mixture in accordance with
methods referred to in sections 1 and 2. The values of binder
content are those for the soluble binder content on analysis.
3.1.1 Aggregate
3.1.1.1 Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall conform to 2.2.
3.1.1.2 Fine aggregate
Fine aggregate shall conform to 2.3. The fraction
passing the 75 µm test sieve shall not
exceed 25 % (m/m) of the fine aggregate.
3.1.1.3 Added filler
When added filler is required to achieve the
composition given in Table 2, it shall conform to 2.4.
3.1.2 Binder
The grade and type of binder shall conform to 2.1.
NOTE Advice on the selection of binder is given in annex A.
3.1.3 Composition of mixture
The results of a mixture analysis shall be adjusted
in accordance with clause 6 of BS 598-102:1989. The
adjusted results shall conform to Table 2,
appropriate to the particular mixture designation
and coarse aggregate. A tolerance of ± 0.6 % (m/m)
of the total mixture shall be permitted on the values
for binder content.
3.2 Group 2. Wearing course design
mixtures
3.2.1 General
Design mixtures shall be type F, type C or type R
conforming to Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5. Enriched
mixtures are designated type R. The requirements
for composition of type R mixtures are shown in
Table 5 and are identical with the equivalent type F
or type C material except that the target binder
content shall be increased by at least 0.5 %.
NOTE 1 Type F is characterized by a gap grading typical of
traditional rolled asphalt wearing course mixtures usually
associated with the use of a fine sand, although other fine
aggregates conforming to the grading limits are not excluded.
Type C is characterized by a coarser grading usually associated
with the use of crushed rock or slag fine aggregates. However,
natural sand may be used in part or in total.
The designation F reflects a finer grading of the fine aggregate
used in this type of mix. A coarser grading of the fine aggregate
is used in type C mixes. The distinction between types F and C
mixtures is in grading only; no restriction should be placed on the
source and type of fine aggregate.
4 © BSI 11-1998
3.2.2 Aggregate
3.2.2.1 Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall conform to 2.2.
3.2.2.2 Fine aggregate
3.2.2.2.1 Fine aggregate shall conform to 2.3.
3.2.2.2.2 For type F mixtures, fine aggregate shall
contain not more than 5 % (m/m) of material
retained on a 2.36 mm test sieve and the material
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
passing a 75 µm test sieve shall not
exceed 9 % (m/m) of fine aggregate.
3.2.2.2.3 For type C mixtures, fine aggregate shall
contain not more than 10 % (m/m) of material
retained on a 2.36 mm test sieve and the material
passing a 75 µm test sieve shall not
exceed 19 % (m/m).
3.2.2.3 Added filler
When added filler is required to achieve the
composition given in Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5, it
shall conform to 2.4.
3.2.3 Binder
The grade and type of binder shall conform to 2.1.
NOTE Advice on the selection of binder is given in annex A.
3.2.4 Target binder content
The target binder content shall be determined by
adjusting the design binder content (see 1.3.3),
where required, to allow for such properties as
workability and durability.
The target binder content shall be not less than
either the design binder content or the appropriate
minimum value in Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5 and
shall be such that the values for stability and flow at
the target binder content are within the specified
range.
NOTE 1 The manufacturer’s proposals should be verified and
approved by the purchaser in accordance with annex B.
NOTE 2 The factors incorporated in the design method of
BS 598-107 are such that, for most type F mixtures, the design
binder content will prove satisfactory as the target binder
content. Addition of extra binder tends to improve workability
and durability and is acceptable so long as the resultant mixture
properties conform to Table B.1. There is less knowledge of the
design of type C mixtures by this method and greater care is
necessary to ensure the specified binder content is adequate for
workability and durability.
3.2.5 Composition of mixtures
The results of a mixture analysis shall be adjusted
in accordance with clause 6 of BS 598-102:1989. The
adjusted results shall conform to the appropriate
column in Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5 for aggregate
grading. The soluble binder content shall conform to
the target binder content within a tolerance
of ± 0.6 % (m/m) of the total mixture.
 BS 594-1:1992

