Protection Testing Week 2017, Hong Kong

Day 3 Current Differential Protection

Naibo Ji (Mr.) 吉乃博

Florian Fink (Mr.)
Royal Plaza Hotel, Hong Kong
© OMICRON
1812 May 2017
May 2017
Goal for Day 3

> Understand the principle of differential protection

> Understand the differential related calculations
> Understand the automatic test offered by Advanced Differential modules.

> Through demonstrations, experience the challenges and solutions for line
differential and the busbar differential protection

© OMICRON Slide 2
Safety Instruction

> The CMC test set can output life-hazardous voltages and
currents.
> Throughout the presentation and user manuals, this symbol
indicates special safety-relevant notes/directions linked to the
possibility of touching live voltages and/or currents. Please
thoroughly read and follow those directions to avoid life
hazardous situations.
> This symbol indicates potential hazards by electrical
voltages/currents caused by, for example, wrong connections,
short-circuits, technically inadequate or faulty equipment or by
disregarding the safety notes which written on the user manuals.

> Note: before you use your CMC devices, please read through
the Section Safety Instructions on the CMC user manual!

© OMICRON Slide 3
Agenda

> Transformer Differential Protection

> Differential Protection Relay Theory
> Magnitude correction
> Phase correction
> Zero sequence current
> Diff / Restraint Characteristic
> CT Saturation
> Inrush Current

> Line Differential Protection

> Line Differential Protection Principle
> Testing approaches
> Time synchronization

> Busbar Differential Protection

> Busbar Differential Protection Principle
> Testing approaches
> Distributed testing

© OMICRON Slide 4
Introduction

> In order to protect the transformer and to reduce level of the thermal stress
when a fault occurring within the transformer, the fast tripping and properly
operation are required. The differential protection is widely used to protect
the transformer.
> The training on differential protection will be focus on the transformer
differential protection.
> The following contents show the operation of this protection function and
also testing solution which can be used and available in TU software.

© OMICRON Slide 5
Fundamental of Differential Protection
> The Kirchhoff’s Current Law is the main concept of this protection , when
we consider one node the summation of currents flowing in and out will be
zero.
IZ
IX I X = IY  IZ or IX  IY  IZ = 0
IY

> The differential protection can specify the area to protect which is the
advantage of this protection function. Therefore the differential protection
can trip immediately without time co-ordination between the protection.

t(s) t(s)
OC2 OC1 Fault 1

Fault 2

I I
© OMICRON Slide 6
Type of Faults
> External Fault (Through Fault)
IA IB

I A + IB = 0 A t
t

> Internal Fault

IA IB
IFault

t IA + IB  0 Amp t

© OMICRON Slide 7
Introduction

> Current differential protection compares the current flowing into the
protected area with the current flowing out of the protected area. If the
currents differ, this means there must be a fault in the monitored area.
> The protected area is clearly demarcated by the two current transformers
here.

fault inside the

I1 I2 I1 I2
protected area
CT 1 CT 2 CT 1 CT 2
IF1 IF2
IF

fault outside
protected area protected area the protected
area

digital digital
differential differential
protection protection

© OMICRON Slide 8
Current Transformers Starpoint Connection

> In order to under stand the differential protection, we need to know the
direction of the currents flowing in or out from the protected objects.
Therefore, the starpoint of CT is important.
> CT Polarity

H1 H1
X1 Subtractive Additive
X1

X2 X2
H2 H2
H1 H1
X1 X1

X2 X2
H2 H2
© OMICRON Slide 9
Current Transformers Starpoint Connection

> The starpoint connection toward protected object means: the current flowing
out from the relay has the same direction with the current flowing out from
the protected objects
> The starpoint connection toward line means: the current flowing into the
relay has the same direction the current flowing out from the protected
object

Toward Protected Line

© OMICRON Slide 10
Current Transformers Starpoint Connection

Toward Protected Object

N N

A A

© OMICRON Slide 11
CT Startpoint

© OMICRON Slide 12
Differential Protection Applications
1000A 1000A 1000A 1000A

1200/5 1500/5 1200/5 1500/5

1000A 1000A 1000A0 500A30

1200/5 1500/5 1200/5 1500/5

> All of the differential protection consider the magnitude differences.

> But apart form the other, the transformer differential protection need to
consider phase difference and unbalance of zero sequence current.
© OMICRON Slide 13
What need to be considered?

Magnitude difference
• Transformer ratio
• CT ratio

Phase difference
• Transformer vector group

Zero Sequence Elimination

© OMICRON Slide 14
What need to be considered?

