137: North Road, Cowbridge, Vale of Glamorgan. Watching Brief

DOCUMENT NO.
264 December 2016
A.P.A.C. Ltd.
Archaeological Perspectives Analysis Consultancy
ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF
REPORT
WB/COW/15
Site adjacent to Vale Forge, North Road, Cowbridge
Prepared for: St Brides Ltd
By: Dr Iestyn Jones ACIfA
Checked by Dr N Phillips: 20/12/16

A.P.A.C. Ltd Site Adjacent to Vale Forge, North Rd, Cowbridge WB/COW/15
Summary
The following report details the findings of an Archaeological Watching Brief conducted
intermittently between 03/07/15 and 28/07/16, by APAC Ltd, on behalf of St Brides Ltd, in a
field adjacent to Vale Forge, North Rd, Cowbridge, CF71 7DF (centred on NGR: SS
99445 74797). All ground disturbance work during the construction of five new dwellings
was monitored over the period of the development.
The site is located very close to the centre of the town and it is unsurprising that material
culture, spanning the Roman period through to the twentieth century were observed within
the area. A section of rough cobbled surface was observed on the western edge of the site
and probably represents the edge of a surface associated with a structure seen on
nineteenth and twentieth-century maps and located where the Bear Hotel car park now
stands. The north-western area of the site contained a number of east to west aligned red
sand filled channels seen in section only. These were interpreted as natural features with
no deposits of an archaeological nature associated with them.
The site is located in an area with significant beds of natural limestone pavements with
naturally formed vertical fissures. It is likely that the disturbed deposits with mixed dating
evidence recovered from areas of the site are the result of episodic clearance and dumping.
Other evaluations and excavations in adjacent sites observed similar evidence during
previous development work.
Copyright Notice:
A.P.A.C. Ltd. retains copyright of this report under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act,1988.
The Ordnance Survey has granted A.P.A.C. Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100046577) to reproduce map information; Copyright
remains otherwise with the Ordnance Survey.
1
Contents
Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Contents .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Appendices ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Figures ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Plates .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Site Location and Description .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Geology and Topography................................................................................................................................................. 4
Archaeological and Historical Background ....................................................................................................................... 5
HER Data ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Aims and Objectives of the Watching Brief ...................................................................................................................... 7
Watching Brief Results .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Conclusions and Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................... 13
References ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Appendices
Appendix I: HER Core record

Appendix II: HER Event record
Appendix III: HER Listed
Buildings Appendix IV: Finds
Images Appendix V: Finds
Register Appendix VI: Photo
Register Appendix VII: Roman
Pottery
Figures
1 Site Location
2 Map showing plotted HER Data
3 Maps showing development of the site between 1841 and 1938
4 Overlay showing 1900 map and Google Earth satellite image
5 Site Plan
2
Plates
1 View of site prior to work – showing undergrowth
2 View of site prior to work – showing North Road entrance
3 Demolition of SE entrance wall – North Rd
4 View of N end of site showing topsoil after turf stripping
5 Extent of stone surface (101) on W side of site
6 C/UP of section through stone surface (101)
7 Linear stone spread (104)
8 Closer image of trowelled stone spread – degraded limestone pavement
9 Section through degrading bedrock and subsoil during levelling W end
10 F1 footprint sprayed in the northern end of the site
11 Excavated F1 footings showing bands of red sand
12 Excavated F1 footings showing bands of red sand
13 F3 and F2 footings sprayed
14 Western F2 footings excavations
15 West F3 footings excavations
16 Eastern F3 footings excavations
17 Eastern Footings F4 - SE facing section
18 Close up of sandy feature in E F4 footing– E facing section
19 Pre-demolition SW site wall – North Rd entrance
20 Post-demolition SW site wall area – North Rd entrance
21 F5 footings sprayed
22 Excavated western F5 footings
23 Southern F5 footings: showing pipe in section
24 F5 Footings
25 Test Pit: TP1
26 TP2
27 TP3/F1 wall
28 TP4
29 TP5
30 TP6
31 TP7
32 TP8
33 W boundary wall footing: Phase 1 - showing red sand filled channel in west facing section
34 W boundary wall footing: Phase 1 - showing red sand filled channel in east facing section
35 E facing section of W boundary wall footing (Phase 2) trench (NW end of site)
36 Bank section to adjacent car park. Column of red brown sandy clay through limestone
37 Finished E facing section in western boundary at the SW end of site
38 Base of boundary wall footing trench in SW end of site
39 Dark topsoil above shallow limestone bedrock (base in S end)
40 Section of limestone degrading natural similar to wall west of F5
41 End of western boundary wall footing and remaining old street fronting wall section
42 Wall footing and road side service trench to North Rd
43 Road side service trench to North Rd
44 Location of existing services into site
45 Manhole chamber existing, previous road level with cover. Pre-existing water main E-W
3
Introduction
This report describes the results of an archaeological watching brief carried out during ground disturbance work;
the excavation of footings, service trenches and other intrusive work associated with the five-dwelling
construction development adjacent to the Bear Hotel car park, North Road, Cowbridge (centred on NGR: SS
99445 74797).
The site lies within the historic core of Cowbridge and within an area recognised as archaeologically sensitive.
The Vale of Glamorgan Council (VGC) granted planning permission (2013/00096/PRE) on the condition that an
Archaeological Evaluation be carried out prior to the commencement of the development. APAC Ltd was
commissioned by the St Brides Ltd (the Developers) to carry out this evaluation in October 2013. The evaluation
did not find any significant archaeological features or deposits within the six trenches (Phillips 2013, 10). It was
recognised, however, that a limited excavation may not be fully representative of the site and it was recommended
that a Watching Brief be conducted during the main ground disturbance work.
This Archaeological Watching Brief was carried out by Dr Iestyn Jones (ACIfA) and Dr Neil Phillips (MCIfA)
between July 2015 and July 2016. This report was written by Iestyn Jones.
Site Location and Description

The town of Cowbridge is located on a gently rising plateau in the Vale of Glamorgan, approximately 11km
south-east of Bridgend and 13km north-west of Barry. The site; located within the centre of the town, consists of
an irregular, narrow sub-rectangular plot (1390m 2; approximately 75m by 25m; 18m AOD at the centre) with its
longitudinal axis aligned north-northeast to south-southwest on the northern side of North Road, Cowbridge (Fig.
1). North Road is an east to west lane running parallel with and on the northern side of High Street; Cowbridge’s
main historic thoroughfare. Prior to the development work beginning, the site was a narrow overgrown and
neglected green field, with a small ash tree on the north-eastern border, enclosed by stone walls, with a concrete
entrance and gated access from North Road. The site’s western and northern boundaries were; concrete post and
wire link fencing that defined the eastern extent of the Bear Hotel car park. Similarly, the eastern boundary
consisted of a post and wire fence together with the external stone walls of the neighbouring Vale Forge and
Foundations Day Nursery buildings.
Geology and Topography