Table 2— Composition of roadbase, basecourse and regulating course mixtures

Column number 2/1 2/2a 2/3 2/4 2/5a 2/6
Designationb 50/10c 50/14c 50/20c 60/20 60/28 60/40
Nominal layer thickness (mm) 25 to 50 35 to 65 45 to 80 45 to 80 60 to 120 75 to 150
Percentage (m/m) of total aggregate
passing test sieve
50 mm — — — — — 100
37.5 mm — — — — 100 90 to 100
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

28 mm — — 100 100 90 to 100 70 to 100

20 mm — 100 90 to 100 90 to 100 50 to 80 45 to 75
14 mm 100 90 to 100 65 to 100 30 to 65d 30 to 65 30 to 65
10 mm 90 to 100 65 to 100 35 to 75 — — —
6.3 mm — — — — — —
2.36 mm 35 to 55 35 to 55 35 to 55 30 to 44 30 to 44 30 to 44
600 µm 15 to 55 15 to 55 15 to 55 10 to 44 10 to 44 10 to 44
212 µm 5 to 30 5 to 30 5 to 30 3 to 25 3 to 25 3 to 25
75 µm 2 to 9 2 to 9 2 to 9 2 to 8 2 to 8 2 to 8
Binder content percentage (m/m) of
total mixture for:
Crushed rock or steel slag 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.7 5.7 5.7
Gravel 6.3 6.3 6.3 5.5 5.5 5.5
Blastfurnace slag: bulk density
1 440 kg/m3 6.6 6.6 6.6 5.7 5.7 5.7

1 360 kg/m3 6.7 6.7 6.7 5.9 5.9 5.9

1 280 kg/m3 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.0 6.0 6.0

1 200 kg/m3 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.1 6.1 6.1

1 120 kg/m3 7.1 7.1 7.1 6.3 6.3 6.3

a
Preferred mix (see foreword).
b
The mixture designation numbers (e.g. 50/10 in column 2/1) refer to the nominal coarse aggregate content of the mixture/nominal
size of the aggregate in the mixture respectively.
c Suitable for regulating course.
d
The value of 65 can be extended to 85 where evidence is available that the mixture so produced is suitable. To ensure consistency
of finish of the laid mixture, supplies from any one source should be controlled within a 35 % band within this permitted range.
For mixtures containing crushed rock fine aggregate, and in some instances sands or blends of sand and crushed rock fines, the
binder contents given in Table 2 may be reduced by up to 0.5 % by agreement between supplier and purchaser, where experience
shows this to be advisable to avoid an over-rich mixture.

© BSI 11-1998 5
BS 594-1:1992

Table 3 — Composition of design type F wearing course mixtures

Column number 3/1 3/2a 3/3a 3/4 3/5
Designation b
0/3 c 30/14 35/14 55/10 55/14
Nominal layer thickness (mm) 25 40 50 40 45
Percentage (m/m) of total aggregate
passing test sieve
28 mm — — — — —
20 mm — 100 100 — 100

Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

14 mm — 85 to 100 87 to 100 100 90 to 100
10 mm — 60 to 90 55 to 88 90 to 100 35 to 70
6.3 mm 100 — — 35 to 70 —
2.36 mm 95 to 100 60 to 72 55 to 67 35 to 47 35 to 47
600 µm 80 to 100 45 to 72 40 to 67 25 to 47 25 to 47
212 µm 25 to 70 15 to 50 12 to 45 5 to 30 5 to 30
75 µm 13.0 to 17.0 8.0 to 12.0 7.0 to 11.0 4.0 to 8.0 4.0 to 8.0
Maximum percentage of aggregate — 14 13 9 9
passing 2.36 mm and retained on 600 µm
test sieves
Minimum target binder content 9.0 6.5 6.4 5.5 5.5
percentage (m/m) of total mixture
a
Preferred mix (see foreword).
b
The mixture designation numbers (e.g. 0/3 in column 3/1) refer to the nominal coarse aggregate content of the mixture/nominal
size of the aggregate in the mixture respectively.
c Suitable for regulating course.

