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Ties are tensioned reinforcements anchored and lapped mechanically or welded. Types of ties in building
construction, their design and uses are discussed.
Fig.1: Different Types of Ties Used in Building Illustrated in a Typical Floor Plan
Peripheral ties
Internal ties
Vertical ties
Peripheral ties are commonly provided at roof and floor level and it placed at 1.2m away from the perimeter wall
or edge of the building, as explained in Figure-2.
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5/29/2018 Types of Ties Used in Building Construction, their Design and Uses
peripheral ties must withstand a tensile force equal to the lesser of 60KN or an amount computed according to the
following equation.
Where:
The area of steel bars required for the peripheral ties can be computed according to the following equation:
Where:
Peripheral ties need to be anchored and lapped adequately. The location of peripheral ties need for a building is
illustrated in Figure-3.
Internal ties are placed at roof level and floor level in two directions nearly perpendicular to each other.
Internal ties should be effectively continuous along their length and connected at both ends to the peripheral ties
or anchored to the columns or perimeter walls when such ties are continuous to columns or perimeter walls.
Figure-4 illustrates the distribution of internal ties in typical floor plan
The maximum distance between internal ties is equal to the 1.5 times the longest distance between centers of
vertical loading elements in the direction of ties.
The internal ties must withstand a tensile force equal or greater than the force computed according to the
following formula:
Where:
(gk+qk): is the sum of average characteristic dead load and live load exerted on the floor. These quantities are
computed according to the specifications of Eurocode.
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It is specified to use vertical ties for buildings with minimum five storeys. Each wall and each column that support
vertical loads need to be continuously tied from lowest level (foundation) to highest level (roof of the structure).
If the utilization of vertical ties is not possible, then the element must be designed in such a way that if such
member is removed, then the surrounding elements should be designed to be able to bridge the gap and prevent
failure due the removal of that element.
The force that vertical ties are subjected to is equal to the maximum design ultimate dead load and live load
exerted on walls or columns from any one storey.
These ties are used to connect external load bearing elements to the structure certain levels. Therefore, all
external loads bearing members such as walls and columns are to be tied or anchored into structure at each roof
or floor level horizontally.
The design tie force is equal to the greater of the two values computed according to the following expressions:
Design tie force = 2Ft or (floor to ceiling height in m / 2.5) Ft -> Equation-4
Design tie force = Three percent of the total ultimate vertical load in the wall or column at that level -
> Equation-5
Horizontal ties should be provided in two directions at approximately right angle for corner columns.
Read More:
References:
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1. A. ALLEN. Reinforced Concrete Design to BS 8110 Simply Explained. [S.l.]: CRC Press.
3. O BROOKER. How to design concrete buildings to satisfy disproportionate collapse requirements. The
Concrete Centre. Surrey, p. 3-5. 2008.
4. S.S RAY. Reinforced concrete: analysis and design. Oxford: Blackwell Science , 1995
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