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“This book has been excellently written to bridge the gap between theory and practice and to develop
the prototype to showcase the talents. The presentation of the book is lucid with adequate figures, tables,
and examples. The chapters on logic families, memories, and analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog
converters will be useful for postgraduate students as well. Overall, I rate it a very good book.”
Prof. Prasanna Kumar Sahu
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
This book focuses on the basic principles of digital electronics and logic design. It is targeted as a
textbook for undergraduate students of electronics, electrical engineering, computer science, physics,
and information technology. The text covers the syllabi of several Indian and foreign universities.
It depicts the comprehensive resources on the recent ideas in the area of digital electronics explored
by leading experts from both industry and academia. A good number of diagrams are provided
to illustrate the concepts related to digital electronics so that students can easily comprehend the
subject. Solved examples within the text explain the concepts discussed and exercises are provided
at the end of each chapter.
Foundation of
conferences. Prof. Sarkar is a senior member of the IEEE; life fellow of the Institute
of Engineers, India, and the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineers, India; and life member of the Indian Society for Technical Education
and the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science.
Digital Electronics
Asish Kumar De is associate professor in the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India.
He has published around 20 research papers in archived international and
national journals and peer-reviewed conferences. His research interests include
Sarkar | De | Sarkar
in device modeling. Prof. De has 10 years of research experience and has been
teaching for more than 26 years.
Souvik Sarkar obtained his ME and PhD in engineering from Jadavpur University.
He is an application consultant at IBM Global Business Services, India. He has
published around 25 research publications in archived international and national
journals and peer-reviewed conferences. Subir Kumar Sarkar | Asish Kumar De | Souvik Sarkar
V319
ISBN 978-981-4364-58-4
Foundation of
Digital Electronics
and Logic Design
Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Foundation of
Digital Electronics
and Logic Design
editors
Preben Maegaard
Anna Krenz
Subir Kumar Sarkar
Wolfgang Palz Asish Kumar De
Souvik Sarkar
Wind Power
for the World
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3
8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: editorial@panstanford.com
Web: www.panstanford.com
Preface xv
1. Combinational Circuits 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Advantages of Digital System 3
1.3 Essential Characteristics of Digital Circuits 3
1.4 Characteristic of an Ideal Digital Logic Element 7
1.5 Definition of Truth Table and Various Logic Conventions 8
1.5.1 Logic Circuit 8
1.5.2 Logic Gate 8
1.5.3 Truth Table 8
1.5.4 Logical Convention 9
1.5.4.1 Positive Logic 9
1.5.4.2 Negative Logic 10
1.6 Number System 10
1.6.1 Positional Number System 10
1.6.2 Generalized Approach of Number System 11
1.6.3 Radix Conversion 13
1.6.4 Integer Conversion 13
1.6.5 Procedure for Integer Conversion 14
1.7 Logic Gates and Logic Circuits 16
1.7.1 OR Gate 16
1.7.2 AND Gate 17
1.7.3 NOT Gate 17
1.7.4 NOR Gate 18
1.7.5 NAND Gate 19
1.8 Logic Gates and Logic Circuits 20
1.8.1 X-OR Gate or Exclusive OR Gate 20
1.8.1.1 Parity 22
1.8.2 XNOR Gate or Equality Detector 24
vi Contents
3. Memory 175
3.1 Computer Memory 175
3.2 Classifications of Memory 175
3.2.1 Semiconductor Memories 176
Contents ix
6. Application 289
6.1 Introduction 289
6.2 Digital to Analog Converter 289
6.2.1 Disadvantages of W‑R DAC 295
6.2.2 The R-2R Ladder Type DAC 295
6.2.3 Advantage 300
6.3 8 Bit D/A Counter IC DAC 0808/DAC 1408 301
6.4 Bit Arithmetic and Logic Unit (74181) 302
6.5 Carry Look Ahead Adder 306
6.6 Analog to Digital Converter 309
6.6.1 Sample and Hold Circuit 310
6.6.2 Sampling Pulse 310
6.7 A/D Converter Types 313
6.7.1 2 Bit Parallel/Simultaneous Type ADC 313
6.7.2 A/D Converter 314
6.7.2.1 Disadvantage 315
6.7.3 Counter Type ADC (3 bit CTADC) 316
6.7.3.1 Disadvantage 316
6.7.4 Dual Slope A/D Converter 319
6.8 Microprocessor Compatible A/D
Converter 0809 322
6.9 Specifications of D/A Converter 324
6.9.1 Resolution 324
xiv Contents
Index 355
Preface
Mr. Bijoy Kantha, Mr. Rashmi Ranjan Sahoo, Mr. Bibhas Manna,
Mr. Subhashis Roy, Ms. Gargee Bhattacharyya, Mrs. Saheli Sarkhel
Ganguly and Mrs. Jayashree Bag for their skillful service in preparing
the manuscript.