Table 4 — Composition of design type C wearing course mixtures

Column number 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/4 4/5
Designationa 0/3 30/14 35/14 55/10 55/14
Nominal layer thickness (mm) 25 40 50 40 45
Percentage (m/m) of total aggregate
passing test sieve
28 mm — — — — —
20 mm — 100 100 — 100
14 mm — 85 to 100 87 to 100 100 90 to 100
10 mm — 60 to 90 55 to 88 90 to 100 35 to 70
6.3 mm 100 — — 35 to 70 —
2.36 mm 95 to 100 60 to 72 55 to 67 35 to 47 35 to 47
600 µm 30 to 65 25 to 45 22 to 43 15 to 35 15 to 35
212 µm 15 to 40 15 to 30 12 to 28 5 to 30 5 to 30
75 µm 13.0 to 17.0 8.0 to 12.0 7.0 to 11.0 4.0 to 8.0 4.0 to 8.0
Minimum target binder content 9.0 6.5 6.4 5.5 5.5
percentage (m/m) of total mixture
NOTE There is no preferred mix.
a The mixture designation numbers (e.g. 0/3 in column 4/1) refer to the nominal coarse aggregate content of the mixture/nominal
size of the aggregate in the mixture respectively.

6 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 594-1:1992

Table 5 — Composition of design type R wearing course mixtures

Column number 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/4
Designation R 30/14F R 35/14F R 30/14C R 35/14C
Nominal layer thickness (mm) 40 50 40 50
Percentage (m/m) of total aggregate passing
test sieve
20 mm 100 100 100 100
14 mm 85 to 100 87 to 100 85 to 100 87 to 100
10 mm 60 to 90 55 to 88 60 to 90 55 to 88
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

2.36 mm 60 to 72 55 to 67 60 to 72 55 to 67
600 µm 45 to 72 40 to 67 25 to 45 22 to 43
212 µm 15 to 50 12 to 45 15 to 30 12 to 28
75 µm 8.0 to 12.0 7.0 to 11.0 8.0 to 12.0 7.0 to 11.0
Maximum percentage of aggregate passing 14 13 — —
2.36 mm and retained on 600 µm test sieves
Minimum target binder content percentage (m/ 7.0 6.9 7.0 6.9
m) of total mixture
NOTE These mixtures are intended for use in the lowest traffic category of Table B.1, or in areas where prevailing conditions are
colder and wetter than normal. They have better fatigue and durability properties than standard type F or C mixtures but can be
expected to have less resistance to deformation.

3.3 Group 3. Wearing course recipe 3.3.4 Composition of mixture

mixtures
NOTE Adherence to the requirements of this clause will
generally give mixtures of satisfactory performance. However, it
is impossible in a general specification to cover all suitable
aggregates, a few of which might necessitate binder contents
other than those given in Table 6.
3.3.1 General
Only type F mixtures, as described in 3.2.1, shall be
used for recipe mixtures; the values of binder
content shall be those for the soluble binder content
on analysis.
3.3.2 Aggregates
3.3.2.1 Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall conform to 2.2.
3.3.2.2 Fine aggregate
3.3.2.2.1 Fine aggregate shall conform to 2.3.
3.3.2.2.2 Fine aggregate shall not contain more
than 5 % (m/m) of material retained on a 2.36 mm
test sieve and the material passing a 75 µm test
sieve shall not exceed 9 % (m/m) of fine aggregate.
3.3.2.3 Added filler
When added filler is required, to achieve the
composition given in Table 6, it shall conform to 2.4.
3.3.3 Binder
The grade and type of binder shall conform to 2.1.
NOTE Advice on the selection of binder is given in annex A.
The results of a mixture analysis shall be adjusted
in accordance with clause 6 of BS 598-102:1989. The
adjusted results shall conform to the requirements
given in Table 6 appropriate to the particular
mixture designation, type of coarse aggregate and
schedule. A tolerance of ± 0.6 % (m/m) of the total
mixture shall be permitted on the values for binder
content.
NOTE Advice on mix schedules is given in annex A.
3.4 Mixing
3.4.1 General
Rolled asphalt shall be mixed either by the batch
process or in a continuous or drum mixer. The
moisture content of the asphalt mixture, measured
by the method given in BS 598-102:1989, shall not
exceed 1.0 % (m/m) of the mixture. On discharge
from the mixer the aggregate shall be completely
coated with binder with no evidence of balling of the
fine aggregate.
3.4.2 Temperature of mixed asphalt
Whichever method of mixing is adopted, the
appropriate maximum temperature given in Table 7
shall not be exceeded, to avoid the risk of undue
binder hardening. Temperatures shall be measured
in accordance with BS 598-109:1990.
NOTE Minimum delivery and rolling temperatures given in
BS 594-2 should be considered when determining mixing
temperature.

