Efisiensi Tungku

Calculating furnace performance

• Direct method
The efficiency of a furnace can be determined by
measuring the amount heat absorbed by the stock and
dividing this by the total amount of fuel consumed.
• Indirect method
The furnace efficiency can also be determined through
the indirect method, similar to the evaluation of boiler
efficiency. The principle is simple: the heat losses are
substracted from the heat supplied to the furnace.
Different types of heat losses are illustrated in Figure A.
 Variabel dan nilai
Keterangan Rincian
Suhu operasi 1340 oC

Suhu gas buang keluar setelah pemanasan awal 750 oC

Suhu ambien 40 oC
Suhu udara yang diberi pemanasan awal 190 oC
Spesific Gravity bahan bakar minyak 0,92 KG/liter
pemakaian bahan bakar minyak rata-rata 400 liter/jam
Nilai kalor minyak 10000 kkal/kg/oC
Persentase O2 rata-rata dalam gas buang 12 %
Kadar air dalam 1 Kg bahan bakar minyak 0,15 kg
H2 dalam 1 Kg bahan bakar minyak 0,1123 kg
Udara teoritis yang diperlukan untuk membakar 1
kg minyak 14 kg
 Variabel dan nilai (lanj.)
Keterangan Rincian
Berat stok 6000 kg/jam
panas jenis bilet 0,12 kkal/kg/oC
Ketebalan dinding tungku 460 mm
Saluran keluar ekstraksi bilet 1 m2
Suhu permukaan rata-rata zona pemanasan dan soaking 122 oC
Suhu permukaan rata-rata area selain zona pemanasan dan
soaking 80 oC
Luas area zona pemanasan dan soaking 70,18 m2
luas area selain zona pemanasan dan soaking 12,6 m2
Panas jenis gas 0,24 kkal/kg/oC
Panas jenis air 0,45 kkal/kg/oC
panas jenis hidrogen 0,45 kkal/kg/oC
Bukaan 100x100 cmxcm
Radiation factor 0,71
emmisivitas 0,8
Radiasi blackbody 1
 Direct method

• Heat in stock = m x Cp(t1-t2)

– m = weight of the stock in kg
– Cp = mean spesific heat of stock in Kcal/kgoC
– t1 = final temperature of stock in oC
– t2 = initial temperature of the stock before it
enters the furnace in oC
 Direct Method Calculation

• Q = m x Cp x △T
= 6.000 x 0,12 x (1.340-40)
= 93.600 kCal/hr
• The heat input is 400 liters per hour. The specific gravity of
fuel is used to convert this into kg. Therefore: 400 l/hr x
0.92 kg/l = 368 kg/hr
• How much heat in the fuel?
 368 kg/hr x calorific value
 368 xkg/hr x 10.000 kCal/kg
 3680000 kCal/kg
• Efficiency = 93.600/3.680.000 = 0,2543 (25,43%)
• Heat loss???
Indirect method

Figure A
 Heat loss in flue gass

• m = weight of flue gas (air + fuel) = 32.62 + 1.0 = 33.62 kg/kg oil
• Cp (gas)
Heat loss from moisture in fuel
Head loss due to hydrogen in fuel
Heat loss from openings in furnace

• Factor of radiation (refer Figure 12) = 0.71

• Black body radiation at 1340 0C (refer Figure 13) = 36
kCal/kg/cm2/hr
• The area of the opening is 100 cm x 100 cm = 10000
cm2
• Emissivity = 0.8
Ratio = 100/46
= 2,17
 Total black radiation vs temperature
110
100
90
90
Total black radiation

70
60
50
40
30
20
0
10

200 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

Temperature oC
Calculation Heat loss from openings in
furnace
 Heat loss through furnace skin
• To determine the heat loss through the
furnace skin, first the heat loss through the
roof and sidewalls and through other areas
must be calculated separately.
– i). Heat loss through roof/ceiling and sidewalls (=
heating and soaking zone)
– ii) Heat lost from area other than heating and
soaking zone
 Heat loss through roof/ceiling and
sidewalls (= heating and soaking zone)
• Total average
surface
temperature =
122oC
• Heat loss at
122oC = 1252
kCal /m2 hr
• Total area of
heating +
soaking zone =
70.18 m2
 Calculation
• Total heat loss = heat loss at “n” temperature
x Total area of (heating +soaking zone)
• Total heat loss = 1252 kCal / m2 hr x 70.18 m2 =
87865 kCal/hr
Heat lost from area other than heating
and soaking zone
• Total heat loss = heat loss at “n” temperature
x Total area other than heating and soaking
zone
• Total average surface temperature = 80 oC
• Heat loss at 80oC = 740 kCal / m2 hr
• Total area = 12.6 m2
 Calculation
• Total heat loss = 740 kCal / m2 hr x 12.6 m2 = 9324
kCal/hr

• % Heat loss through furnace skin

= (87865 kCal/hr + 9324 kCal/hr) x 100 = 2.64%
10000 kCal/kg x 368 kg/hr
Sekian dan Terima Kasih