The geology of the site is characterized as Jurassic Blue Lias Shell-limestone underlying glacio- fluvial Devensian
sand and gravel (GBV 2016). The site lies on the border of two soil types: slightly acid free draining loamy soil,
located to the south and west, and loamy and clayey floodplain soils to the north and east (Soilscapes 2016).
4
Archaeological and Historical Background
Cowbridge lies on a medieval portway and Roman road, located between two known Roman settlements at
Cardiff and Neath. The origin of the name may either refer to the Roman settlement of Bovium (Cow-Place) or a
post-medieval bridge to the west of the borough known as Pont y Fywch (sic) c. 1657 (Cow-Bridge) (Owen &
Morgan 2007, 99).
Considerable evidence for Roman occupation has been discovered in the area to the north of North Road during
previous excavations. It was suggested in the 1980s that this area may reveal evidence for a fort (Evans and
Parkhouse 1996, 41). In Bear Field, 60m to the west of this development’s site, a number of flues, gullies, spreads
of rubble and cobbles with post-medieval and Roman material dating evidence were observed. The Roman
material represents activity in this area dating between the later first-century AD to the third quarter of the fourth-
century AD (Parkhouse and Evans 1996). Approximately 90m the east of this development site, evidence for a
thirteen room Roman ‘Reihentyp’ bath-house, in use between the end of the first century and the middle or later
second century AD, was discovered (Parkhouse and Evans 1996, 60; See HER Data below).
Little is known about Cowbridge between the end of the civilian Roman settlement c. 4th century AD and its
foundation
as a planned and implanted town by Richard de Clare in the mid-thirteenth-century (Soulsby 1983, 115). The lack
of a castle within the town itself has been used to characterise the foundation of the town as a commercial rather
than a military venture (Soulsby 1983, 115). The current layout of the northern side of Cowbridge High Street
appears to preserve the burgage plots associated with the medieval planned town (Soulsby 1983, 116). The scale
of the town’s importance during the medieval period has recently been challenged. Forward (2013, 258), citing
Iolo Morgannwg’s ‘aggrandising perceptions’ of the medieval town, questions the previously held view that the
town was the Vale’s central medieval caput. Forward (2013, 270) concedes, however, that the town’s market,
along with the market of Llantwit, a short distance away, played a key part within the local rural medieval
economic network. The town’s High Street contains many post-medieval properties with gardens containing
pottery assemblages that demonstrate considerable wealth during the late 16th and 17th centuries (Forward 2013,
263). In the later 18th century Grose described the town, comparatively untouched by any industrial development,
as containing ‘thatched cottages like an Irish town’ (Newman 1995, 330). Visitors to the town at the beginning of
the 19th century, however, describe Cowbridge as a place of business and respectability (Newman 1995, 330).
Archaeological evaluation work at the site was undertaken by APAC. Ltd., in 2013, during which six trenches
were excavated, (Phillips 2013). Although no significant archaeological features were noted, dating evidence of
small finds assemblages were recovered spanning from the Roman period through to modern. The evaluation
described the notable geology of the site typified by a series of straight-sided limestone blocks, "clints" with
vertical fissures "grykes" caused by water erosion.
5
HER Data (Fig. 2)
Following consultation with the acting Archaeological Planning Manager at GGAT, (July 2015) an Historic
Environment Record (HER) search within a radius of 200m centred on NGR SS9944274794 (GGAT 5064) was
requested. This was done in order to provide the archaeological context into which any discoveries could be placed.
The results are summarised in tabular and map form (Appendices 1-3; fig. 2).
Roman focus for the area is provided by the existence of the Roman Road between Neath and Cardiff, whose
original line is thought to be along what is now Cowbridge High Street (fig. 2); as seen in the excavation at 75, High Street
(E000791; RR60-01: Sherman and Evans 2004, 24). Other significant Roman sites are located either side of the
development site. The 1st 2nd century AD Bath house (01586s/ E000862; fig. 2), located 90m to the east of the
development site appears to have been modified and upgraded prior to its demolition in the 2nd century. Later Roman
activity is, however, recorded in this area with datable pottery and coins as well as four inhumations (Parkhouse and Evans
1996).
Excavations in ‘Bear Field’ (E000804; 00893s/01528s, fig. 2) located 60m to the west of the development site, is on the
location of a putative auxiliary fort, evidenced by excavated pits, gullies and ditches which were interpreted as possible
flues and water management features. However; the excavators noted the lack of securely sealed contexts and the
possibility that material may have been dumped at the site. A large assemblage of Roman pottery, including several
fragments of Spanish Olive Oil Amphorae, were discovered during this work (Parkhouse and Evans 1996, 171-173). A
Roman coin was also discovered in the southern area of the development site, (00253s) although neither the HER or PAS
have any further details about the coin’s date.
A reference on the nineteenth-century maps (see Map Regression below) to ‘Silver Well’ is included within the HER
(01033s); described within the record as an undated well in a field to the north of Cowbridge. No further information
is noted.
A relevant event, not included within the HER data, but worth noting; Excavation during the construction of the Bear
Hotel car park (at NGR SS 99397477) immediately adjoining this development site noted a small area of nineteenth-
century cobbling and walling probably associated with the Bear Barn structures and Bear Hotel (Parkhouse and Evans
1996, 125).
The majority of the HER data points (fig.2) are located along the High Street and relate to 47 Grade II, mostly Post
Medieval listed buildings, (Appendix III). The most relevant entry in terms of proximity to the development site is the
Grade II listed Bear Hotel (Cadw ref. 13210). This late medieval hall is located at 63, High Street; serving originally as a
coaching inn and, later a Quaker assembly room, retains considerable architectural evidence from the 16th century
onwards (BLB 2016; VoG 2010, 8).
Map Regression (Figs. 3 and 4)
The site of interest was part of a larger field (408) intriguingly named ‘Town’ or ‘Tower Walls’ within the parish of
Llanblethian, as shown on the Parish Tithe map (1841) (fig. 2). The name of the field may derive from its location
adjoining the town’s northern walls and ditch located along North Rd. Excavations at the Midland Bank site in the
6
1980s; 20m west of the south-western edge of this development, located the surface of the medieval north-south road
confirming that access to the fields was very close to the western edge of this site (field 408) (Parkhouse and Evans 1996,
95; Forward 2013, 278-9). No evidence was discovered for a gate, however, and the road and gateway do not appear on
the Cowbridge 1843 tithe map. Leland’s Itinerary (c. 1536-9) lists three gates as being present in Cowbridge but makes
no mention of a north gate, suggesting an early destruction date or the absence of a formal gateway (Smith 1906, 32).
The 1885 OS Map (surveyed 1877-1878) shows a U shaped range of buildings reminiscent of agricultural buildings
on the western edge of the site and built between 1841 and 1877 (see fig. 4 overlay). Between 1877 and 1900 Vale
Forge has been constructed within the south-eastern edge of the field and following the Bear Hotel car park
construction and demolition of the Bear Barn in the 1980s the field’s southern edge adjoining North Rd had
assumed its pre-development form. The northern area of the field became permanently separated following the
construction of the Cowbridge Health Centre in 2009.
Aims and Objectives of the Watching Brief
The aim of the Watching Brief was to preserve, by record, within the resources available, any archaeological deposits or
features encountered during ground works associated with the development. The Watching Brief also ensured that in the
event of any archaeological resources of significance being discovered and requiring treatment, beyond the remit of the
watching brief, that steps would be implemented to ensure that this would be undertaken within the standards
recommended by the CIFA.
Initial site preparation: Phillips (2013, 4) notes the clearance of an Elm tree, undergrowth and small perimeter trees on
the site prior to the commencement of the evaluation in October 2013. The undergrowth had regenerated before watching
brief began in July 2015 and the site can be characterized as overgrown with vegetation (see plates 1 and 2).
Recording: A record of the features and stratigraphy exposed during excavation was kept including written notes and
photographs. Photographs were taken with a Canon EOS 350 D digital SLR camera and the resulting JPGS files
uploaded daily to the digital archive. All measurements were taken manually by tape measures from fixed site boundaries
or footings areas (F1 to F6). All diagnostic finds were recovered and bagged according to date, area and context for post-
excavation processing.
Difficulties and limitations: The narrowness of the development plot (approx. 22m) and the shallow friable limestone
pavement bedrock did not provide ideal conditions for a watching brief. The need for machine excavators and dumpers to
travel across the narrow site meant that few surfaces remained clean for long. There was also a tendency for the limestone
bedrock clints, many of which initially resembled anthropogenic features, to shatter upon impact with the machine bucket
or wheels.
Post-Excavation: Photographs (JPG files) were uploaded daily to the digital archive. All site photographs are listed in
Appendix V (396 images). Plates numbers are indicated where appropriate. The finds which were washed, hand dried,
identified, photographed and packed in sealed and labelled bags and are recorded in Appendix IV. Finds are identified
in terms of context and area, described in terms of proximity to footings F1 to F6. The Roman pottery was largely
identified by Dr Peter Webster and post-medieval and modern artefacts and pottery were identified and photographed
by Mr Adam Phillips (APAC Ltd).
7
Watching Brief Results (Fig. 5; Plates 1-45; Appendices IV-VII)
The work carried out during this watching brief is described and annotated in chronological order and discusses
the site in terms of reference to fixed points, including site boundaries and footings (F1 to F6, fig. 5). F1 was the
first and F6 the final plot to be excavated.
The initial work performed by the developers consisted of the machine stripping and clearance of vegetation and
the associated upper turf throughout the field. The street fronting south-eastern stone-wall on the south eastern
side of the North Road entrance was also demolished at this initial stage to allow better site access (plate 3).
During this initial clearance work along the site’s north-western boundary (plate 5) a variety of mixed materials
dating from the 18th and 19th centuries were observed within the dark grey-brown silty-loam topsoil (100). Two
sherds of Roman pottery, including an amphora sherd, together with animal bone fragments and 18th and 19th
century materials were also found within this deposit; suggesting considerable disturbance within the field
(Appendix IV: finds 01). A rough and uneven stone packed surface (101) was revealed immediately (0.05m)
below the turf level and top soil (100) on the central western boundary of the site, 45.5m along the site’s western
boundary from the north-western corner (fig. 5; plates 5 and 6). The extent of the surface can be located as 11m
north to south and 3.5m east from the car park boundary, although its eastern extent appeared considerably
disturbed and not clearly defined (101 noted on fig. 5). The sub-angular limestone stones, forming the main body
of the surface, were irregular and between 0.05 and 0.10 in width and length. Within the upper fabric of this
stone surface, spreads of black ash and iron slag were observed along with 19th and 20th century material,
(Appendix IV: finds 02) and a rough worked flint (undated) (Appendix IV: finds 03). A small east to west slot was
hand excavated through the surface, at its northern extent allowing the surface to be investigated and recorded.
The test slot revealed a deposit 0.18-0.20 deep lying on top of the degrading natural limestone bedrock which was
a mere 0.23 below ground level (plate 6). Given the location and dating material within this surface, it is most
likely associated with the demolished structure shown on 19th and mid-20th century maps, adjacent to this
development site and once located within the present Bear Hotel car park (see figs. 4 and 5).
Where the shallow underlying limestone geology appeared through the cleared topsoil, it often gave the initial
impression of anthropogenic features such as drains or footings of masonry walls. A linear NNW to SSE spread of
broken limestone appeared through the topsoil where the turf had been initially cleared, approximately 39m south
of the site’s north-west boundary corner and beginning 5m south-southeast of the western boundary. The spread
appeared to be 0.2m wide and 12m long where visible and initially was thought to be a disturbed stone capped
drain. Closer inspection (plates 7 and 8) showed it to be the machine disturbed naturally formed degrading
limestone.
Following vegetation and turf clearance, the site levels were machine reduced with the terraced higher levels left
at the northern end and reduced levels (-0.2m and -0.8m) forming the working levels in the middle and southern
area respectively. Reducing the levels of the area to the immediate north of stone surface (101) showed the top soil
(100) to be approximately 0.25 to 0.3m deep, whilst where bedrock was not immediately present, the subsoil
(102), a mid-brown sandy clay, was present to an observed depth of 0.8m below ground level (plate 9). During the
8
process of site level reduction, Roman and modern domestic and construction material was observed at the
interface of top soil (100) and sub soil (102) (Appendix IV: finds 04, 05). The centre of the site (fig. 5, Area F2),
produced from within the base of the top soil (100), two sherds of Roman roof tile, a tegula sherd and a modern
“Double Roman” roof tile; suggesting that material from a large Roman building had been dumped in this area
together with more contemporary material (Appendix IV; finds 06). Further Roman material including a 1st to 2nd
century amphora sherd was recovered during levelling from the upper sub soil (102) in the central F2 area
(Appendix IV: finds 07). Peter Webster’s observations regarding this assemblage suggests that a substantial
Roman building had been located in this area (Appendix VII).
A considerable amount of modern building debris was observed along the northern edge of the site; possibly
dumped here when the adjacent Pharmacy and Health Centre were constructed. Once levelled down to subsoil,
(0.20m below original ground level) in the north-eastern area, the footing for plot 4 (F1) was excavated. The area
of the footing comprised a trenche encompassing an area 13m by 6m (plate 10). The 0.6m wide footing was
excavated through the remaining subsoil, grey clay and onto decaying natural limestone bedrock. The levels of
these deposits varied throughout the excavation of the footing trench. The grey clay with red bands of sand
resembling decayed sandstone (105) was observed overlaying the limestone bedrock which varied in depth
between 0.8m and 1.8m (plates 11, 2). A fragment of brass and a sherd of earthenware pot were recovered from
the base of the top-soil in the area of F1 (Appendix IV: finds 08). No archaeological features or deposits were
located within deeper levels in this area although during this period a George III cartwheel penny (1797) was
recovered from a newly deposited spoil heap, (Appendix IV: finds 10).
F2 was excavated within the centre of the site as a series of 0.6-0.7m wide footings within an area measuring
10.5m by 11m, (plate 13). During clearance and levelling of topsoil, prior to the F2 footings excavation, Roman
and 18th to 20th century material was recovered, (Appendix IV; finds 10). The lower deposits on the eastern
side of the footings
comprised 0.5m deep brown sandy clay sub soil (102) overlying limestone bedrock 0.7 to 0.9m below ground
surface. On the western side, the rising degrading bedrock was disturbed at a depth of 0.3m below working level
(plate 14). No further archaeological features or artefacts were located in deeper horizons associated with the area
of F2.
Two garage foundations (F3) measuring 7m by 7m were located 2m to the south of F2 and were excavated to a
depth of 0.3m through highly degraded limestone bedrock (103) (plate 15). The deposits located on the eastern
side of the footings were darker and deeper due much deeper degrading limestone on the eastern side of the site
(plate 16). No archaeological features or artefacts were observed in this area.
The north-western house foundation (F4) was excavated on the western side of the previously excavated F1 but
was not fully excavated on its western side for fear of undermining the Bear Hotel car park. Identical in
dimensions to F1 (13m by 6m) the footings trenches were through 0.5m of sterile subsoil (102) and degrading
limestone bedrock up to a depth of 1.6 to 2.0m deep. Several deep (1.0 to 1.5m) features of red silty sand were
visible in section within the central footing sections of structure F4 (plates 17 and 18). Two in particular appeared
9
to resemble a series of east to west aligned cut channels or ditches although these did not appear in plan (plate 17).
In section, the deposits within these channels appeared to be sterile, homogenous red silty-sand with no artefacts
or charcoal (plate 18). One of the features was two metres wide at the top and 1m wide at its base with curving
sides and a rounded base. The furthest north was 0.8 metre deep and 1.2m wide containing a red silty sand
(Munsell 10R 5/8). Some lighter red sand was also visible in the centre of the channel/ditch. The reddish sandy
deposits appeared to be concentrated in the northern area of the site and appeared to be spread east to west. A
similar feature cutting through degrading rock can also be seen on the south western edge of the site (see plate 36).
No charcoal was visible within the features and it is likely that the reddish sands are iron rich, geological deposits
of fluvio-aeolian origin. Phillips (2013, 9) encountered similar sterile features in APAC Ltd’s Trenches 1 and 2,
also located in this northern area.
The remaining 1.2m high and 12m long section of North Road fronting stone walls were demolished (plates 19,
20) and top soil levelled in this area. During this process 18th to 20th century domestic artefacts and animal bones
were observed and recovered from the dark top soil (100) in the south-western corner of the site, (Appendix IV:
finds 11,12a & 12b),
along with spreads of coal waste. The surface was machine reduced to a working level in this area showing the
dark brown silty loam (100) top soil to be 0.5m deep and overlying the 0.2 to 0.3m deep orangey-brown sandy
clay (102), under which the degrading light grey limestone bedrock was revealed. Two broken copper water pipes
were observed in the east facing section of the car park site edge. Once the south-western corner of the site had
been reduced to sub soil
(102) with some degrading limestone showing (103) the footings for plot 1 and 2 (F5) were excavated (plates 21,
22). Due to the survival of some top soil (100) and sub soil (102) in this area this process was also watched. The
footings were within an area that was 12.5m by 19.5m and their excavation involved cutting through surviving
soils, the concrete entrance bay and a gravel surface laid by the developers.
Where recent deposits or disturbance had not interfered with the strata in the central southern area of the site (F5
footings) a 0.3-0.4m of blackened silty loam lay on top of orangey brown sandy clay which in turn lay on top of
limestone bedrock which was reached 1.1 to 1.3m below ground level (plate 24). A metal water pipe was located
on the edge of the north facing section of the southernmost, footing at a depth of 0.7m below ground level
(plate 23). A variety of mixed 18th, 19th and Roman material was observed within the upper sub-soil (102) in this
area, although machine disturbance in the early stages of the development may resulted in re-deposition,
(Appendix IV: finds 13/14). The most notable find was a fragment of Roman 1st/2nd century Spanish amphora
handle (Dressel form 20). It is interesting to note that a small number of sherds from the same type of vessels were
observed in the 1980s excavation in Bear Field (Parkhouse and Evans 1996, 171). No features were
observed in association with these artefacts and they appear to be mixed and disturbed and dumped deposits.
Eight test pits were excavated along the eastern boundary of the site in order to locate water and gas main services prior
to replacement (see fig. TP1- 8 – plates 25-32). TP 1 (plate 25) was located 2.5m north of F1 and was machine
excavated 1.6m by 0.45 and 0.6m deep. The sand covering the water service pipe (blue) was located at this depth under
0.2m deep mid-brown redeposited topsoil. No artefacts or features were observed. TP2 (plate 26) was located 1.5m
west of the boundary fence and was 1.1m by 0.9m and 0.6m deep. The yellow gas pipe was located below 0.1m of mid-
10
brown silty loam top soil and 0.5m of orangey-brown sandy clay. No artefacts or features were observed. TP3
(plate
27) was adjacent to the eastern wall footings of F1 and 2.3m south of the NE corner. It was 2.3m long, 1.1 wide
and 0.6m deep. The blue water pipe was observed to run under disturbed ground near the footings trench. No
artefacts or
features were observed. TP4 (plate 28) was 0.5m by 3.0m and 0.5m deep and located 2.4m SE of the SE corner of
F1. The service pipes had been dug through top soil and sub soil. No artefacts or features were observed. TP5
(plate 29) was located 2.6m east of F2 adjacent to the site’s eastern boundary and was 0.4m by 1.8m and 1.1m
deep. Both water and gas pipes were located. No artefacts or features were observed. TP6 (plate 30) was 2.7m by
0.3m wide and 0.9m deep. Deposits were disturbed and pipes were located. TP7 (plate 31) was 3.5m by 0.45m
wide and 0.5 to 0.9m deep and dug adjacent to the Vale Forge wall. The upper disturbed top soil (100) contained
a sherd of Roman pottery along with 18th and 19th century slip ware and fragments of glass (Appendix IV: finds
15a). TP 8 (plate 32) was the final southernmost test pit and was located adjacent to the Vale Forge corner wall. It
was 3.5m by 0.9m and contained a slumping very dark organic rich silty loam deposit containing one fragment of
a 17th century Devonshire pot along with 18th century slipware and 18th and 19th earthenware together with roof
tile fragments (Appendix 4: finds 15b). The proximity to the street appears to have resulted in an increased
frequency of waste material appearing in deposits within test pits 7 and 8. The pottery within the latter test pits
attest to the attest growing prosperity of Cowbridge during 17th century and beyond.
The modified boundary with the Bear Hotel car park was to be a new stone faced wall and its footings had to be
excavated in segments to minimise interference with the neighbouring Bear Hotel car park. The wire-link fence
and concrete posts were removed and north-eastern most footings were dug through the interface of the car park
upper made ground and the top soil and subsoil bordering the development site. The first section of wall footings
(phase 1) were hurriedly excavated to a depth of 2.3m (onto bedrock) adjacent to the F4 structure and back filled
with concrete to prevent undermining the Bear Hotel car park surface. During this process, a possible
channel/ditch was visible in section filled with reddish sandy silt (plates 33 and 34). No archaeological material
was visible within this possible feature and it may be a continuation of the natural fluvio-aeolian formed channels
seen during the excavation of F4 (plates 17-18). During construction of the 9m long northern most section of the
boundary wall the red sandy material thought to be possible channel or ditch fill was present throughout the
section and up to 3.2m deep onto bedrock.
Following construction of the northern most section of the boundary wall further excavation of footings for the
central section could proceed (Adjacent to Garage footings F3). The made ground and subsoil (102) was
excavated to a depth of 1.8m. Top soil (100), where present, was 0.40m deep and lying on top of reddish sub soil
(102). Degrading bedrock was seem to rise (north to south) from approximately 1.0m below the car park surface
to 0.5m below the ground surface. Red sandy material could be seen filling a naturally formed limestone gryke
(plate 36). Following this wall section the east to west foundations footings for garage F6 could proceed. Two east
to west 0.7 to 0.9m deep footings were dug through a mixture of trampled subsoil and decaying limestone
bedrock. No archaeological features, deposits or artefacts were observed. The penultimate 17m section of the
eastern wall foundation was excavated between F3 and the south-western corner of the site adjoining North Rd
(plate 37). The 0.5m deep darker silty loam top soil (100) was observed overlying the orange sandy clay subsoil in
11
the northern end of the 0.5m wide footing trench. The limestone bedrock was found 0.5m below topsoil adjacent
to North Road whilst further north 0.20 -0.30m deep orange subsoil was observed immediately above the
degrading bedrock (plates 38, 39). It was thought that the base of a possible 0.6m wide stone-wall was disturbed
during the excavation of this foundation some 5m north of the southern wall terminus. The stones, however,
appeared to be a line of degrading bedrock with subsoil in between and under the stones (plate 40).
Further excavation took place on the North Road street frontage to provide the final 3.5m footing for the western
boundary wall abutting the remaining section of ivy covered street fronting wall in the south-western corner of the
site. The new wall footings were dug through 0.5m depth of dark brown clayey silt topsoil (100) towards the base
of the existing wall section (plate 41). Sherds of 19th to 20th century pottery were discovered within this street
fronting deposit (Appendix IV: finds 19 and 20) . Excavations continued 6m east to west parallel to the front of
North Road with 0.5m deep very dark disturbed top soil (100) containing coal ash, root material and degrading
lime mortar onto (102) a disturbed silty clay, mid-brown, subsoil containing service pipes. This, in turn, was
found to overlie decaying limestone bedrock 0.7m below the road surface. Finds in this area included sherds of
18th to 20th century pottery (Appendix IV: finds 21). A deposit of degrading limestone with some coal (<0.2m in
diameter) and lime mortar was observed between the road side and front of F5 foundations. The watching brief
continued during excavations across North Road into the existing manhole. The previous road surface and the
brick built manhole was surrounded by dark grey silty loam (202) and made ground for the road surface (plates 44
and 45).
Conclusions and Discussion
The use of the site has been dictated in the past by the limestone pavement geology characterized by clint beds of
limestone separated by gryke fissures. The limestone bedrock was particularly shallow on the south-western edge
of the site but dropped down as the site sloped to the east. A number of features which superficially resemble
man-made walls and gulleys were observed. Upon inspection these contained no archaeological material and
must, by elimination, be the result of water erosion activity over millennia in this area. The red sandy channels in
the north-western edge of the site were particularly noteworthy for this reason.
The rough stone packed surface in the middle western side of the site is almost certainly associated with the
nineteenth-century building observed on maps and located under what is now the Bear Hotel car park. The
material on top of this surface including iron slag and brick fragments was probably used as a levelling deposit
during construction of the surface. The proximity to the northern edge of the medieval and post-medieval town
accounts for the darker topsoil visible on the southern edge of the site. The post-medieval pottery sherds and
related occupation debris were more also apparent in the southern areas of the site (e.g. test pits 7 and 8). The lack
of medieval pottery can probably be interpreted as due to the field being outside the northern edge of the original
medieval walled town.
The Roman material discovered during the work are consistent with that discovered during the Bear Field and
related excavations of the 1980s. Spanish olive oil amphorae fragments were discovered during these excavations
12
and the Roman period roofing fabric materials, described by Webster, are from a large Roman building in the
vicinity. This may be demolition debris from the Roman Bathhouse or from another building for which evidence
has been lost or is yet to be discovered. The mixed dating for the material discovered is again consistent with
similar excavations in the vicinity and is presumably the result of demolition, episodic dumping and subsequent
disturbance around the settlement area.
Acknowledgements
APAC Ltd would like to thank St Brides Ltd and the ground working teams for their cooperation and assistance
during this work.
13
References
Evans, E. and Parkhouse, J. (Eds) 1996, Excavations in Cowbridge, South Glamorgan 1977-88. BAR Report 245.
Oxford: Tempus Repartum
Forward, A. 2013. The Ceramic Evidence for economic life and networks from 12th- to the 17th century settlement sites
in South Glamorgan. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Cardiff University, (December 2013)
GBV 2016: Geology of Britain Viewer. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/viewer.html