© BSI 11-1998 7
BS 594-1:1992

Table 6 — Composition of recipe type F wearing course mixtures

Column number 6/1a 6/2a 6/3 6/4 6/5
Designationb 0/3c 15/10d 30/10 30/14 35/14
Nominal layer thickness (mm) 25 30 35 40 50
Percentage (m/m) of total aggregate
passing test sieve
28 mm — — — — —
20 mm — — — 100 100

Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

14 mm — 100 100 85 to 100 87 to 100
10 mm — 95 to 100 85 to 100 60 to 90 55 to 88
6.3 mm 100 75 to 95 60 to 90 — —
2.36 mm 95 to 100 75 to 87 60 to 72 60 to 72 55 to 67
600 µm 80 to 100 60 to 87 45 to 72 45 to 72 40 to 67
212 µm 25 to 70 20 to 60 15 to 50 15 to 50 12 to 45
75 µm 13.0 to 17.0 11.0 to 15.0 8.0 to 12.0 8.0 to 12.0 7.0 to 11.0
Maximum percentage of aggregate — 18 14 14 13
passing 2.36 mm and retained
on 600 µm test sieves
Binder content percentage (m/m) of
total mixture for:
Crushed rock or steel slag
Schedule 1A 10.3 8.9 7.8 7.8 7.4
Schedule 1B 10.8 9.4 8.3 8.3 7.9
Gravel
Schedule 2A 10.3 8.9 7.5 7.5 7.0
Schedule 2B 10.8 9.4 8.0 8.0 7.5
Blastfurnace slag: bulk
density
Schedule 3A
1 440 kg/m3 — 9.0 7.9 7.9 7.6
1 360 kg/m3 — 9.0 8.0 8.0 7.7
1 280 kg/m3 — 9.2 8.1 8.1 7.8
1 200 kg/m3 — 9.3 8.2 8.2 7.9
1 120 kg/m3 — 9.4 8.3 8.3 8.0
Schedule 3B
1 440 kg/n3 — 9.5 8.4 8.4 8.1
1 360 kg/m3 — 9.6 8.5 8.5 8.2
1 280 kg/m3 — 9.7 8.6 8.6 8.3
1 200 kg/m3 — 9.8 8.7 8.7 8.4
1 120 kg/m3 — 9.9 8.8 8.8 8.5
a
Preferred mix (see foreword).
b
The mixture designation numbers (e.g. 0/3 in column 6/1) refer to the nominal coarse aggregate content of the mixture/nominal
size of the aggregate in the mixture respectively.
c
Sand carpet.
d Suitable for footpaths.

8 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 594-1:1992

Table 7 — Maximum temperatures of mixed asphalt

Binder Type Grade Maximum temperature at any stage
number
Roadbase or basecourse °C Wearing course °C

1 Bitumen 35 pen 175 195

2 Lake asphalt-bitumen 35 pen — 195
3 Bitumen 50 pen 170 190
4 Lake asphalt-bitumen 50 pen — 190
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

5 Bitumen 70 pen 165 185

6 Lake asphalt-bitumen 70 pen — 185
7 Bitumen 100 pen — 175
NOTE If 40 pen HD bitumen is used a maximum temperature of 195 °C is appropriate.

© BSI 11-1998 9
BS 594-1:1992

Section 4. Coated chippings for application to

wearing course surfaces
4.1 Chippings 4.4 Size, shape and grading of
The chippings to be coated shall be coarse aggregate chippings
conforming to 2.2.1. 4.4.1 The coated chippings on analysis shall:
NOTE The polished stone value and aggregate abrasion value a) be of either 20 mm or 14 mm nominal size, with
of the chippings are site specific and outside the scope of this
standard.
the appropriate grading given in Table 8; and
b) have a flakiness index not exceeding 25.
4.2 Binder coating Table 8 — Gradings of chippings

Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

Binder used to coat the chippings shall be 50 pen Test sieve Percentage (m/m) passing test sieve
grade conforming to 2.1. Except in the situation
20 mm nominal size 14 mm nominal size
described in 4.4.2 (see note), the amount of binder
used shall yield a binder content on analysis 28 mm 100
of (1.5 ± 0.3) % (m/m). 20 mm 90 to 100 100
NOTE A higher binder content may be specified for chippings to
be used in the situation described in 4.4.2, but any such higher 14 mm 0 to 25 90 to 100
binder content is still subject to a tolerance on analysis
of ± 0.3 % (m/m). 10 mm 0 to 4 0 to 25
6.3 mm — 0 to 4
4.3 Quality of binder coating
75 µm 0 to 2 0 to 2
The coated chippings, when tested for the condition
of the binder in accordance with clause 3 of 4.4.2 When the chippings are to be used on asphalt
BS 598-108:1990 shall have a mass of sand retained laid on roads for which a minimum texture depth
of not less than 40 g/kg for 20 mm chippings of 1.5 mm is specified, not less than 75 % (m/m) of
or 50 g/kg for 14 mm chippings. Not more the chippings shall be of the specified size as defined
than 7.5 % (m/m) chippings shall fail the visual in BS 63-1:1987.
assessment of sand-cover. NOTE Application of coated chippings is dealt with in
NOTE 1 Before the chippings are coated with binder, they BS 594-2.
should be dried and fed into a mixer at a maximum temperature
of 170 °C. The maximum temperature of the coated chippings on
discharge from the mixer should be 160 °C.
NOTE 2 In order to minimize formation of insoluble material in
the binder the coated chippings should, on discharge from the
mixer, be cooled quickly to ambient temperature by the
application of clean water or by spreading in a layer not thicker
than 1.0 m.

