Mobile Communication Systems:

3G – UMTS
Lecture 3

Dr. Roz Wyatt-Millington

 Overview of the Development
cellular phones satellites cordless phones wireless LAN wireless PAN
1980:
1981: CT0
NMT 450 1982:
1983: Inmarsat-A 1984:
AMPS CT1
1985:
1986: TACS 1987:
NMT 900
CT1+
1988:
Inmarsat-C 1989:
CT 2
1991:
1991: 1991: 1991: 199x:
CDMA 1992:
D-AMPS GSM DECT proprietary
IS-95 Inmarsat-B
1993: Inmarsat-M
PDC 1994: 1997:
DCS 1800 IEEE 802.11

1999: 1999:
Late 90’s: IEEE 802.11b Bluetooth v1.0
LEO
2000: systems 2000: 2000:
2001:
GPRS IEEE 802.11a Bluetooth v1.1
GMR

2002:
IMT-2000 2003: 2003:
IEEE 802.11g Bluetooth v1.2
2005:
Inmarsat 2004:
BGAN 200?: Bluetooth v2.0
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)
 IMT-2000

What were the intentions for 3G

phones?
 Evolution of Mobile Systems
1G 2G “2.5G” 3G/ IMT-2000 Capable

Existing Spectrum New Spectrum

Analog IS-95-A/ IS-95-B/ cdma2000 1X (1.25 MHz)

AMPS cdmaOne cdmaOne cdma2000 3X (5 MHz)

1XEV DO: HDR (1.25 MHz)

IS-136 136 HS
TDMA EDGE

TACS
NMT
GSM GPRS EDGE

GSM

HSCSD WCDMA
 IMT 2000 Requirements
• Coverage for bit rates up to 2 Mbit/s:
– full coverage for 144 kbit/s, preferably 384 kbit/s;
– limited coverage (indoor and low-range outdoor) for 2 Mbit/s;
• Bandwidth on demand offered - via variable bit rate;
• Ability to multiplex services with different quality
requirements on a single connection, i.e. transmission of
voice, video and packet data over a single connection;
• Variable delay requirements for different traffic types,
from delay-sensitive real-time traffic to best-effort packet
data;
 IMT 2000 Requirements
• Variable quality requirements from a frame error rate of
10% to a bit error rate of 10-6;
• 2G and 3G systems to co-exist, and implementation of
inter-system handovers to enhance coverage, and to
balance traffic load on systems;
• Support of asymmetric traffic, i.e. different traffic loads
on uplink and downlink;
• Flexibility to introduce new services;
• High spectrum efficiency compared to existing 2G
systems;
• Coexistence of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time
division duplex (TDD) modes.
 UMTS and IMT-2000

• Proposals for IMT-2000 (International

Mobile Telecommunications)
– UWC-136 – extension to existing IS-136
TDMA
• combined with EDGE proposals from ETSI.
– cdma2000 – extension of existing IS-95
CDMA.
– WP-CDMA.
– UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System) from ETSI.
 UMTS and IMT-2000

• UMTS
– UTRA (was: UMTS, now: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)
– enhancements of GSM
• EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384
kbit/s
• CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)
• VHE (virtual Home Environment)
– fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI
– requirements
• min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)
• min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s)
• up to 2 Mbit/s urban
 Frequencies for IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
ITU allocation MSS MSS
(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 IMT-2000

T T
GSM DE UTRA MSS UTRA MSS
Europe D D
1800 CT D FDD D FDD

GSM MSS MSS

China IMT-2000 IMT-2000
1800

cdma2000 MSS cdma2000 MSS

Japan PHS
W-CDMA W-CDMA

MSS MSS
North PCS rsv.
America
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
 Frequency Range (Europe)

• Time Division Duplex

– 1900 – 1920 MHz 7 Channels of
5 MHz in total
– 2010 – 2025 MHz
• Frequency Division Duplex
– 1920 – 1980 MHz 12 channels of
– 2110 – 2170 MHz 5 MHz
 IMT-2000 family

Interface
for Internetworking

IMT-2000
ANSI-41 GSM Core Network
IP-Network
(IS-634) (MAP) ITU-T

Flexible assignment of Initial UMTS

Core Network and Radio Access (R99 w/ FDD)