Magnitude difference
• Transformer ratio
• CT ratio

Phase difference
• Transformer vector group

Zero Sequence Elimination

© OMICRON Slide 15
Magnitude Difference
40 MVA
100 kV 200 kV
200A 100 A
IS_C Ip
IP_A = 2.50 A 400/5 300/5

IS_A = 1.667 A
2.500A 1.667 A
IS_B 87

> IP  a  2.50 A  0.668 = 1.667 A (match IP with IS)

> IS  b  1.67 A  1.497 = 2.50 A (match IP with IS)
> IP  c & IS  d  2.50 A  2.00 = 5.00 A & 1.25 A  2.994 = 5.00 A
(match IP and IS with rated current – 5A)
> How to Match?

© OMICRON Slide 16
 Method #1: Using Interposing Transformer
200 A 100 A
IP IS

400/5 300/5
2.500 A 1.667 A
40 MVA
Aux. CT #1 100 kV 200 kV Aux. CT #2
Ratio: 2.886 Ratio: 1.925

0.866 A 0.866 A
87

Calculate base current on both sides of TR

IBase Prim = S/3VPrim = 40 MVA/ 3100 kV = 230.9 A
IBase Sec = S/3VSec = 40 MVA/ 3200 kV = 115.5 A
Calculate the matching factors based on the CT ratios and IBaseon both sides
Matching ratioAux#1 = IBase,Prim /CTPrim = 230.9 A / (400/5) = 2.886 ... (2.886/1)
Matching ratioAux#2 = IBase,Sec /CTSec = 115.5 A / (300/5) = 1.925 ... (1.925/1)
Re-check when the current flow, the values on both sides of the relay should be the same.
87 prim side = 2.500 A(1/2.886) = 0.866 A
87 sec side = 1.667 A(1/1.925) = 0.866 A
IDiff = 0A

© OMICRON Slide 17
Method #2: Using Protected Object as the Reference

200 A 100 A
IP IS

400/5 300/5

40 MVA
2.500 A 100 kV 200 kV 1.667 A

Primary side:
IPrim = 40/3100 = 230.9 A
Matching Factor = CTRatio/IBase = 0.3465
2.5A  0.3465 = 0.866A
Secondary side:
ISec = 40/3200 = 115.5 A
Matching Factor = CTRatio/IBase = 0.5195
1.667A  0.5195 = 0.866A

© OMICRON Slide 18
Method #3: Using CTPrim as the Reference

200 A 100 A
IP IS

400/5 300/5

40 MVA
2.500 A 100 kV 200 kV 1.667 A

Primary side:
IBase, Prim = 400A
Matching Factor = CTRatio/IBase = 0.2
2.5A  0.2 = 0.5A
Secondary side:
IBase,Sec = IBase, Prim TRRatio = 200 A
Matching Factor = CTRatio/IBase = 0.3
1.667A  0.3 = 0.5A

© OMICRON Slide 19
Method #4: Using CTSec as the Reference

200 A 100 A
IP IS

400/5
300/5

40 MVA
2.500 A 100 kV 200 kV 1.667 A

Secondary side:
IBase, Sec = 300A
Matching Factor = CTRatio/IBase = 0.2
1.667A  0.2 = 0.333A
Primary side:
IBase,Prim = IBase, Sec / TRRatio = 600 A
Matching Factor = CTRatio/IBase = 0.133
2.5A  0.133 = 0.333A

© OMICRON Slide 20
Method #5: Using TAP setting

200 A 100 A
IP IS

400/5 300/5

40 MVA
2.500 A 100 kV 200 kV 1.667 A

Tap Setting Primary = 0.3465

Tap Setting Secondary = 0.5195

Primary side:
Matching Factor = CTRatio/IBase = 0.3465
2.5A  0.3465= 0.866A
Secondary side:
Matching Factor = CTRatio/IBase = 0.5195
1.667A  0.5195 = 0.866A

© OMICRON Slide 21
Matching Factor in Test Universe
Transformer information CT information

Method #2 Method #3 Method #4

> For the magnitude correction which using the interposing CT and Tap
setting (Method #5), the user has to find out how these values are
calculated (relay user manual), to get the information of transformer and CT.
© OMICRON Slide 22
What need to be considered?

Magnitude difference
• Transformer ratio
• CT ratio

Phase difference
• Transformer vector group

Zero Sequence Elimination

© OMICRON Slide 23
Phase difference and correction Method #1

Dy1
200 A 100 A
IP 100 kV 200 kV IS

400/5 300/5
40 MVA
2.500 A 1.667 A

Reference Rotate 30°Anti-clockwise

×0.346 ×0.5195
5

Secondary side is rotated

© OMICRON Slide 24
Phase Angle Rotation (Method #1)

IPrim,A=1A
Use Prim as reference

IPrim,C
IPrim,B
IA’ =IA  IB
–IB
Dy1 Rotate 30° ( IA  IB )/3
Anti-clockwise
ISec,A=1A
IA
IC