(Accessed 11/16)
Newman, J. 1995. The Buildings of Wales: Glamorgan. London: Penguin
Owen, H.W. and Morgan, R. 2007. Dictionary of the place names of Wales. Llandysul: Gomer
Phillips, N. 2013. Archaeological Evaluation Report. Site adjacent to Bear Hotel car park, North Road, Cowbridge.
Prepared for St Brides Ltd. Unpublished APAC Ltd Archaeological Report.
Smith, L.T. 1906. The Itinerary in Wales of John Leland in or about the years 1536-1539. London: George Bell and
Sons.
Soilscapes 2016. http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/ (Accessed 11/16)
Soulsby, I. 1983. The Towns of Medieval Wales: A study of their history, archaeology and early topography.
Chichester: Phillimore.
Maps consulted (Fig. 03)
1841 Tithe map of Llanblethian (parish), Glamorganshire. (1841)
1885 Glamorgan XLV (includes: Llan Faes; Llanblethian; Llanmihangel; Llantwit Major; Llyswyrny; St Mary Church;
Yr As Fach.) Surveyed: 1877 to 1878.
1900 Glamorgan XLV.NE (includes: Cowbridge; Llanblethian; St Hilary; St Mary Church.)

Revised: 1897
1938 Glamorgan XLV.NE (includes: Cowbridge; Llanblethian; St Hilary; St Mary Church.)