IMT-FT IMT-SC IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-DS

(Freq. Time) (Single Carrier) (Multi Carrier) (Time Code) (Direct Spread) IMT-2000
UTRA TDD Radio Access
DECT UWC-136 cdma2000 (TD-CDMA); UTRA FDD ITU-R
(EDGE) TD-SCDMA (W-CDMA)
ETSI UWCC/3GPP 3GPP2 3GPP 3GPP
UMTS Basics
 UMTS Environments

• Home Environment controls mobile services and

makes them available to mobile subscribers
• Virtual Home Environment provides services
independent of location
– Network independent
• Personal Service Environment combines
information about services and subscriber
specific information from subscriber profile
 UMTS Home Environment

Charges subscribers
Service for services
Provider
Home
Value Added
Environment
Service
Billing Service Provider
Management

Content
Subscriber Access Core Provider
User Network Network
Operator Operator
UMTS Network Architecture

Core Iu Uu User
Network UTRAN
Equipment
Hierarchical Cell Structure

Pico-Cells

Satellite
Micro-Cells

Macro-Cells
 UMTS Operating Environments
Environment Peak Bit Rate BER/Max Transmission Delay
Real-time Non-real-time
Rural (up to 500 144 kb/s 10-3 – 10-7 10-5 – 10-8
km/h) preferably 384 20-300 ms 150 ms or more
kb/s
Urban/suburban 384 kb/s 10-3 – 10-7 10-5 – 10-8
(up to 120 km/h) preferably 512 20-300 ms 150 ms or more
kb/s

Buildings/Near 2 Mb/s 10-3 – 10-7 10-5 – 10-8

Zone (up to 10 20-300 ms 150 ms or more
km/h)
 UMTS QoS Classifications

• Conversation
– Very delay sensitive, e.g. speech, video-telephony
• Streaming
– Delay less important
• Interactive
– Data integrity is more important than delay
• Background Class
– No specified delay, data integrity is very important,
e.g. downloading e-mail messages
 Traffic Classes
Traffic Class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
Conversational RT Streaming RT Interactive best Background best
effort effort
Delay «1s < 10 s ~1s > 10 s
Examples: Conversational voice Streaming audio & Voice E-mail arrival
error tolerant & video video messaging notification
Examples: Telnet, interactive FTP, still image, E-commerce, Destination not
Error intolerant games paging WWW browsing expecting data
within certain time
Fundamental Preserve time Preserve time Preserve Preserve payload
characteristics relation (variation) relation (variation) payload content content
between information between information
entities of stream. entities of stream
Conversational
pattern (stringent &
low delay)
 CDMA

• Advantages
– It is safe from interception
– Radio signal is insensitive to interference
– All subscribers can send on the same
frequency, making frequency planning
irrelevant but code planning is required
 CDMA
Disadvantages
• Low throughput compared to TDMA and
FDMA.
– High bandwidth for low network capacity, with
respect to a single unspread carrier.
 CDMA Transmitter

C1(t)

M1(t) S1(t) S1(t)C1(t)

Baseband
Part

Modulator

S2(t) S2(t)C2(t)
M2(t) Baseband
Part

C2(t)
CDMA Spreading
 CDMA Receiver

C1(t)

M1(t)
S1(t)
Demodulator Baseband

S2(t) M2(t)
Demodulator Baseband

C2(t)
 CDMA
Interference
User signal prior De-spread user
to spreading Unwanted
interference signal

Spread unwanted
interference

Information Transmission Channel Receiver Output

Source
 CDMA FDD

Code

Downlink Frequency

Uplink 5 MHz

Duplex
Spacing
time
 CDMA TDD

Code

Each time slot accommodates up to

a maximum of 15 subscribers Frequency

Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink

time
 Spreading and scrambling of
user data
• Constant chip rate of 3.84 Mchip/s
• Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors
– higher data rate: less chips per bit and vice versa
• User separation via unique, quasi orthogonal scrambling codes
– users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes
– much simpler management of codes: each station can use the same orthogonal
spreading codes
– precise synchronisation not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-
orthogonal
data1 data2 data3 data4 data5

spr. spr. spr. spr. spr.

code1 code2 code3 code1 code4

scrambling scrambling
code1 code2

sender1 sender2
 Next Lecture

• Next lecture:
– Wireless LANs & PANs
• WiFi
• Wimax
• Bluetooth