–IA
ISec,C IB

ISec,B
–IC
© OMICRON Slide 25
Phase difference and correction Method #2

Dy1
200 A 100 A
IP 100 kV 200 kV IS

400/5 300/5
40 MVA
2.500 A 1.667 A

Rotate 30°Clockwise Reference

×0.346 ×0.5195
5

Primary side is rotated

© OMICRON Slide 26
Phase Angle Rotation (Method #2)
Rotate 30° ( IA  IC )/3
IPrim,A=1A Clockwise
–IC
IA’= IA + (–IC)

IPrim,B IA
IB
IPrim,C
–IA
Dy1 IC

ISec,A=1A –IB

Use Sec as reference

ISec,C ISec,B

© OMICRON Slide 27
Phase difference and correction Method #3

Dy1
200 A 100 A
IP 100 kV 200 kV IS

400/5 300/5
40 MVA
2.500 A 1.667 A

Rotate 60°Clockwise Rotate 30°Clockwise

×0.346 ×0.5195
5

Both sides are rotated

© OMICRON Slide 28
 Phase Angle Rotation (Method #3)
IPrim,A=1A Rotate 90°
IA Clockwise

–IC IB
( IB – IC )/3
–IB
IPrim,C
IA’= IB + (–IC)
IPrim,B
–IA

Dy1 IC

ISec,A=1A
–IB
Rotate 60°
Clockwise
ISec,C –IC –IC

ISec,B –IA
© OMICRON Slide 29
 Phase Angle Rotation by Matrix
> Format

IA2 a1 a2 a3 IA1 IA2 = K( a1IA1 + a2IB1 + a3IC1 )

IB2 = K  b1 b2 b3  IB1 IB2 = K( b1IA1 + b2IB1 + b3IC1 )

IC2 c1 c2 c3 IC1
IC2 = K( c1IA1 + c2IB1 + c3IC1 )

Output Converter Input

> Example Rotate 30°Clockwise

IA1 IC2 IA2 IA2 1 0 -1 IA1

IC1
IB1 IB2
IB2 = (1/3)  -1 1 0  IB1
IC2 0 -1 1 IC1
IA2 = ( IA1  IC1 )/3
IB2 = ( IB1  IA1 )/3 IA2 = (1/3)( (1)IA1 + (0)IB1 + (-1)IC1 )
IC2 = ( IC1  IB1 )/3 IA2 = ( IA1  IC1 )/3

© OMICRON Slide 30
Phase Angle Rotation by Matrix
Rotate Clockwise 30° Rotate Clockwise 150°
IA2 1 0 -1 IA1 IA2 -1 1 0 IA1

IB2 = (1/3)  -1 1 0  IB1 IB2 = (1/3)  0 -1 1  IB1

IC2 0 -1 1 IC1 IC2 1 0 -1 IC1

Rotate Clockwise 60° Rotate Clockwise 180°

IA2 0 0 -1 IA1 IA2 -1 0 0 IA1

IB2 = -1 0 0  IB1 IB2 = 0 -1 0  IB1

IC2 0 -1 0 IC1 IC2 0 0 -1 IC1

Rotate Clockwise 90° Use For Reference 0°

IA2 0 1 -1 IA1 IA2 1 0 0 IA1

IB2 = (1/3)  -1 0 1  IB1 IB2 = 0 1 0  IB1

IC2 1 -1 0 IC1 IC2 0 0 1 IC1

Rotate Clockwise 120°

IA2 0 1 0 IA1

IB2 = 0 0 1  IB1

IC2 1 0 0 IC1

© OMICRON Slide 31
Phase Angle Rotation by Matrix

Rotate Anti-Clockwise 30° Rotate Anti-Clockwise 120°

IA2 1 -1 0 IA1 IA2 0 0 1 IA1

IB2 = (1/3)  0 1 -1  IB1 IB2 = 1 0 0  IB1

IC2 -1 0 1 IC1 IC2 0 1 0 IC1

Rotate Anti-Clockwise 60° Rotate Anti-Clockwise 150°

IA2 0 -1 0 IA1 IA2 -1 0 1 IA1

IB2 = 0 0 -1  IB1 IB2 = (1/3) 1 -1 0  IB1

IC2 -1 0 0 IC1 IC2 0 1 -1 IC1

Rotate Anti-Clockwise 90° Use For Reference 0°

IA2 0 -1 1 IA1 IA2 1 0 0 IA1

IB2 = (1/3)  1 0 -1  IB1 IB2 = 0 1 0  IB1

IC2 -1 1 0 IC1 IC2 0 0 1 IC1

© OMICRON Slide 32
Application Example (SEL387T)
1 -1 0 1 0 -1 -1 2 -1
CTC(1) = (1/3)  0 1 -1 CTC(11)= (1/3)  -1 1 0 CTC(8) = (1/3)  -1 2 -1
Anti-Clockwise 30° Clockwise 30° Clockwise 120° I0
-1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 2 -1