Revised: 1938 (published ca. 1948)
A.P.A.C. Ltd. Registered Address: 36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny Monmouthshire NP7 7RG.
Tel: 07734962919. Mobile: 07734962919 Email: apac.philips@btinternet.com
Company Registration No 5041541 VAT Reg No 826 3628 19
Director: Dr. N. Phillips D.Phil. BA (Hons).Cert Ed/FE. MCIfA.
14
Site adjacent to Vale Forge, North Rd, Cowbridge
Fig 01: Location

APAC Ltd WB/COW/15
OS Copyright Licence: 100046577
Line of Roman road
Fig. 02. Map showing plotted HER data A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15
1841
1885
1900 1938
Fig. 03. Development of site between 1841 and 1938 A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15
Fig. 04. Overlay showing 1900 map and Google Earth satellite image A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15
Cowbridge Health Centre
TP1
TP2
F4 F1
TP3
TP4
F6
TP5
F2
Foundations
Nursery
Bear Hotel Car

Park TP6
(101)
F3
TP7
Vale Forge
F5
TP8
North Road
0 20m
A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Fig. 05. Site plan
Plate 01: View of site prior to work – showing undergrowth (looking north-east)
Plate 02: View of site prior to work – showing North Road entrance (looking

Plate 03: Demolition of SE entrance wall – North Rd (looking east)
Plate 04: View of N end of site showing topsoil after turf stripping (looking north)

Plate 05: Extent of stone surface (101) on W side of site (looking north-east)
Plate 06: Section through stone surface (101) (looking south)

Plate 07: Linear stone spread (104) (looking east)
Plate 08: Closer image of trowelled stone spread – degraded limestone pavement (looking east)

Plate 09: Section through degrading bedrock and subsoil during levelling W end (looking south)
Plate 10: F1 footprint sprayed in the northern end of the site (looking north)

Plate 11: Excavated F1 footings showing bands of red sand (looking west)
Plate 12: Excavated F1 footings showing bands of red sand (looking east)

Plate 13: F3 (foreground) and F2 footings (background) sprayed (looking north)
Plate 14: Western F2 footings excavations (looking south)

Plate 15: W end of F3 footings excavations (looking north)
Plate 16: Eastern F3 footings (background) (looking east)

Plate 17: F4 Eastern footings -south-east facing section (looking north)
Plate 18: Close up of sandy feature in E F4 footing– E facing section (looking W)

Plate 19: Pre-demolition south-western site wall – North Rd entrance (looking south-west)
Plate 20: Post-demolition SW site wall area – North Rd entrance (looking south-west)

Plate 21: F 5 Footings sprayed (looking west)
Plate 22: Excavated western F5 footings (looking west)

Plate 23: Southern F5 footings: showing pipe in section
Plate 24: F5 Footings (looking north)

Plate 25: Test Pit 1 (looking south) Plate 26: Test Pit 2 (looking east)
Plate 27: Test Pit 3 (looking south) Plate 28: Test Pit 4 (looking west)
Plate 29: Test Pit 5 (looking east) Plate 30: Test Pit 6 (looking east)
Plate 31: Test Pit 7 (looking east ) Plate 32: Test Pit 8 (looking south)
Plate 33: W boundary wall footing: Phase 1 - showing red sand

filled channel in west facing section (looking north-east)

Plate 34: West boundary wall footing: Phase 1 - showing red sand filled
channel in east facing section (looking west)
Plate 35: East facing section of west boundary wall footing (Phase 2)
trench (looking west)

Plate 36: Bank section to adjacent car park. Column of red brown sandy clay
through limestone (looking west)
Plate 37: Finished east facing section of western boundary at the SW end of
site (looking north-west)

Plate 38: Base of boundary wall footing trench in SW end of site (looking
north)
Plate 39: Dark topsoil above shallow limestone bedrock (base in S end)
(looking south-west)

Plate 40: Section of limestone degrading natural similar to wall in base of wall
footing (west of F5) (looking north)
Plate 41: End of western boundary wall footing and remaining old street
fronting wall section (looking south)

Plate 42: Wall footing and road side service trench to North Rd (looking north)
Plate 43: Road side service trench to North Rd (looking south)

Plate 44: Location of existing services into site under North Rd (looking north)
Plate 45: Manhole chamber and existing, previous North Road road level with
cover. Pre-existing water pipe (looking south)

A.P.A.C. Ltd. Appendix I WB/COW/15
HER Report 5064. Core Record
PRN NAME Period Site type NGR

00248s Cowbridge Town Wall M Town Defences SS99507442
00250s Cowbridge West Gate M Gate SS99267473
00251s North Gate M Gate SS99447474
00253s Vale Forge R Findspot (coin) SS99437477
00254s Old Town Hall, Cowbridge M Town Hall SS99427467
00255s Town Cross M Town Cross SS99407467
00256s Cowbridge Town Hall PM Town Hall SS99567464
00258s William the Prior Tower M Tower SS99407474
00261s Stocks PM Stocks SS99567465
00682s Old Hall PM House SS99317471
00771s The Old Brewery PM House SS99327473
00772s Arched Culverts, Cowbridge Unknown Mill SS99307479
00806s High Street M Findspot SS993747
00893s Bear Field, Cowbridge R Roman Settlement SS99367483
01033s Silver Well Unknown Well SS99547484
01038s The Church of the Holy Cross, Cowbridge M Church SS99407460
01039s Bear Hotel PM Coaching Inn SS9937674720
01040s Masons Arms M Inn SS9926174730
01041s 6, Church Street PM House SS99377464
01042s 7, Church Street PM House SS99377464
01050s 23, High Street PM House SS99547466
01053s 32, The High Street, The Great House PM House SS9948574641
01054s 34, The High Street, The Great House PM House SS99487464
01055s The Duke of Wellington PM Inn SS99417465
01073s 27, Westgate PM House SS99517466
01078s Lloyds Bank PM Bank SS99497467
01095s 58, High Street, Caecady House PM House SS99367469
01586s Roman Bath Building on Arthur John Car Park R Bath House SS99537477
01650s 79-81, High Street PM House SS9930274600
01718s Midland Bank, 61, High Street R Ditch SS9939174704
01725s 73, High Street R Pottery Sherds SS99347473
01866s Bear Barn R Enclosure/Ditch SS99317473
02175s Woodstock House, 83, High Street M House SS99307479
A.P.A.C. Ltd. Appendix I WB/COW/15

02225s 40-42, High Street PM House SS99945465
02232s Verity’s Court PM House SS99447468
02295s Telephone Call Box outside Eastgate No 23 MN Telephone Box SS9952674600
02453s Flint Findspot BA Findspot SS99307480
04108s Cowbridge Castle, Llanblethian M Castle SS99407460
04416s 81, High Street Extension, Cowbridge M House SS99305
Periods:
BA: Bronze Age (c. 2500-c.800BC)
R: Roman (1st – 5th C AD)
M: Medieval (11th C-15th C)
PM: Post-medieval (16th C-18/19th C)
MN: Modern (20th C +)
(Derived from information held by the GGAT HER Charitable Trust copyright)
A.P.A.C. Ltd. Appendix II WB/COW/15
HER Report 5064. Event Record
PRN NAME Event Contractor Period NGR

E000791 The Old Brewery, 75 High Street, Excavation GGAT R SS99327473
Cowbridge 1977/8
E000792 Arched Culverts, Cowbridge Excavation GGAT 1977 Unknown SS99307479
E00794 Excavation within Bear Field, Excavation GGAT 1979 R, PM, MN SS993748
Cowbridge
E000804 Excavation at Bear Field, Excavation GGAT R SS99367483
Cowbridge 1983/84
E000820 77, High Street, Cowbridge Watching GGAT 1981 None SS99317473
Brief Recorded
E000862 Excavation at Arthur John Car Excavation GGAT 1980 R SS99537477
Park, Cowbridge
E000863 Excavation at Midland Bank, 61, Excavation GGAT 1981 R SS99417475
High Street, Cowbridge
E000867 Excavation at Bear Barn, Excavation GGAT 1981 R SS99317473
Cowbridge
E000881 The Old Brewery, 75, High Street, Excavation GGAT 197? None SS99327473
Cowbridge Recorded
E000885 Excavation at Woodstock House, Excavation GGAT 1981 R, M, PM SS99307479
83 High Street, Cowbridge
E001110 Bear Field, Cowbridge Evaluation GGAT 1979 None SS993748
Recorded
E001114 Duplicate of E000791 - - - -
E001115 Excavation at 77, High Street Excavation GGAT 1981 R, M, PM SS99317473
E00204 18, High Street EVAL Evaluation GGAT 1999 PM, MN SS9952974628
E003186 New Medical Centre, Cowbridge Watching GGAT 2010 PM SS9952374840
Brief
E003754 Watching Brief at former Oxfam Watching CAC None SS9945574739
Shop, Bear Lane Brief 2011/12 Recorded
E003956 20, High Street, Cowbridge Watching CAU 2012 PM, MN SS9951474621
Brief
E003988 The Market Place, 66, High Street Watching CSAS 2011 PM SS99317470
Brief
E004162 Watching Brief for 81, High Street Watching CAU 2012 PM SS9930574750
Extension, Cowbridge Brief
E004393 Sewer Pipe Excavation, Holy Watching GGAT 1998 PM SS99407460
Cross Church, Cowbridge Brief
E004611 60, High Street, Cowbridge WB Watching GGAT 2005 R, PM SS99347467
Brief
Periods:
R: Roman (1st – 5th C AD)
M: Medieval (11th C-15th C)
PM: Post-medieval (16th C-18/19th C)
MN: Modern (20th C +)
Contractors:
CAS Cardiff Archaeological Consultants
CAU Cardiff Archaeological Unit
CSAS Church and Site Archaeological Services
GGAT Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust
(Derived from information held by the GGAT HER Charitable Trust copyright)
A.P.A.C. Ltd. Appendix III WB/COW/15
HER Report 5064. Listed Buildings
LB NAME NGR Grade

Number
22312 31, High Street SS99507466 II
22311 Former Coach House to rear of Nos 34 & 36 SS99467463 II
22301 Barclays Bank SS99347469 II
22299 War Memorial in front of Town Hall SS99557463 II
22295 Building to rear of Town Hall SS99567467 II
22294 HSBC (Midland Bank) SS99357471 II
22290 Roddam Travel & Watts Morgan SS99427468 II
22289 Vale of Glamorgan Public House SS99437468 II
22288 Lloyds Bank SS99497464 II
13476 Telephone Call-Box Outside No 23 High Street SS99557464 II
13236 1 & 3, Westgate SS99257475 II
13231 Ye Olde Mason's Arms PH SS99267472 II
13230 The Old Hall SS99317470 II
13229 High Street Garage SS99347469 II
13227 Farthings Old Wine House SS99377468 II
13224 Duke of Wellington PH SS99417465 II
13223 Etcetera and Threshers SS99467465 II
13222 Woodcocks and W G Davies SS99477465 II
13221 The Great House SS99487465 II*
13220 Ogmore Vale Bakery SS99497464 II
13219 Principality Building Society SS99507464 II
13214 NW Boundary Wall To No 83 High Street SS99277477 II
13213 Woodstock House SS99287474 II
13212 79-81, High Street SS99307473 II
13211 Llwyn Celyn SS99327473 II
13210 The Bear Hotel SS99377470 II
13207 Lloyds Chemist SS99457467 II
13206 Xantippe SS99467467 II
13205 Nos.35,35a & 35b High Street SS99477464 II
13204 27, Westgate SS99517466 II
Mounting Block attached to Nos 25 & 27 High II
13203 Street SS99517466
Water Pump against SE Elevation of No 23 High II
13201 Street SS99777465
13200 The Town Hall SS99557464 II*
13186 Entrance to Churchyard SS99387462 II
13182 6/7, Church Street SS99377473 II
(Derived from information held by the GAT HER Charitable Trust copyright)
COWBRIDGE 2015 Appendix IV FINDS
DSCO8865
1
Find no Area Context Description Period Date

1 West 100 1 sherd Grey ware R 06/07/15
1 large sherd Earthenware amphora R
Boun-
2 sherds Somerset earthenware 18th / 19th
dary
1 sherd glazed local earthenware
2 sherds (refit) glazed stoneware handle
1 sherd glazed stoneware bottle neck
3 sherds earthenware building material
1 shard green glass
1 iron nail
2 bone fragments