10 © BSI 11-1998

Annex A (informative)
Guidance on the selection of materials
and mixtures
A.1 General
The selection of an asphalt mixture for a particular
site depends upon many factors, particularly traffic,
climate and layer thickness. It requires knowledge
and judgement on the part of the purchaser and the
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
contractor. The information in A.2 to A.6 is intended
for guidance.
A.2 Aggregate
There are no satisfactory tests for determining the
amount of deleterious materials in aggregates. Any
obviously degraded or dirty stone or other
contamination, such as by roots, vegetation or
particles of lignite, should be avoided.
NOTE Where experience indicates that an aggregate is prone to
stripping, addition of an adhesion agent or 1 % to 2 % (m/m) of
Portland cement or hydrated lime might be beneficial.
A.3 Roadbase mixtures
A.3.1 Thickness
Specific recommendations for the total thickness of
rolled asphalt roadbases are not included in this
standard. Thickness is dependent upon a number of
factors including the strength of the sub-base or
formation and the traffic loading. Guidance can be
obtained from publications dealing with pavement
design.
A.3.2 Composition of mixtures
Roadbase mixtures should be selected from Table 2
to suit the nominal layer thickness. A 50 pen grade
binder is normally suitable but the softer 70 pen
grade may be used where traffic loading is unlikely
to be intense.
A.4 Basecourse and regulating course
mixtures
A.4.1 Binder
Alternative grades of binder are included in Table 1.
The use of 50 pen binder will generally be
satisfactory. In areas of intense canalized traffic in
southern England, 35 pen grade may provide
greater resistance to deformation. In Scotland and
northern England 70 pen binder may be satisfactory
in less heavily trafficked roads.
A.4.2 Thickness
Basecourse and regulating course mixtures should
be selected from Table 2 to suit the required
nominal layer thickness.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 594-1:1992
A.4.3 Composition of mixtures
The choice of coarse aggregate content depends
largely upon the thickness of material laid. For
general use, 60 % (m/m) of coarse aggregate is
recommended; 50 % (m/m) of coarse aggregate is
recommended when a mixture is to be laid as a
regulating course.
A.5 Wearing course mixtures
A.5.1 Binder
The physical properties of an asphalt mixture are
generally determined by the type of fine aggregate
and grade of binder. Traditional mixtures for
normal traffic have been made with sand fine
aggregate and 50 pen binder. If crushed fines or
harsh sands are used, softer binders may be
suitable, even on heavily trafficked roads.
For sites with more intense traffic, the use of harder
(e.g. 35 pen or 40 pen HD) bitumen or crushed fines
may be considered. On lightly trafficked roads and
other lightly stressed areas, softer binders,
e.g. 70 pen or 100 pen, may be used, even with sand
fines.
All the binders specified in this Part of BS 594 are
designed to assist in providing a suitable surface
texture on the wearing course.
A.5.2 Aggregate
The choice of coarse aggregate and of coated
chippings depends primarily on their suitability for
the traffic and site conditions. In some situations,
such as on bends, on roads carrying high speed
traffic and on roundabouts, resistance to skidding is
especially important. In such situations, aggregate
of high resistance to the polishing effect of traffic
should be used for the coated chippings and for the
coarse aggregate in unchipped wearing courses. The
test for the measurement of polished-stone value is
given in BS 812-114.
The rate at which exposed aggregate is abraded by
heavy vehicular traffic is important in determining
the retention of texture by the wearing course; for
this reason it is desirable that the aggregate
abrasion value of the coated chippings and of the
coarse aggregate in unchipped wearing courses
should be taken into consideration when selecting
the aggregate. The test for aggregate abrasion value
is given in BS 812-113.
The purchaser should, where necessary, indicate
the minimum polished-stone value and maximum
aggregate abrasion value required for the coarse
aggregate and/or coated chippings, as appropriate.
11
BS 594-1:1992
A.5.3 Composition of mixtures
A.5.3.1 General
Section 3 of this standard gives specifications for
two groups of wearing course mixtures. Both groups
are of equal status and it is not intended that
preference be given to either group.
The traditional recipe type wearing course mixtures
(see 3.3) have been very successful in most
applications. However, on some roads where traffic
loadings have reached unprecedented levels, and as
the range of constituent materials proposed for use
has greatly widened, some recipe mixtures have
failed to perform consistently well, and have been
replaced by designed mixtures. Purchasers having
proven materials sources and experience of the
satisfactory use of recipe mixtures under the
conditions applicable to their areas may wish to
continue with their use, possibly with the additional
resource of harder binders for roads where
deformation may become a problem.
A.5.3.2 Group 2 mixtures: design method
When there is little or no experience of the use of the
proposed constituent materials (especially the fine
aggregate), or where severe traffic loadings exist or
are anticipated, the design method is more suitable
than the recipe method, particularly for major
contracts involving high tonnages of wearing course
material.
The mixture derived from laboratory procedure
described in BS 598-107 should satisfy the traffic
related criteria given in Table B.1. If the criteria are
not met, alternative sources of constituent
materials should be sought; normally a different
fine aggregate and/or grade of binder will be
required.
It is not yet possible to give specific guidance on
minimum flow values for each traffic category in
Table B.1
The mixtures derived from the use of the design
method in BS 598-107 are the result of tests on
laboratory prepared specimens, undertaken well in
advance of the works to determine an agreed
composition for contract purposes. Adequate time
should be allowed for this work. The laboratory
design mix should be checked using aggregate from
the plant bins, or the aggregate feed in the case of a
continuous plant.
In normal circumstances the laboratory design
procedure will be undertaken whenever a new
source of fine aggregate is used or proposed.
12
It may also need to be carried out if the aggregate
grading changes materially during production.
When little or no variation has been indicated, a
measure of consistency may be obtained by testing
specimens, using plant-produced mixture
compacted in accordance with the procedure
in BS 598-107. The results obtained using such
material are not directly comparable with those
obtained on laboratory prepared specimens, so the
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
values given in Table B.1 will not directly apply.
Therefore, periodic checks on the design should be
carried out at mixing plants, even when fine
aggregate known to be reasonably consistent is
used, to enable a producer to supply, with
confidence, asphalt to a recent mix design in
accordance with this specification, even when the
quantity of asphalt required is too small to justify
the full design procedure being carried out.
Attention is drawn to the limited experience with
type C designed mixtures. Problems may occur in
obtaining durable material of low permeability
because the harshness of this type of mixture makes
compaction more difficult. The problem may be
overcome by increasing the binder content by up
to 1 % (m/m) of total mixture above the design
binder content, provided the criteria given in
Table B.1 are satisfied.
In the case of 55/10 and 55/14 wearing course
mixtures, which are not chipped, 100 pen bitumen is
normally used where the mixes are laid on
secondary roads, housing estate roads, play areas
and similar sites. However, the use of 50 pen
bitumen is advised on high-stress sites used by
heavy goods vehicles; this material may not be
suitable for hand laying. Mixtures
containing 100 pen bitumen have traditionally been
known as “medium-temperature asphalt, MTA”, in
view of their lower handling temperatures
compared with mixtures containing 50 pen
bitumen.
Enriched type R mixtures are particularly intended
for use on lightly trafficked roads of sub-standard
construction where resistance to wheel track rutting
is less important than enhanced fatigue strength
and durability. They are also appropriate for better
constructed, lightly trafficked roads, in areas which
are colder and wetter than normal.
© BSI 11-1998