0 -1 1 1 1 -2
CTC(3) = (1/3)  1 0 -1 CTC(10)= (1/3)  -2 1 1
Anti-Clockwise 90° Clockwise 60°+ I0
0 -1 1 1 -2 1

-1 0 1 1 -2 1 2 -1 -1
CTC(5) = (1/3)  CTC(2) = (1/3)  1 1 -2 CTC(12)= (1/3) 
1 -1 0 -1 2 -1
Anti-Clockwise 150° Anti-Clockwise Reference  I0
0 1 -1 60°+ I0 -2 1 1 -1 -1 2

-1 1 0 -1 -1 2

CTC(7) = (1/3)  CTC(4) = (1/3)  2 -1 -1

0 -1 1
Clockwise 150° Anti-Clockwise
-1 2 -1 1 0 0
1 0 -1 120° I0
CTC(0) = 0 1 0
0 1 -1 -2 1 1 Reference
CTC(6) = (1/3)  0 0 1
CTC(9) = (1/3)  -1 0 1 1 -2 1
Clockwise 90° Clockwise 180°+ I0
1 -1 0 1 1 -2

© OMICRON Slide 33
Application Example (ALSTOM KBCH)
Setting Action Phase Shift How to rotate?
Yy0 Do nothing 0° Use it for reference
Yd1 Ia = ( IA  IC ) / 3 30°lag Rotate Clockwise 30°
Yd2 Ia = ( IA  IB ) 60°lag Rotate Clockwise 60°
Yd3 Ia = ( IB  IC ) / 3 90°lag Rotate Clockwise 90°
Yd4 Ia = IB 120°lag Rotate Clockwise 120°
Yd5 Yd11 and Invert 150°lag Rotate Clockwise 150°
Yd6 Invert Current 180°lag Rotate Clockwise 180°
Yd7 Yd1 and Invert 150°lead Rotate Anti-Clockwise 150°
Yd8 Yd2 and Invert 120°lead Rotate Anti-Clockwise 120°
Yd9 Yd3 and Invert 90°lead Rotate Anti-Clockwise 90°
Yd10 Yd4 and Invert 60°lead Rotate Anti-Clockwise 60°
Yd11 Ia = ( IA  IB ) / 3 30°lead Rotate Anti-Clockwise 30°
Ydy0 Ia = IA  ( IA  IB  IC) / 3 0° Use it for Reference – I0
Ydy12 Ydy0 and Invert 180°lag Rotate Clockwise 180° - I0

© OMICRON Slide 34
What need to be considered?

Magnitude difference
• Transformer ratio
• CT ratio

Phase difference
• Transformer vector group

Zero Sequence Elimination

© OMICRON Slide 35
Ref: Symmetrical Component

> Charles L. G. Fortescue, “Method of Symmetrical Coordinates Applied to

the Solution of Polyphase Networks”
> Presented at the 34th annual convention of the AIEE (American Institute of
Electrical Engineers) in Atlantic City, N.J. on 28 July 1918. Published in: AIEE
Transactions, vol. 37, part II, pages 1027-1140 (1918).

> Excellent tool to analyze balance or unbalance power system

> Tool apply for various power system applications

© OMICRON Slide 36
Ref: Symmetrical Component

Positive Sequence I1C

> It rotates in the same direction as the
power system (i.e. A-B-C)

I1B I1A

I2B
Negative Sequence
> It rotates in the reverse direction as the
power system (i.e. A-C-B)
I2C I2A

I0A
Zero Sequence I0B
> No rotation I0C

© OMICRON Slide 37
Ref: Symmetrical Component

Symmetrical components is the mathematical method that use to analysis of

three-phase electrical power systems.
> Zero Sequence Current, I0 = (1/3)[ IA  IB  IC ]
> Positive Sequence Current, I1 = (1/3)[ IA  αIB  α2IC ]
> Negative Sequence Current, I2 = (1/3)[ IA  α2 IB  αIC ]

> Current Phase A, I A = [ I0  I 1  I 2 ]

> Current Phase B, IB = [ I0  α2I1  αI2 ]
> Current Phase C, IC = [ I0  αI1  α2 I2 ]

> where α = 1120°; α2 = 1240°

మ
గ௜
(α = ݁ య α3 = 1, α−1 = α2)

© OMICRON Slide 38
Ref: Symmetrical Component
Zero Sequence Component
1.5030°
I0A 0.934-2.374
2.000°
I0B
I0C