DSCO8866
2
Find no Area ContextDescription Period Date

2 West 101 3 sherds yellow glazed stoneware, 1 a handle 18th/19th 07/07/15
F3 2 sherds glazed brown stoneware , 1 a base
1 silver teaspoon, “Walker & Hall” stamp (see link) 1860,1920
1 shard frosted blue glass
1 shard frosted blue glass bottle stopper
1 sherd stoneware pot base, possibly Mocha ware 19th
1 sherd blue and white Pearl ware
2 sherds white china, blue design
1 shard green glass bottle base
1 shard green glass 20th
1 shard orange glass
1 tool handle, plastic
1 tooth
1 fragment black furnace slag
6 fragments iron ore
FIND No 2: SILVER SPOON, mailto:http://www.silvercollection.it/ENGLAWALKER&HALLDATE.html

DSC09829
3

3 W- F3 101 1 sherd worked flint Undated 07/07/15

DSC09830
4

4 W- F3 102 1 sherd local slipware 17th/18th 07/07/15
1 sherd earthenware
1 fragment iron slag

DSC09831
5

5 W- F3 102 2 sherd (refit) earthenware R 07/07/15
1 clay pipe stem 18th/19th
1 shard glass
1 animal tooth

DSC09832
6

6 F2 100 2 sherds roof tile (Peter Webster) R 08/07/15
1 sherd Tegula tile (Peter Webster) R
1 sherd modern “Double Roman” roof tile (Peter Webster) 19th/20th

DSC09835
7

7 F2 102 1 sherd Tegula roof tile (Peter Webster) R 08/07/15
2 sherds Tegula roof tile (Peter Webster) R
1 sherd Spanish amphora (Peter Webster) R

DSC09833
8

8 F1 100 1 sherd earthenware pot rim 17th/18th 09/07/15
1 fragment of brass

DSC09834
9

9 F1 spoil George III, cartwheel penny 1797 10/07/15

DSCO8870
10

10 F2 100 1 sherd Samian R 15/07/15
1 sherd Caerleon earthenware beaker rim R
1 sherd earthenware building material R
1 sherd local earthenware pot base, glazed internally Late 18th/19th
1 earthenware brick 19th/ 20th
2 sherds slate

DSCO8872
11

11 F5 102 1 sherd earthenware pottery glazed internally 18th/19th 10/08/15
1 sherd cream ware 19th
1 earthenware building material 19th/20th
15 bone fragments

DSCO8873
12a

DSC09836
12b

12 F5 100 2 sherds (refit) local earthenware slipware rim 18th 10/08/15
West 1 sherd Somerset earthenware pot base
7 sherds local earthenware, glazed internally 18th/19th
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd local earthenware pot base, glazed internally
2 sherds stoneware, 1 a rim, 1 a base
2 sherd earthenware flower pot. 1 a base
2 sherds Cream ware
1 shard square shaped aqua blue glass bottle bottom
2 sherds Mocha ware, 1 rim 19th
2 sherds blue and white willow pattern, 1 a rim
3 sherds white china, blue decoration
1 sherd white china with black decoration
2 sherds (refit), white porcelain with silver decoration
1 sherd white china rim with yellow/gold, decoration
1 sherd white china
1 sherd white china cup rim, possibly Mocha ware
1 shard white glass stem 20th
1 horse shoe
1 aluminium can base
1 oyster shell
3 bone fragments

DSCO8867
13

13 F5 102 2 sherds Caerleon ware R 13/08/15
1 sherd green glazed earthenware 18th
1 sherd Somerset earthenware
6 sherds earthenware, glazed internally 18th/19th
2 clay pipe stems
2 sherds earthenware
1 sherd Mocha ware rim 19th
3 sherds white china with blue decoration
1 iron nail
1 bone fragment

DSC09837
14

14 F5 102 1 sherd Spanish amphora handle (Peter Webster) R 13/08/15
1 handmade earthenware brick (Peter Webster) Possibly R
1 small sherd earthenware brick/tile (Peter Webster) Possibly R
1 sherd earthenware bowl/cup handle, green glaze (Peter Webster) 17th/18th

DSCO8871
15A

15A TP7 100 1 sherd red earthenware pot rim R 04/09/15
1 sherd slipware bowl, partial side 18th 19th
1 sherd local slipware, slip eroded
4 sherds (2 refit), dark brown glazed earthenware pot
2 sherds local earthenware glazed internally
1 sherd Mocha ware pot base 19th
1 sherd earthenware pottery
1 small sherd white china with yellow a blue decoration and a pink
internal glaze
2 shards green glass bottle neck 19th/20th
1 shard brown glass bottle bottom
1 shard green glass bottle bottom
5 sherds earthenware building material, possible roof tiles
1 sherd slate with an iron lump

DSC09838
15b

15B TP8 100 1 sherd Devonshire pot rim 17th 04/09/15
1 sherd slipware bowl, partial side, base and rim 18th/19th
2 sherds (refit) black Border ware
1 sherd yellow glazed earthenware
6 sherds earthenware glazed internally
2 sherds earthenware rims, glazed internally
1 sherd earthenware base glazed internally
2 sherd (refit) mottled stoneware jug neck
2 sherds earthenware roof tiles

DSC09839
16

16 SW of F3 100 1 sherd glazed stoneware possibly Nottingham 18th 19th 04/02/16
1 sherd willow pattern china rim 19th
1 sherd blue and white china 19th 20th
1 sherd black and white china

DSC09691
17

17 North 201 1 sherd Old North Devonshire 17th 18th 05/08/16
Rd 1 sherd local slipware 18th
2 sherds Somerset earthenware 18th 19th
1 sherd glazed earthenware
1 sherd glazed stoneware base 19th 20th

DSC09692
18

18 North 201 1 sherd tin glazed earthenware 17th 18th 05/08/16
Rd 1 sherd glazed earthenware 18th 19th
2 sherd (refit) Pearlware plate
1 sherd Creamware 19th 20th

DSC09967
19
Find Area Context Description Period Date

no
19 Topsoil 100 1 sherd pearlescent glazed stoneware pot base 19th 28/07/16
SW corner 1 sherd porcelain plate rim with green decoration 19th/20th

DSC09968
20

no
20 Garden wall 100 1 sherd internally glazed earthenware pot base 19th 28/07/16
foundation 1 sherd white china plate rim with red decoration 19th/20th
with road 1 sherd building material 20th/21st

DSC09969
21

no
21 SW corner 100 3 sherd (refit) shallow earthenware plate with slipware decoration 18th 28/07/16
wall footings 1 sherd earthenware building material. 19th

A.P.A.C. Ltd Appendix V WB/COW/15
Finds Index Cowbridge

no
1 West boundary 100 1 sherd Grey ware R 05/07/15
1 large sherd Earthenware amphora R
2 sherds Somerset earthenware 18th / 19th
1 sherd glazed local earthenware
2 sherds (refit) glazed stoneware handle
1 sherd glazed stoneware bottle neck
1 shard green glass
1 iron nail
2 bone fragments
no
2 West of F3 101 3 sherds yellow glazed stoneware, 1 a handle 18th/19th 07/07/15
2 sherds glazed brown stoneware, 1 a base
1 silver teaspoon, “Walker & Hall” stamp (see link) 1860,1920
1 shard frosted blue glass
1 shard frosted blue glass bottle stopper
1 sherd stoneware pot base, possibly Mocha ware 19th
1 sherd blue and white Pearl ware
2 sherds white china, blue design
1 shard green glass bottle base
1 shard green glass 20th
1 shard orange glass
1 tool handle, plastic
1 tooth
1 fragment black furnace slag
6 fragments iron ore
no
3 West of F3 101 1 sherd worked flint 07/07/15
no
4 West of F3 102 1 sherd local slipware 17th/18th 07/07/15
1 sherd earthenware
1 fragment iron slag
no
5 West of F3 102 2 sherd (refit) earthenware R 07/07/15
1 clay pipe stem 18th/19th
1 shard glass
1 animal tooth
no
6 F2 100 2 sherds roof tile (Peter Webster) R 08/07/15
1 sherd Tegula tile (Peter Webster) R
1 sherd modern “Double Roman” roof tile (Peter Webster) 19th/20th
no
7 F2 102 1 sherd Tegula roof tile (Peter Webster) R 08/07/15
2 sherds Tegula roof tile (Peter Webster) R
1 sherd Spanish amphora (Peter Webster) R
no
8 F1 100 1 sherd earthenware pot rim 17th/18th 09/07/15
1 fragment of brass
no
9 F1 spoil George III, cartwheel penny 1797 10/07/15
no
10 F2 100 1 sherd Samian R 15/07/15
1 sherd Caerleon earthenware beaker rim R
1 sherd earthenware building material R
1 sherd local earthenware pot base, glazed internally Late 18th/19th
1 earthenware brick 19th/ 20th
2 sherds slate
no
11 F5 102 1 sherd earthenware pottery glazed internally 18th/19th 10/08/15
1 sherd cream ware 19th
5
1 earthenware building material 19th/20th

15 bone fragments
no
12 West of F5 100 2 sherds (refit) local earthenware slipware rim 18th 10/08/15
1 sherd Somerset earthenware pot base
7 sherds local earthenware, glazed internally 18th/19th
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd local earthenware pot base, glazed internally
2 sherds stoneware, 1 a rim, 1 a base
2 sherd earthenware flower pot. 1 a base
2 sherds Cream ware
1 shard square shaped aqua blue glass bottle bottom
2 sherds Mocha ware, 1 rim 19th
2 sherds blue and white willow pattern, 1 a rim
3 sherds white china, blue decoration
1 sherd white china with black decoration
2 sherds (refit), white porcelain with silver decoration
1 sherd white china rim with yellow/gold, decoration
1 sherd white china
1 sherd white china cup rim, possibly Mocha ware
1 shard white glass stem 20th
1 horse shoe
1 aluminium can base
1 oyster shell
3 bone fragments
no
13 F5 102 2 sherds Caerleon ware R 13/08/15
1 sherd green glazed earthenware 18th
1 sherd Somerset earthenware
6 sherds earthenware, glazed internally 18th/19th
2 clay pipe stems
2 sherds earthenware
1 sherd Mocha ware rim 19th
3 sherds white china with blue decoration
1 iron nail
1 bone fragment
no
14 F5 102 1 sherd Spanish amphora handle (Peter Webster) R 13/08/15
1 handmade earthenware brick (Peter Webster) Possibly R
1 small sherd earthenware brick/tile (Peter Webster) Possibly R
1 sherd earthenware bowl/cup handle, green glaze (Peter Webster) 17th/18th
no
15A Test Pit 7 100 1 sherd red earthenware pot rim R 04/09/15
1 sherd slipware bowl, partial side 18th 19 th
1 sherd local slipware, slip eroded
4 sherds (2 refit), dark brown glazed earthenware pot
2 sherds local earthenware glazed internally
1 sherd Mocha ware pot base 19th
1 sherd earthenware pottery
1 small sherd white china with yellow a blue decoration and a pink
internal glaze
2 shards green glass bottle neck 19th/20th
1 shard brown glass bottle bottom
1 shard green glass bottle bottom
5 sherds earthenware building material, possible roof tiles
1 sherd slate with an iron lump
no
th
15B Test Pit 8 100 1 sherd Devonshire pot rim 17 04/09/15
1 sherd slipware bowl, partial side, base and rim 18th/19th
2 sherds (refit) black Border ware
1 sherd yellow glazed earthenware
6 sherds earthenware glazed internally
2 sherds earthenware rims, glazed internally
1 sherd earthenware base glazed internally
2 sherd (refit) mottled stoneware jug neck
2 sherds earthenware roof tiles
6

no
16 SW of F3 1 sherd glazed stoneware possibly Nottingham 18th 19 th 04/02/16
1 sherd willow pattern china rim 19th
1 sherd blue and white china
19th 20 th
1 sherd black and white china
no
17 North Rd 201 1 sherd Old North Devonshire 17th 18 th 05/08/16
1 sherd local slipware 18th
2 sherds Somerset earthenware 18th 19 th
1 sherd glazed earthenware
1 sherd glazed stoneware base 19th 20 th
no
18 North Rd 201 1 sherd tin glazed earthenware 17th 18 th 05/08/16
1 sherd glazed earthenware 18th 19 th
2 sherd (refit) Pearlware plate
1 sherd Cream ware 19th 20 th
no
19 Topsoil SW corner/ 100 1 sherd pearlescent glazed stoneware pot base 19th 28/07/16
North Rd 1 sherd porcelain plate rim with green decoration 19th/20th
no
20 Garden wall foundation 100 1 sherd internally glazed earthenware pot base 19th 28/07/16
with North road 1 sherd white china plate rim with red decoration 19th/20th
1 sherd building material 20th/21st
no
th
21 SW corner wall footings 100 3 sherd (refit) shallow earthenware plate with slipware decoration 18 28/07/16
1 sherd earthenware building material. 19th
FIND No 2: SILVER SPOON, mailto:http://www.silvercollection.it/ENGLAWALKER&HALLDATE.html
7
A.P.A.C. Ltd Appendix VI Digital photograph list WB/COW/15
Photo no Date Camera L/P View Description Plate