A.5.3.3 Group 3 mixtures: recipe method
As indicated in section 3, it is impossible to cover in
this standard all suitable aggregates, a few of which
require binder contents other than those given in
section 3. If experience is lacking with a particular
aggregate, and especially a fine aggregate, the
recipe method should be used with caution. If the
mixture obtained using the recommended recipe is
unsuitably brittle or soft, the use of either a softer or
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
harder binder, or the design method (group 2),
should be considered.
Soluble binder contents should be related to the
climatic conditions and the volume of traffic. In the
majority of cases mixtures conforming to
schedules 1A, 2A and 3A should be used. In cold,
elevated, wet conditions, or for more lightly
trafficked roads, mixtures conforming to
schedules 1B, 2B and 3B will be more appropriate.
A.6 Storage of mixed materials
It is not possible, given the present state of
knowledge, to give specific guidance on extended
storage of bituminous mixtures. Conditions of
storage will affect the maximum storage period.
Annex B (informative)
Recommendations for the application
of design test criteria
B.1 Consideration of traffic conditions
When a rolled asphalt wearing course with
chippings is specified in accordance with 3.2, it is
desirable to ensure that the properties of the
asphalt are suitable for traffic conditions at the site
on which it is to be used. Table B.1 gives suggested
test criteria, measured at the target binder content,
for various levels of traffic.
Table B.1 — Criteria for the stability of
laboratory design asphalt
Traffic (in commercial vehicles Stability of complete
per lane per day) mix
kN
Less than 1 500 3 to 8a
1 500 to 6 000 4 to 8
over 6 000 6 to 10
NOTE 1 For stabilities up to 8.0 kN the maximum flow value
should be 5 mm. For stabilities in excess of 8.0 kN a maximum
flow of 7 mm is permissible.
NOTE 2 The stability values referred to should be obtained on
laboratory mixes.
NOTE 3 The stability and flow values are those pertaining to
the target binder content.
a
It may be necessary to restrict the upper limit where
difficulties in the compaction of materials might occur. Type R
enriched mixes conforming to Table 5 are intended for use with
this traffic category.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 594-1:1992
Traffic is categorized in terms of the estimated
average number of commercial vehicles per lane per
day during the year of laying. A commercial vehicle
is defined as a goods or public service vehicle of
unladen weight exceeding 15 kN.
Where intense canalization of commercial vehicles
occurs, such as at approaches to traffic lights, where
heavy vehicles are continually braking and
restarting, and where the rate of growth of traffic is
expected to be abnormally high, the design test
criteria should be based on the next higher traffic
category.
B.2 Verification of design proposals
The design proposals submitted in accordance with
clause 11 of BS 598-107:1990 should be verified.
This may be done by supervision or by further
testing. An exception may be made for small
contracts using material from a particular source
where there is sufficient experience of the mixture
for there to be confidence in the design submitted.
Sufficiently large representative samples of the
constituent materials should be taken to cover the
requirements for the design, the verification and
any necessary repeat tests. Wherever possible the
verification should be carried out as a joint exercise,
although verification is not always required when
the original design is undertaken at an
independently accredited laboratory.
The supplier’s design proposals are acceptable for
stability if the verification results conform to
Table B.1, and for design binder content if the
results of the verification tests are within ± 0.5 % of
the submitted proposal.
Annex C (informative)
Information to be provided by the
purchaser and the supplier
C.1 Information to be provided by the
purchaser with the enquiry or order
Where the purchaser wishes to select the
constituent materials and mix composition from the
options given in this Part of BS 594, the purchaser
should indicate the following information with the
enquiry or order:
a) description of course(s) (see annex A);
b) thickness of layer (see Table 2, Table 3,
Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6);
c) coarse aggregate content for each course
(see Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and
Table 6);
d) type of coarse aggregate (see 2.2);
e) type of fine aggregate (see 2.3);
13
BS 594-1:1992
f) type and grade of binder for each course
(see 2.1);
g) composition for each course and design method
or recipe method for wearing course (see Table 2,
Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6);
h) whether additional requirements are specified
for coated chippings (see section 4);
i) any additional relevant information
(see BS 594-2).
C.2 Information to be provided by the supplier
with the quotation
The following information should be provided by the
supplier with the quotation, particularly where the
purchaser has left the choice of the options to the
supplier after giving the details of the construction
to be carried out:
14
a) descriptions of course(s) (see annex A);
b) type, source and size of coated chippings
(see Section 4);
c) coarse aggregate content (see Table 2, Table 3,
Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6);
d) type and source of coarse aggregate (see 2.2);
e) type and source of fine aggregate (see 2.3);
f) type and grade of binder (see 2.1);
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
g) composition for each course and design method
or recipe method for wearing course (see Table 2,
Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6);
h) any additional relevant information
(see BS 594-2).
© BSI 11-1998
 Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