1.00240°
Negative Sequence Component
I2C
I1C I2A = 0.54382.911

I2B
I0C I2C
Positive Sequence Component
I0A
I0B I2A I1C =1.118-26.565
I1A

I1B
I2B
I1B I1A

© OMICRON Slide 39
Ref: Symmetrical Component

> QuickCMC – A powerful calculator

© OMICRON Slide 40
 Ref: Harmonics & Symmetrical Component

Harmonic A phase (°) B phase (°) C phase (°) Seq

Fundamental, 50Hz 0 240 120 +ve

2nd harmonic, 100Hz ×2 = 0 ×2 = 480 ×2 = 240

0 120 240 -ve
3rd harmonic, 150Hz ×3 = 0 ×3 = 720 ×3 = 360
0 0 0 zero
4th harmonic, 200Hz ×4 = 0 ×4 = 960 ×4 = 480
0 240 120 +ve
5th harmonic, 250Hz ×5 = 0 ×5 = 1200 ×5 = 600
0 120 240 -ve
6th harmonic, 300Hz ×6 = 0 ×6 = 1440 ×6 = 720
0 0 0 zero

Harmonic related standards: IEC 61000-4-7, IEC 61000-4-30, IEC 62586

© OMICRON Slide 41
 Ref: Fault Type & Symmetrical Component (Current)
3 Phase Fault (Symmetrical Current)
IFault,C = 1120°
I0 = (1/3)[10  1240  1120 ] = 0
I1 = (1/3)[10  1120 1240  1240 1120 ] = 0.33
IFault,A = 10°
I2 = (1/3)[10  1240 1240  1120 1120 ] = 0
IFault,B = 1240°

Phase-Phase Fault (Asymmetrical Current)

I0 = (1/3)[10  1180  0 ] = 0
IFault,A = 10°
I1 = (1/3)[10  1120 1180  1240  0 ] = 0.577
IFault,B = 1180° I2 = (1/3)[10  1240 1180  1120  0 ] = 0.577

Ground Fault (Asymmetrical Current)

I0 = (1/3)[10  0  0 ] = 0.333
IFault,A = 10° I1 = (1/3)[10  1120 0 1240  0 ] = 0.333
I2 = (1/3)[10  1240 0 1120  0 ] = 0.333
© OMICRON Slide 42
Case #1 Three Phase Through Fault
230.9 A 115.5 A
400/5 100 kV 40 MVA 200 kV Dy11 400/5

A IA=230.949 Ia=100120 a
0

B IB=230.94-30 Ib=1000 b

IC=230.9421 Ic=100240 c
C 0

IA=2.8890 Ia=1.25120
2
IB=2.88330 2 Ib=1.250
0.3465 IA=0.86690 0.6926
IC=2.88210 IB=0.866330 Ic=1.25240
Ia=0.866120
IC=0.866210
Ib=0.8660
1 -1 0 IA 1 0 0 Ia
Ic=0.866240
(1/3) 0 1 -1 IB 0 1 0 Ib

-1 0 1 IC 0 0 1 Ic
1 Ia=0.866120 1
IA=0.866120
IB=0.8660 Ib=0.8660
3 3
IC=0.866240 Ic=0.866240
Idiff, A = 0
Idiff, B = 0
Idiff, C = 0
© OMICRON Slide 43
Case #1 Three Phase Through Fault
230.9 A
100 kV
40 MVA 115.5 A Dy11
200 kV
400/5 IA=230.9490 Ia=100120 400/5

A IB=230.94-30 Ib=1000
a

B IC=230.94210 Ic=100240
b

C
I0=0 I0=0 c
I1=200 I1=100
I2=0 I2=0
IA=2.8890 Ia=1.25120
2 2
IB=2.88330 Ib=1.250
0.3465 I0=0 IA=0.86690 0.6926
I1=0.866 IB=0.866330
IC=2.88210 Ic=1.25240
I2=0 IC=0.866210
1 -1 0 IA 1 0 0 Ia
(1/3)
0 1 -1 IB 0 1 0 Ib

-1 0 1 ICI0=0. Ia=0.866120 0 0 1 Ic
1 I1=0.866 Ib=0.8660 1
I2=0 Ic=0.866240
3 3

I0=0 IA=0.866120 Ia=0.866120 I0=0

I1=0.866 IB=0.8660 Ib=0.8660 I1=0.866
I2=0 IC=0.866240 Ic=0.866240 I2=0
© OMICRON Slide 44
Case #2 Phase to Phase Through Fault
40 MVA
400/5
230.9 A
100 kV
115.5 A Dy11 400/5
IA=115.470
200 kV
Ia=1000

A IB=230.94180 Ib=100180
a

B b
IC=115.470

C TR ratio = N1/N2 = 100/(200/3) = 0.288 c

IA=1.440 Ia=1.250
2 2
IB=2.88180 0.3465 0.6926 Ib=1.25180
IA=0.500 Ia=0.8660
IC=1.440 IB=1.00180 Ib=0.866180
1 -1 0 IA 1 0 0 Ia
IC=0.500 Ic=0
(1/3) 0 1 -1 IB 0 1 0 Ib