IMG 8550 03/7/15 EOS 350 L NE View of site prior to work – showing undergrowth 01
IMG 8551 03/7/15 EOS 350 L E View of site prior to work – showing undergrowth
IMG 8552 03/7/15 EOS 350 L S View of site prior to work – showing North Road entrance 02
IMG 8553 03/7/15 EOS 350 L SE Demolition of SE entrance wall – North Rd
IMG 8554 03/7/15 EOS 350 L E Demolition of SE entrance wall – North Rd 03
IMG 8555 03/7/15 EOS 350 L NE Emergence of stone surface (101) on E side of site
IMG 8556 03/7/15 EOS 350 L N C/UP of stone surface (101) on W side of site
IMG 8557 03/7/15 EOS 350 L N C/UP of stone surface (101) on W side of site
IMG 8558 03/7/15 EOS 350 L NW C/UP of stone surface (101) on W side of site
IMG 8559 06/7/15 EOS 350 L NE Extent of stone surface (101) on W side of site
IMG 8561 06/7/15 EOS 350 L NE C/UP of stone surface (101) on W side of site
IMG 8562 06/7/15 EOS 350 L NE N extent of stone surface (101) on W side of site
IMG 8563 06/7/15 EOS 350 L S Extent of stone surface on (101) W side of site
IMG 8564 06/7/15 EOS 350 L S Extent of stone surface (101) on W side of site
IMG 8565 07/7/15 EOS 350 L S N facing section through stone surface (101)
IMG 8566 07/7/15 EOS 350 L S N facing section through stone surface (101)
IMG 8567 07/7/15 EOS 350 L S C/UP of section through stone surface (101) 06
IMG 8568 07/7/15 EOS 350 L S C/UP of section through stone surface (101)
IMG 8569 07/7/15 EOS 350 L NE Extent of stone surface (101) on W side of site 05
IMG 8571 07/7/15 EOS 350 L W Extent of stone surface (101) on W side of site
IMG 8571 07/7/15 EOS 350 L W C/UP of stone surface (101) on W side of site
IMG 8572 07/7/15 EOS 350 L W C/UP of stone surface (101) on W side of site & Limestone pavement (103)
IMG 8573 07/7/15 EOS 350 L W N facing section through stone surface (101) & Limestone Pavement (103)
IMG 8574 07/7/15 EOS 350 L NE View of N end of site showing topsoil (100) after turf stripping
IMG 8575 07/7/15 EOS 350 L NE View of NE end of site showing topsoil after turf stripping
IMG 8577 07/7/15 EOS 350 L NW View of NW end of site showing topsoil after turf stripping
IMG 8578 07/7/15 EOS 350 L W View of W end of site showing topsoil after turf stripping
IMG 8579 07/7/15 EOS 350 L N View of NW end of site showing topsoil after turf stripping
IMG 8580 07/7/15 EOS 350 L S View of S end of site showing spoil heap and North Rd
IMG 8581 07/7/15 EOS 350 L N View of N end of site showing topsoil after turf stripping 04
IMG 8582 07/7/15 EOS 350 L N Extent of stone surface on (101) W side of site and cleared site surface
IMG 8583 07/7/15 EOS 350 L N Extent of stone surface on (101) W side of site and cleared site surface
IMG 8585 07/7/15 EOS 350 P E C/UP of surface (101) detail
IMG 8586 07/7/15 EOS 350 P N C/UP of blackened surface (101) detail
IMG 8587 07/7/15 EOS 350 L N C/UP of blackened surface (101) detail
IMG 8588 07/7/15 EOS 350 L N North extent of stone surface (101) - W side of site
IMG 8589 07/7/15 EOS 350 L N Brick fragment within stone surface (101)
IMG 8590 07/7/15 EOS 350 L E Linear stone spread (104) 07
IMG 8591 07/7/15 EOS 350 P E Linear stone spread (104)
IMG 8594 07/7/15 EOS 350 L E Closer image of trowelled stone spread – degraded limestone pavement
IMG 8595 07/7/15 EOS 350 P E Closer image of trowelled stone spread – degraded limestone pavement 08
IMG 8596 07/7/15 EOS 350 L W Closer image of trowelled stone spread – degraded limestone pavement
IMG 8597 07/7/15 EOS 350 P NW Closer image of trowelled stone spread – degraded limestone pavement
IMG 8598 07/7/15 EOS 350 L NW Closer image of trowelled stone spread – degraded limestone pavement
IMG 8601 07/7/15 EOS 350 L S Closer image of trowelled stone spread – degraded limestone pavement
IMG 8603 07/7/15 EOS 350 L NW Stone spread – degraded limestone pavement
IMG 8604 07/7/15 EOS 350 P NW Stone spread – degraded limestone pavement
IMG 8605 07/7/15 EOS 350 L E C/UP of section through stone surface (101)
IMG 8606 07/7/15 EOS 350 L E Section through stone surface (101) onto limestone pavement
IMG 8608 07/7/15 EOS 350 L NW E facing section of E end of site bordering car park
IMG 8609 08/7/15 EOS 350 L NE N end of site during level reduction/terracing
IMG 8610 08/7/15 EOS 350 L E E end of site during level reduction/terracing
IMG 8611 08/7/15 EOS 350 L N NW end of site during level reduction/terracing
IMG 8612 08/7/15 EOS 350 L S SW stone surface
IMG 8613 08/7/15 EOS 350 L E Limestone bedrock - working shot
IMG 8614 08/7/15 EOS 350 L S Limestone bedrock - working shot
IMG 8615 08/7/15 EOS 350 L E Limestone bedrock - working shot
IMG 8616 08/7/15 EOS 350 L S Limestone bedrock - working shot
IMG 8617 09/7/15 EOS 350 L S Southern end of site following level reduction – limestone concentration evident
IMG 8618 09/7/15 EOS 350 L S Southern end of site following level reduction – limestone concentration evident
IMG 8619 09/7/15 EOS 350 L W NW end of site following level reduction
IMG 8620 09/7/15 EOS 350 L SW SE end of site following level reduction
IMG 8621 09/7/15 EOS 350 P SW SE end of site following level reduction
IMG 8622 09/7/15 EOS 350 L W Degrading bedrock during levelling W end
IMG 8623 09/7/15 EOS 350 L S Section through degrading bedrock and subsoil during levelling W end 09
IMG 8624 09/7/15 EOS 350 L S Degrading bedrock during levelling W end
IMG 8625 09/7/15 EOS 350 L NE Working shot - site NE
IMG 8626 09/7/15 EOS 350 L W Working shot
IMG 8627 09/7/15 EOS 350 L W Working shot
IMG 8628 09/7/15 EOS 350 L W Working shot – Site W
IMG 8629 09/7/15 EOS 350 L W Working shot – Site W
IMG 8630 09/7/15 EOS 350 L N F1 footprint sprayed in the northern end of the site 10
IMG 8631 09/7/15 EOS 350 L NW F4 footprint sprayed
IMG 8632 09/7/15 EOS 350 L NE F1 footprint sprayed
IMG 8633 09/7/15 EOS 350 L N F1 footings
IMG 8636 09/7/15 EOS 350 P N F1 footings
IMG 8637 09/7/15 EOS 350 P N F1 footings
IMG 8638 10/7/15 EOS 350 L SE F1 footings
IMG 8639 10/7/15 EOS 350 P W F1 footings
IMG 8640 10/7/15 EOS 350 P W F1 footings
IMG 8641 10/7/15 EOS 350 L S F1 footings
IMG 8642 10/7/15 EOS 350 L E F1 footings
IMG 8643 10/7/15 EOS 350 L W Excavated F1 footings showing bands of red sand 11
IMG 8644 10/7/15 EOS 350 L E Excavated F1 footings showing bands of red sand 12
IMG 8648 14/7/15 EOS 350 L N Working shot – levelling W end of site
IMG 8652 14/7/15 EOS 350 L N Section through deposits – W end
IMG 8653 14/7/15 EOS 350 L E Working shot - topsoil removal
IMG 8654 14/7/15 EOS 350 L E Working shot - topsoil removal
IMG 8655 14/7/15 EOS 350 L S Working shot - topsoil removal
IMG 8656 14/7/15 EOS 350 L SW Reduced level – west end of site
IMG 8657 14/7/15 EOS 350 L W Reduced level – west end of site
IMG 8658 14/7/15 EOS 350 L W Reduced level – west end of site
IMG 8659 15/7/15 EOS 350 L N F3 and F2 footings sprayed 13
IMG 8660 15/7/15 EOS 350 L NE F3 and F2 footings sprayed
IMG 8661 15/7/15 EOS 350 L N F3 and F2 footings sprayed
IMG 8662 15/7/15 EOS 350 L N F3 sprayed
IMG 8663 15/7/15 EOS 350 L N F3 sprayed
IMG 8664 15/7/15 EOS 350 L W Limestone pavement surface – F2
IMG 8665 15/7/15 EOS 350 L W Limestone pavement surface – F2

IMG 8666 15/7/15 EOS 350 L S Western F2 footings excavations 14
IMG 8667 15/7/15 EOS 350 L S Footings 2
IMG 8668 15/7/15 EOS 350 L S Footings F2
IMG 8671 15/7/15 EOS 350 L E Footings F2
IMG 8672 15/7/15 EOS 350 P W Footings F2
IMG 8675 15/7/15 EOS 350 P E Footings F2
IMG 8676 15/7/15 EOS 350 P N Footings F2
IMG 8678 15/7/15 EOS 350 L NW Footings F2
IMG 8679 15/7/15 EOS 350 L N Footings F2
IMG 8680 15/7/15 EOS 350 L W Footings F2
IMG 8681 16/7/15 EOS 350 P W Footings F4 – E facing section
IMG 8682 16/7/15 EOS 350 P W Close up of sandy feature in E F4 footing– E facing section 18
IMG 8683 16/7/15 EOS 350 L N Footings F3 – S facing section
IMG 8684 16/7/15 EOS 350 L N West F3 footings excavations 15
IMG 8685 16/7/15 EOS 350 L E Eastern F3 footings excavations 16
IMG 8688 16/7/15 EOS 350 L SW Footings F3
IMG 8689 16/7/15 EOS 350 L SW Footings F4
IMG 8692 16/7/15 EOS 350 L NW Eastern Footings F4 - SE facing section 17
IMG 8693 16/7/15 EOS 350 L NW Footings F4 - E facing section
IMG 8696 17/7/15 EOS 350 L S Working shot - footings F4
IMG 8697 17/7/15 EOS 350 P S Working shot - footings F4
IMG 8698 17/7/15 EOS 350 L SE Working shot - footings F4
IMG 8699 17/7/15 EOS 350 L W Working shot - footings F4
IMG 8700 17/7/15 EOS 350 P W Working shot - footings F4
IMG 8701 17/7/15 EOS 350 P N Working shot - footings F4