blank
15
BS 594-1:1992

List of references (see 1.2)

Normative references

BSI standards publications

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 63, Road aggregates.

Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

BS 63-1:1987, Specification for single-sized aggregate for general purposes.
BS 410:1986, Specification for test sieves.
BS 598, Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas.
BS 598-100:1987, Methods for sampling for analysis.
BS 598-101:1987, Methods for preparatory treatments of samples for analysis.
BS 598-102:1989, Analytical test methods.
BS 598-107:1990, Method of test for the determination of the composition of design wearing course rolled
asphalt.
BS 598-108:1990, Methods for determination of the condition of the binder on coated chippings and for
measurement of the rate of spread of coated chippings.
BS 598-109:1990, Methods for the assessment of the compaction performance of a roller and recommended
procedures for the measurement of the temperature of bituminous mixtures.
BS 812, Testing aggregates.
BS 812-1:1975, Methods for determination of particle size and shape.
BS 812-2:1975, Methods for determination of physical properties.
BS 812-100:1990, General requirements for apparatus and calibration.
BS 812-101:1984, Guide to sampling and testing aggregates.
BS 812-102:1989, Methods for sampling.
BS 812-103, Method for determination of particle size distribution.
BS 812-103.1:1985, Sieve tests.
BS 812-103.2:1989, Sedimentation test.
BS 812-105, Methods for determination of particle shape.
BS 812-105.1:1989, Flakiness index.
BS 812-105.2:1990, Elongation index of coarse aggregate.
BS 812-106:1985, Method for determination of shell content in coarse aggregate.
BS 812-109:1990, Methods for determination of moisture content.
BS 812-110:1990, Methods for determination of aggregate crushing value.
BS 812-111:1990, Methods for determination of ten per cent fines value (TFV).
BS 812-112:1990, Method for determination of aggregate impact value (AIV).
BS 812-113:1990, Method for determination of aggregate abrasion value (AAV).
BS 812-114:1989, Method for determination of the polished-stone value.
BS 812-117:1988, Method for determination of water-soluble chloride salts.
BS 812-118:1988, Methods for determination of sulphate content.
BS 812-119:1985, Method for determination of acid-soluble material in fine aggregate.
BS 812-120:1989, Method for testing and classifying drying shrinkage of aggregates in concrete.
BS 812-121:1989, Method for determination of soundness.
BS 812-124:1988, Method for determination of frost-heave.
BS 1047:1983, Specification for air-cooled blastfurnace slag aggregate for use in construction.
BS 3690, Bitumens for building and civil engineering.

16 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 594-1:1992

BS 3690-1:1989, Specification for bitumens for roads and other paved areas.
BS 3690-3:1990, Specification for mixtures of bitumen with pitch, tar and Trinidad lake asphalt.
BS 6100, Glossary of building and civil engineering terms.

Informative references

BSI standards publications

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 594, Hot rolled asphalt for roads and other paved areas.
BS 594-2:1992, Specification for transport, laying and compaction of rolled asphalt.
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 15-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI

© BSI 11-1998
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