-1 0 1 IC 0 0 1 Ic

1 IA=0.8660 Ia=0.8660 1
3 IB=0.866180 Ib=0.866180 3
IC=0 Ic=0

Idiff, A = 0
Idiff, B = 0
Idiff, C = 0
© OMICRON Slide 45
Case #2 Phase to Phase Through Fault
400/5
230.9 A 40 MVA
100 kV 200 kV
115.5 A Dy11 400/5
IA=115.470 Ia=1000

A IB=230.94180 Ib=100180
a

B b
IC=115.470 I0=0 I0=0
I1=115.47 I1=57.735
C I2=115.47 I2=57.735 c

IA=1.440 Ia=1.250
2
IB=2.88180 0.3465 0.6926 Ib=1.25180
I0=0
IC=1.440 I1=0.50
1 -1 0 IA I2=0.50 1 0 0 Ia

(1/3) 0 1 -1 IB 2 0 1 0 Ib

-1 0 1 IC 0 0 1 Ic
I0=0.
I1=0.50
1 1
I2=0.50
3 3

I0=0 I0=0
I1=0.50 I1=0.50
I2=0.50 I2=0.50

© OMICRON Slide 46
Case #3 Phase to Ground Through Fault
40 MVA
400/5
230.9 A
100 kV 200 kV
115.5 A Dy11 400/5
IA=115.470 Ia=1000
A IB=115.47180
a

B b

C TR ratio = N1/N2 = 100/(200/3) = 0.866 c

IA=1.440 Ia=1.250
2 2
IB=1.44180 0.3465 0.6926
IA=0.500 Ia=0.8660
IB=0.50180 Ib=0
1 -1 0 IA 1 0 0 Ia
IC= 0 Ic=0
(1/3) 0 1 -1 IB 0 1 0 Ib

-1 0 1 IC 0 0 1 Ic

1 IA=0.5770 Ia=0.8660 1
3 IB=0.288180 Ib=0 3
IC=0.288180 Ic=0

Idiff, A = 0.288
Idiff, B = 0.288
Idiff, C = 0.288
© OMICRON Slide 47
Case #3 Phase to Ground Through Fault
40 MVA
400/5
230.9 A 100 kV 200 kV 115.5 A Dy11 400/5
IA=115.470 Ia=1000
A IB=115.47180
a

B b
I0=0 I0=33.333
I1=66.667 I1=33.333
C I2=66.667 I2=33.333 c

IA=1.440 Ia=1.250
2 2
IB=1.44180 0.3465 0.6926

I0=0
I1=0.289
1 -1 0 IA 1 0 0 Ia
I2=0.289
(1/3) 0 1 -1 IB 0 1 0 Ib
I0=0.289
-1 0 1 IC I1=0.289 0 0 1 Ic
I2=0.289
1 1
3 3
Unbalance of “I0”
I0=0 caused the difference I0=0.289
I1=0.289 I1=0.289
I2=0.289 I2=0.289
© OMICRON Slide 48
87 unwanted triggered by Zero Sequence Current

> Reason?
> Zero sequence current is looping in the delta winding
> The windings of protected transformer (YD connection)
> Fault type ( phase to ground fault)
> Location of Fault (through fault)

> How to prevent?

> Eliminate/Filtering the zero sequence currents (IL-I0)

IL – I0
Ix, a  Ia - (1/3)(Ia+Ib+Ic)  (2/3)Ia–(1/3)Ib–(1/3)Ic 2 -1 -1 Ia
Ix, b  Ib - (1/3)(Ia+Ib+Ic)  (1/3)Ia  (2/3)Ib–(1/3)Ic (1/3) -1 2 -1 Ib
Ix, c  Ic - (1/3)(Ia+Ib+Ic)  (1/3)Ia  (1/3)Ib  (2/3)Ic -1 -1 2 Ic
> Proper selection of the reference side for phase angle correction

© OMICRON Slide 49
Application Example (SEL387T)
1 -1 0 1 0 -1 -1 2 -1
CTC(1) = (1/3)  0 1 -1 CTC(11)= (1/3)  -1 1 0 CTC(8) = (1/3)  -1 2 -1
Anti-Clockwise 30° Clockwise 30° Clockwise 120° I0
-1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 2 -1

0 -1 1 1 1 -2
CTC(3) = (1/3)  1 0 -1 CTC(10)= (1/3)  -2 1 1
Anti-Clockwise 90° Clockwise 60°+ I0
0 -1 1 1 -2 1

-1 0 1 1 -2 1 2 -1 -1
CTC(5) = (1/3)  CTC(2) = (1/3)  1 1 -2 CTC(12)= (1/3) 
1 -1 0 -1 2 -1
Anti-Clockwise 150° Anti-Clockwise Reference  I0
0 1 -1 60°+ I0 -2 1 1 -1 -1 2