IMG 8704 17/7/15 EOS 350 P W Footings F4 – N facing section
IMG 8705 17/7/15 EOS 350 P NW Footings F4 – E facing section
IMG 8706 17/7/15 EOS 350 P NW Footings F4 – E facing section
IMG 8707 17/7/15 EOS 350 L W Footings F4 and W end of foundation 1
IMG 8708 17/7/15 EOS 350 L W Footings F4 and W end of foundation 1
IMG 8709 17/7/15 EOS 350 L NW Footings F4
IMG 8710 17/7/15 EOS 350 L S Working shot – Site S
DSC09608 05/08/16 DSC F828 L NW Road prior to excavation for pipe trench. Location of manhole to be accessed
DSC09609 05/08/16 DSC F828 L SE Tarmac cut
DSC09610 05/08/16 DSC F828 L S Manhole chamber existing, previous road level with cover. Pre-existing water mail E W
DSC09611 05/08/16 DSC F828 L E Manhole chamber existing, previous road level with cover. Pre-existing water mail E W
DSC09612 05/08/16 DSC F828 L N Location of existing services into site
DSC09613 05/08/16 DSC F828 P N Location of existing services into site
DSC09615 05/08/16 DSC F828 L S Bitumen pipe under Terram cover
IMG 8727 10/08/15 EOS 350 L N Pre-demolition SW site wall – North Rd entrance
IMG 8728 10/08/15 EOS 350 L NW Pre-demolition SW site wall – North Rd entrance
IMG 8729 10/08/15 EOS 350 L W Pre-demolition SW site wall – North Rd entrance 19
IMG 8730 10/08/15 EOS 350 L W Pre-demolition SW site wall – North Rd entrance
IMG 8731 10/08/15 EOS 350 L SW Pre-demolition SW site wall – North Rd entrance
IMG 8732 10/08/15 EOS 350 L SW Pre-demolition SW site wall – North Rd entrance
IMG 8733 10/08/15 EOS 350 L SW Post-demolition SW site wall area – North Rd entrance 20
IMG 8734 10/08/15 EOS 350 L W Post-wall demolition SW boundary
IMG 8735 10/08/15 EOS 350 L W SW end of site following clearance of spoil
IMG 8736 10/08/15 EOS 350 L N SW end of site following clearance of spoil
IMG 8737 10/08/15 EOS 350 L W Post-demolition SW site wall area – North Rd entrance
IMG 8738 10/08/15 EOS 350 L W Post-demolition SW site wall area – North Rd entrance
IMG 8739 10/08/15 EOS 350 L SW Post-demolition SW site wall area – North Rd entrance
IMG 8740 10/08/15 EOS 350 L W SW boundary section
IMG 8747 10/08/15 EOS 350 L NW Working shot – levelling W area
IMG 8748 10/08/15 EOS 350 L NW Working shot – levelling W area
IMG 8749 10/08/15 EOS 350 L NW Working shot – Limestone pavement – W area
IMG 8750 10/08/15 EOS 350 L S SW site cleared area - North Road entrance
IMG 8751 10/08/15 EOS 350 L S SW site cleared area - North Road entrance
IMG 8752 10/08/15 EOS 350 L SE SW site cleared area - North Road entrance
IMG 8754 10/08/15 EOS 350 L NW SW boundary section showing cut water pipe
IMG 8755 13/08/15 EOS 350 L W F5 footings sprayed 21
IMG 8756 13/08/15 EOS 350 L W F5 footings sprayed
IMG 8757 13/08/15 EOS 350 L S Working shot – breaking concrete entrance surface
IMG 8758 13/08/15 EOS 350 L S Working shot – breaking concrete entrance surface
IMG 8759 13/08/15 EOS 350 L N F5 Footings – W
IMG 8760 13/08/15 EOS 350 L N F5 Footings – W
IMG 8761 13/08/15 EOS 350 L W F5 Footings – E facing section
IMG 8762 13/08/15 EOS 350 L W F5 Footings – E facing section
IMG 8763 13/08/15 EOS 350 P S F5 Footings -W
IMG 8764 13/08/15 EOS 350 P S F5 Footings - W
IMG 8765 13/08/15 EOS 350 L W F5 Footings
IMG 8766 13/08/15 EOS 350 L W Excavated western F5 footings 22
IMG 8767 13/08/15 EOS 350 L W F5 Footings - W
IMG 8771 13/08/15 EOS 350 P SW Southern F5 footings: showing pipe in section 23
IMG 8772 13/08/15 EOS 350 L N F5 Footings 24
IMG 8773 13/08/15 EOS 350 P N F5 Footings - E
IMG 8774 13/08/15 EOS 350 P SE F5 Footings - E
IMG 8775 13/08/15 EOS 350 L N F5 Footings - E
IMG 8776 13/08/15 EOS 350 L N F5 Footings - E
IMG 8777 13/08/15 EOS 350 P N F5 Footings - E
IMG 8934 04/09/15 EOS 350 L S Test Pit 1 (TP1)
IMG 8935 04/09/15 EOS 350 L S TP1
IMG 8936 04/09/15 EOS 350 L SE TP1 25
IMG 8937 04/09/15 EOS 350 L E TP2 26
IMG 8938 04/09/15 EOS 350 L S TP2
IMG 8939 04/09/15 EOS 350 P S TP2
IMG 8940 04/09/15 EOS 350 L S TP2
IMG 8941 04/09/15 EOS 350 L S TP2
IMG 8942 04/09/15 EOS 350 L W TP3/F1 wall 27
IMG 8943 04/09/15 EOS 350 P S TP3/F1 wall
IMG 8944 04/09/15 EOS 350 P S TP3/F1 wall

IMG 8945 04/09/15 EOS 350 L W TP3/F1 wall
IMG 8946 04/09/15 EOS 350 L W TP4 28
IMG 8947 04/09/15 EOS 350 L NW TP4
IMG 8948 04/09/15 EOS 350 P E TP5
IMG 8949 04/09/15 EOS 350 P E TP5 29
IMG 8950 04/09/15 EOS 350 L E TP5 location
IMG 8951 04/09/15 EOS 350 P E TP8
IMG 8952 04/09/15 EOS 350 L E TP8
IMG 8953 04/09/15 EOS 350 L E TP8
IMG 8954 04/09/15 EOS 350 L S TP8
IMG 8955 04/09/15 EOS 350 L S TP8 32
IMG 8956 04/09/15 EOS 350 L E TP7 31
IMG 8957 04/09/15 EOS 350 L E TP7
IMG 8958 04/09/15 EOS 350 L E TP7
IMG 8959 04/09/15 EOS 350 L E TP6 30
IMG 8960 04/09/15 EOS 350 L E TP6
IMG 8970 14/09/15 EOS 350 L N Services located on E boundary of site
IMG 8971 14/09/15 EOS 350 P N Services located on E boundary of site
IMG 8972 14/09/15 EOS 350 L S Services located on E boundary of site
IMG 8973 14/09/15 EOS 350 P E Services located on E boundary of site
IMG 8974 14/09/15 EOS 350 L S Services located on E boundary of site
IMG 8975 14/09/15 EOS 350 P NW Services located on E boundary of site
IMG 8976 15/09/15 EOS 350 L NE W boundary wall footing: Phase 1 - showing red sand filled channel in W facing section 33
IMG 8977 15/09/15 EOS 350 L NE W boundary wall footing: W facing Section
IMG 8978 15/09/15 EOS 350 L NE W boundary wall footing: W facing Section
IMG 8979 15/09/15 EOS 350 L W W boundary wall footing: Phase 1 - showing red sand filled channel in east facing section 34
IMG 8980 15/09/15 EOS 350 P SW W boundary wall footing: E facing Section
IMG 8981 15/09/15 EOS 350 P W W boundary wall footing: E facing Section
IMG 8982 15/09/15 EOS 350 L W W boundary wall footing: E facing Section
IMG 8983 15/09/15 EOS 350 L W W boundary wall footing: W facing Section
IMG 8984 15/09/15 EOS 350 L N Eastern boundary gas pipe renewal trench
IMG 8985 15/09/15 EOS 350 P N Eastern boundary gas pipe renewal trench
IMG 8986 15/09/15 EOS 350 P N Eastern boundary gas pipe renewal trench
IMG 8987 15/09/15 EOS 350 P S Eastern boundary gas pipe renewal trench
IMG 8988 15/09/15 EOS 350 L E Eastern boundary gas pipe renewal trench
IMG 8989 15/09/15 EOS 350 L E Eastern boundary gas pipe renewal trench
IMG 8990 15/09/15 EOS 350 P N Flooded eastern boundary gas pipe renewal trench
IMG 8991 15/09/15 EOS 350 L E End of gas pipe trench

IMG 8992 15/09/15 EOS 350 L W E facing section of W boundary wall footing (Phase 2) trench (NW end of site) 35
IMG 8993 15/09/15 EOS 350 L W E facing section of W boundary wall footing trench (NW end of site)
IMG 8994 15/09/15 EOS 350 L W E facing section of W boundary wall footing trench (NW end of site)
IMG 8995 15/09/15 EOS 350 L S Boundary wall footing: working shot
IMG 8996 15/09/15 EOS 350 L SW Boundary wall footing: working shot
IMG 8999 15/09/15 EOS 350 L SE Boundary wall footing: working shot
IMG 9000 15/09/15 EOS 350 L SE C/UP of boundary wall footing: working shot
IMG 9001 15/09/15 EOS 350 P W C/UP of boundary wall footing: working shot
IMG 9002 15/09/15 EOS 350 P W C/UP of boundary wall footing: working shot
IMG 9003 15/09/15 EOS 350 P SW C/UP of boundary wall footing: working shot
IMG 9004 16/09/15 EOS 350 L SW NW corner boundary wall footing marked out
IMG 9005 16/09/15 EOS 350 L W NW corner boundary wall footing marked out
IMG 9006 16/09/15 EOS 350 P N NW boundary wall footing section
IMG 9007 16/09/15 EOS 350 P W NW boundary wall footing section
IMG 9008 16/09/15 EOS 350 P SW NW boundary wall footing section
IMG 9009 16/09/15 EOS 350 P NW NW boundary wall footing section
IMG 9010 16/09/15 EOS 350 L NW NW boundary wall footing section
IMG 9011 17/09/15 EOS 350 L NE NW boundary wall footing
IMG 9012 17/09/15 EOS 350 P NE NW boundary wall footing
IMG 9013 17/09/15 EOS 350 P NE NW boundary wall footing
IMG 9014 17/09/15 EOS 350 L E F4 – remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
IMG 9015 17/09/15 EOS 350 L S F4 – remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
IMG 9017 17/09/15 EOS 350 P W F4 – remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
IMG 9018 17/09/15 EOS 350 L N F4 – remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
IMG 9019 17/09/15 EOS 350 L N F4 – remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
IMG 9020 17/09/15 EOS 350 L W F4 – remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
IMG 9024 17/09/15 EOS 350 P W F4 - remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
IMG 9025 17/09/15 EOS 350 L E F4 - remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
IMG 9026 17/09/15 EOS 350 L NE F4 - remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
IMG 9027 17/09/15 EOS 350 L SE F4 - remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
IMG 9028 17/09/15 EOS 350 L NW F4 - remaining footings adjacent to W boundary wall
DSC09100 08/12/15 DSC F828 L W Bank section to adjacent car park. Column of red brown sandy clay through limestone 36
DSC09101 08/12/15 DSC F828 L W Column of red brown sandy clay through limestone sectioned
DSC09102 08/12/15 DSC F828 L SW Position of section
DSC09103 08/12/15 DSC F828 L W Excavation of bank, section being removed (Wall footings Phase 3)
DSC09104 08/12/15 DSC F828 L V Initial foundation NW corner of garage. 900mm below surface 1600mm below car park
DSC09105 08/12/15 DSC F828 L W Full section at NW corner of garage (F3)
DSC09106 08/12/15 DSC F828 L NW Location of NW corner section
DSC09107 08/12/15 DSC F828 L W Location of NW corner section 2
DSC09108 08/12/15 DSC F828 L W Detail section. Centre of garage west foundation (F3) against car park bank
DSC09109 08/12/15 DSC F828 L N Working area (8/12/15)
DSC09110 08/12/15 DSC F828 L W Proposed working area for following day (9/12/15)
IMG 9539 09/12/15 EOS 350 L SW Completed wall foundation (Phase 3 wall footing)
IMG 9540 09/12/15 EOS 350 L SW Completed wall foundation (Phase 3 wall footing)
IMG 9541 09/12/15 EOS 350 L N Completed wall foundation (Phase 3 wall footing)
IMG 9542 09/12/15 EOS 350 L W Car Park E facing section (Phase 3 wall footing )
IMG 9543 09/12/15 EOS 350 L SW Car Park E facing section (Phase 3 wall footing)
IMG 9544 09/12/15 EOS 350 L W Car Park E facing section (Phase 3 wall footing)
IMG 9545 09/12/15 EOS 350 L W Car Park E facing section (Phase 3 wall footing)
IMG 9548 09/12/15 EOS 350 L N Car Park boundary phase 3 wall footing foundation.
IMG 9549 10/12/15 EOS 350 P E F6: Garage footings
IMG 9550 10/12/15 EOS 350 P W F6: Garage footings
IMG 9551 10/12/15 EOS 350 L NW F6: Garage footings
IMG 9552 10/12/15 EOS 350 P N F6: Garage footings section C/UP
IMG 9554 10/12/15 EOS 350 P NW F6: Garage footings
IMG 9559 10/12/15 EOS 350 P NE F6: Garage footings
IMG 9560 10/12/15 EOS 350 P N F6: Garage footings
IMG 9561 10/12/15 EOS 350 P SW F6: Garage footings
DSC09274 04/02/16 DSC F828 L N Area prior to excavation for Phase 4 boundary wall foundation trench
DSC09275 04/02/16 DSC F828 L W Section prior to excavation for Phase 4 boundary wall foundation trench
DSC09276 04/02/16 DSC F828 L N Area for proposed trench
DSC09277 04/02/16 DSC F828 L N Trench set out
DSC09278 04/02/16 DSCF828 L S Finished Trench
DSC09279 04/02/16 DSC F828 L W Section, natural limestone under subsoil and the car park
IMG 0149 24/06/16 EOS 350 P S Pre-ex image of final boundary wall (Phase 5) foundation location
IMG 0150 24/06/16 EOS 350 L S Pre-ex image of final boundary wall (Phase 5) foundation location
IMG 0151 24/06/16 EOS 350 L W Pre-ex image of final boundary wall section
IMG 0152 24/06/16 EOS 350 L NW Pre-ex image of final boundary wall (Phase 5) foundation location
IMG 0153 24/06/16 EOS 350 P N Pre-ex image of final boundary wall (Phase 5) foundation location
IMG 0154 24/06/16 EOS 350 P S Limestone pavement reached under topsoil
IMG 0155 24/06/16 EOS 350 P S Limestone pavement reached under topsoil
IMG 0156 24/06/16 EOS 350 L N Section of limestone degrading natural similar to wall west of F5 40
IMG 0157 24/06/16 EOS 350 L SW Limestone bed similar to wall
IMG 0158 24/06/16 EOS 350 L SW Limestone bed similar to wall section
IMG 0159 24/06/16 EOS 350 L SW Dark topsoil above shallow limestone bedrock (base in S end) 39
IMG 0160 24/06/16 EOS 350 L N Base of subsoil/interface with limestone (northern end)
IMG 0161 24/06/16 EOS 350 L N Base of subsoil/interface with limestone (northern end)
IMG 0162 24/06/16 EOS 350 L N Base of boundary wall footing trench in SW end of site 38
IMG 0163 24/06/16 EOS 350 L NW Finished section in SW end of site
IMG 0164 24/06/16 EOS 350 L NW Finished E facing section in western boundary at the SW end of site 37
IMG 0165 24/06/16 EOS 350 P N N end of finished wall boundary footing
IMG 0166 24/06/16 EOS 350 P S S end of completed boundary wall footing
IMG 0167 27/07/16 EOS 350 L SW E facing section of SW wall boundary
IMG 0168 27/07/16 EOS 350 P S Working shot of wall end
IMG 0169 27/07/16 EOS 350 L S Working shot of wall end
IMG 0170 27/07/16 EOS 350 P S Working shot of wall end
IMG 0171 27/07/16 EOS 350 P S Image of end of W wall footing
IMG 0172 27/07/16 EOS 350 L S End of western boundary wall footing and remaining old street fronting wall section 41
IMG 0173 27/07/16 EOS 350 P N Reverse of above
IMG 0174 27/07/16 EOS 350 L W End E facing section at end of W boundary wall footing
IMG 0175 27/07/16 EOS 350 L N C/UP of degrading bedrock base in footing
IMG 0176 27/07/16 EOS 350 P N Image of final SW end footing trench and section of completed wall
IMG 0177 27/07/16 EOS 350 L W Section of footing trench
IMG 0178 27/07/16 EOS 350 L SE Pipe crossing footing trench at North Rd front of F5
IMG 0179 27/07/16 EOS 350 P SE Pipe crossing footing trench at North Rd front of F5
IMG 0180 27/07/16 EOS 350 L SE Pipe crossing footing trench at North Rd front of F5
IMG 0181 27/07/16 EOS 350 L SE Service trench – North Rd
IMG 0182 28/07/16 EOS 350 L S Section of E to W Garden wall footing fronting N Road
IMG 0183 28/07/16 EOS 350 P S Section of E to W Garden wall footing fronting N Road
IMG 0184 28/07/16 EOS 350 L S Excavation through dark topsoil adjoining road surface for services
IMG 0185 28/07/16 EOS 350 L SW Excavation through dark topsoil adjoining road surface for services
IMG 0186 28/07/16 EOS 350 L W Wall footing and road side service trench to North Rd
IMG 0187 28/07/16 EOS 350 L N Wall footing and road side service trench to North Rd 42
IMG 0188 28/07/16 EOS 350 L E Wall footing and road side service trench to North Rd
IMG 0189 28/07/16 EOS 350 L SE Road side service trench to North Rd
IMG 0190 28/07/16 EOS 350 P SE Road side service trench to North Rd
IMG 0191 28/07/16 EOS 350 L N Garden Wall footing terminus
IMG 0192 28/07/16 EOS 350 P W Garden Wall footing terminus
IMG 0193 28/07/16 EOS 350 P W Wall footing and road side service trench to North Rd
IMG 0194 28/07/16 EOS 350 L E Garden Wall footing terminus
IMG 0195 28/07/16 EOS 350 L SE Road side service trench to North Rd 43
DSC09608 05/08/16 DSC F828 L NW Road prior to excavation for pipe trench. Location of manhole to be accessed
DSC09609 05/08/16 DSC F828 L SE Tarmac cut
DSC09610 05/08/16 DSC F828 L S Manhole chamber existing, previous road level with cover. Pre-existing water main E W 45
DSC09611 05/08/16 DSC F828 L E Manhole chamber existing, previous road level with cover. Pre-existing water main E W
DSC09612 05/08/16 DSC F828 L N Location of existing services into site 44
DSC09613 05/08/16 DSC F828 P N Location of existing services into site
DSC09615 05/08/16 DSC F828 L S Bitumen pipe under Terram cover
A.P.A.C. Ltd. Appendix VII WB/COW/15
Roman Pottery
COWBRIDGE 2015
ROMAN AND OTHER POTTERY (see Appendix IV; finds 06, 07)
Ceramic finds suggest the presence of a substantial Roman building nearby. Several
fragments of roof tile – the tray-like tegula which formed one of the main elements of a
Roman roof covering – were found, although no examples of the other element of such
rooves, the curved imbrex were noted. A single fragment with a sloping upper ‘rim’ may be
part of a box-tile of the type used for flues within the Roman hypocaust system, although a
poorly formed tegula seems more likely.
Perhaps surprisingly, other Roman pottery was scarce and limited to a handle and wall sherd
from the standard south Spanish olive oil container, the globular amphora of Dressel form 20,
most common in this area in the later first and second centuries A.D.
It seems likely that the Roman material was disturbed and post-medieval ceramics were
found in at least two of the three contexts examined. These included a modern roof tile (of a
type called ‘Double Roman’ from its resemblance to the pattern of the tegula/imbrex roof).
Peter Webster
9.ix.15

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137: North Road, Cowbridge, Vale of Glamorgan. Watching Brief

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DOCUMENT NO.

264 December 2016

ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF

Site adjacent to Vale Forge, North Road, Cowbridge

Prepared for: St Brides Ltd

By: Dr Iestyn Jones ACIfA

Checked by Dr N Phillips: 20/12/16

Appendix I: HER Core record

Site Location and Description

Geology and Topography

Archaeological and Historical Background

HER Data (Fig. 2)

Map Regression (Figs. 3 and 4)

Aims and Objectives of the Watching Brief

Watching Brief Results (Fig. 5; Plates 1-45; Appendices IV-VII)

Conclusions and Discussion

GBV 2016: Geology of Britain Viewer. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/viewer.html

Newman, J. 1995. The Buildings of Wales: Glamorgan. London: Penguin

Soilscapes 2016. http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/ (Accessed 11/16)

Maps consulted (Fig. 03)

1841 Tithe map of Llanblethian (parish), Glamorganshire. (1841)

1900 Glamorgan XLV.NE (includes: Cowbridge; Llanblethian; St Hilary; St Mary Church.)

1938 Glamorgan XLV.NE (includes: Cowbridge; Llanblethian; St Hilary; St Mary Church.)

Fig 01: Location

OS Copyright Licence: 100046577

Line of Roman road

Bear Hotel Car

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Plate 03: Demolition of SE entrance wall – North Rd (looking east)

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Plate 06: Section through stone surface (101) (looking south)

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Plate 07: Linear stone spread (104) (looking east)

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Plate 13: F3 (foreground) and F2 footings (background) sprayed (looking north)

Plate 14: Western F2 footings excavations (looking south)

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Plate 15: W end of F3 footings excavations (looking north)

Plate 16: Eastern F3 footings (background) (looking east)

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Plate 17: F4 Eastern footings -south-east facing section (looking north)

Plate 18: Close up of sandy feature in E F4 footing– E facing section (looking W)

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Plate 21: F 5 Footings sprayed (looking west)

Plate 22: Excavated western F5 footings (looking west)

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Plate 23: Southern F5 footings: showing pipe in section

Plate 24: F5 Footings (looking north)

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Plate 33: W boundary wall footing: Phase 1 - showing red sand

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

Plate 43: Road side service trench to North Rd (looking south)

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/COW/15

HER Report 5064. Core Record

PRN NAME Period Site type NGR