-1 1 0 -1 -1 2

CTC(7) = (1/3)  CTC(4) = (1/3)  2 -1 -1

0 -1 1
Clockwise 150° Anti-Clockwise
-1 2 -1 1 0 0
1 0 -1 120° I0
CTC(0) = 0 1 0
0 1 -1 -2 1 1 Reference
CTC(6) = (1/3)  0 0 1
CTC(9) = (1/3)  -1 0 1 1 -2 1
Clockwise 90° Clockwise 180°+ I0
1 -1 0 1 1 -2

© OMICRON Slide 50
Application Example (ALSTOM KBCH)
Setting Action Phase Shift How to rotate?
Yy0 Do nothing 0° Use it for reference
Yd1 Ia = ( IA  IC ) / 3 30°lag Rotate Clockwise 30°
Yd2 Ia = ( IA  IB ) 60°lag Rotate Clockwise 60°
Yd3 Ia = ( IB  IC ) / 3 90°lag Rotate Clockwise 90°
Yd4 Ia = IB 120°lag Rotate Clockwise 120°
Yd5 Yd11 and Invert 150°lag Rotate Clockwise 150°
Yd6 Invert Current 180°lag Rotate Clockwise 180°
Yd7 Yd1 and Invert 150°lead Rotate Anti-Clockwise 150°
Yd8 Yd2 and Invert 120°lead Rotate Anti-Clockwise 120°
Yd9 Yd3 and Invert 90°lead Rotate Anti-Clockwise 90°
Yd10 Yd4 and Invert 60°lead Rotate Anti-Clockwise 60°
Yd11 Ia = ( IA  IB ) / 3 30°lead Rotate Anti-Clockwise 30°
Ydy0 Ia = IA  ( IA  IB  IC) / 3 0° Use it for Reference – I0
Ydy12 Ydy0 and Invert 180°lag Rotate Clockwise 180° - I0

© OMICRON Slide 51
Case #3 Phase to Ground Through Fault
40 MVA
400/5
230.9 A 100 kV 200 kV 115.5 A Dy11 400/5
IA=115.470 Ia=1000
A IB=115.47180
a

B b
I0=0 I0=33.333
I1=66.667 I1=33.333
C I2=66.667 I2=33.333 c

IA=1.440 Ia=1.250
2 2
IB=1.44180 0.3465 0.6926

I0=0
I1=0.289
1 -1 0 IA 1 0 0 Ia
I2=0.289
(1/3) 0 1 -1 IB 0 1 0 Ib
I0=0.289
-1 0 1 IC I1=0.289 0 0 1 Ic
I2=0.289
1 1
3 3
Unbalance of “I0”
I0=0 caused the difference I0=0.289
I1=0.289 I1=0.289
I2=0.289 I2=0.289
© OMICRON Slide 52
Zero Sequence Elimination (IL-I0) with Case #3
IA=1.440 Ia=1.250
IB=1.44180 Ib=0
IC=0 Ic=0

0.3465 0.6926

I0=0 IA=0.500
Ia=0.8660 I0=0.289
I1=0.289 IB=0.50180
Ib=0 I1=0.289
I2=0.289 IC= 0
Ic=0 I2=0.289
IL–I0
Rotate Reference
1 -1 0 IA 1 0 0 Ia 2 -1 -1 Ia
(1/3) 0 1 -1 IB 0 1 0 Ib (1/3) -1 2 -1 Ib
-1 0 1 IC 0 0 1 Ic -1 -1 2 Ic

I0=0 IA=0.5770 Idiff, A = 0 Ia=0.5770 I0=0

I1=0.289 IB=0.288180 Idiff, B = 0 Ib=0.288180 I1=0.289
I2=0.289 IC=0.288180 Idiff, C = 0 Ic=0.288180 I2=0.289

© OMICRON Slide 53
Zero Sequence Elimination (IL-I0) with Case #3

IA=1.440 Ia=1.250
IB=1.44180 Ib=0
IC=0 Ic=0

0.3465 0.6926

I0=0 IA=0.500 Ia=0.8660 I0=0.289

I1=0.289 IB=0.50180 Ib=0 I1=0.289
I2=0.289 IC= 0 Ic=0 I2=0.289
Reference Rotate 30°clockwise
1 0 0 IA 1 0 -1 Ia
0 1 0 IB (1/3) -1 1 0 Ib
0 0 1 IC 0 -1 1 Ic

I0=0
IA=0.500 Idiff, A = 0 Ia=0.500 I0=0
I1=0.289 Idiff, B = 0 I1=0.289
IB=0.50180 Ib=0.50180
I2=0.289 IC= 0 Idiff, C = 0 Ic=0 I2=0.289

© OMICRON Slide 54
Zero Sequence Elimination Methods

> YD Connection (Interposing CT/Mathermatical correction)

IA=10 A n1/n2 = 3 Ia=(1/3)0 A

I0=0.333 Ic=(1/3)180 A I0=0

I1=0.333 I1=0.333
I2=0.333 I2=0.333

I0=0.333 10 1 -1 0 (1/3)0 I0=0

I1=0.333 0 (1/3) 0 1 -1 0 I1=0.333
I2=0.333 I2=0.333
0 -1 0 1 (1/3)180

© OMICRON Slide 55
Zero Sequence Elimination Methods

> YD Connection (Interposing CT/Mathermatical correction). Reason?

Iy,a 1 -1 0 Ix,a
Iy,b = (1/3) 0 1 -1 Ix,b
Iy,c -1 0 1 Ix,c

Ix in sequence component

Iy,a = (1/3)( Ix,a–Ix,b ) Ix,a = [ I0  I1  I2 ]

Iy,b = (1/3)( Ix,b–Ix,c ) Ix,b = [ I0  a2I1  aI2 ]
Iy,c = (1/3)( Ix,c–Ix,a ) Ix,c = [ I0  aI1  a2I2 ]

Iy,a = (1/3)[( I0  I1  I2) –(I0  a2I1  aI2 )]  [(1  a2)I1 + (1  a)I2]

Iy,b = (1/3)[( I0  a2I1  aI2 ) –(I0  aI1  a2I2 )]  [(a2  a)I1 + (a  a2)I2]
Iy,c = (1/3)[( I0  aI1  a2I2 ) –(I0  I1  I2)]  [(a  1)I1 + (a2  1)I2]

© OMICRON Slide 56
Zero Sequence Elimination Methods

> YdY Connection (Interposing CT/Mathermatical correction)

Ix,a=10 A Iy,a=(2/3)0 A
I0=0
I0=0.333
Iy,b=(1/3)180 A I1=0.333
I1=0.333
I2=0.333
I2=0.333 Iy,c=(1/3)180 A

10 2 -1 -1 (2/3)0
I0=0.333 I0=0
I1=0.333 0 (1/3) -1 2 -1 (-1/3)180 I1=0.333
I2=0.333 -1 -1 2 (-1/3)180 I2=0.333
0

1 -1 0 1 0 -1 2 -1 -1
(1/3) 0 1 -1 ×(1/3) -1 1 0 = (1/3) -1 2 -1
-1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 -1 2

© OMICRON Slide 57
Zero Sequence Elimination Methods
> YdY Connection (Interposing CT/Mathermatical correction). Reason?
Iy,a 2 -1 -1 Ix,a
Iy,b = (1/3) -1 2 -1 Ix,b
Iy,c -1 -1 2 Ix,c
Ix in sequence component

Iy,a = (1/3)(2Ix,a–Ix,b–Ix,c ) Ix,a = [ I0  I1  I2 ]

Iy,b = (1/3)(Ix,a  2Ix,b  Ix,c ) Ix,b = [ I0  a2I1  aI2 ]
Iy,c = (1/3)(Ix,a  Ix,b  2Ix,c ) Ix,c = [ I0  aI1  a2I2 ]

Iy,a = (1/3)[( 2I0  2I1  2I2) –(I0  a2I1  aI2 ) –(I0  aI1  a2I2 )]
 [(2  a2  a)I1 + (2  a  a2)I2]
Iy,b = (1/3)[ –(I0  I1  I2) (2I0  2a2I1  2aI2 ) –(I0  aI1  a2I2 )]
 [(1  2a2  a)I1 + (1  2a  a2)I2]
Iy,c = (1/3)[ –(I0  I1  I2) –(I0  a2I1  aI2 ) (2I0  2aI1  2a2I2 )]
 [(1  a  2a2)I1 + (1  a2  2a)I2]

© OMICRON Slide 58
Summary on Transformer Differential Protection
> What need to be considered?
> Matching the difference of the magnitude
> Matching the difference of phase angle difference & filtering zero sequence
current if it happen.

Magnitude Magnitude

?????? ??????

? ? ? IA ? ? ? Ia
Phase & I0
Phase & I0 ? ? ? IB ? ? ? Ib
? ? ? IC ? ? ? Ic

© OMICRON Slide 59
Correction and Elimination in Test Universe

This part relate to the transformer This part relate to the method for
connection which caused the phase filtering the zero sequence current.
angle difference & zero sequence
current.

© OMICRON Slide 60
Application Guideline
Protected Object Relay Setting Test Object
Phase & Io Elimination
Transformer Connection Ref. Side Io Eliminate
Case Method
no #
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Pri. or Sec. IL-I0/ None /YD /YDY

Yn Yn (x) 1 YD YD Prim. or Sec. YD

2 YdY YdY Prim. or Sec. IL-I0 or YDY
3 YY YdY Sec IL-I0 or YDY
4 YdY YY Prim IL-I0 or YDY
IL-I0, None, YD or
Yn D (x) 1 YD YY Sec
YDY
IL-I0, None, YD or
2 YD YdY Sec
YDY
IL-I0, None, YD or
D Yn (x) 1 YY YD Prim.
YDY
IL-I0, None, YD or
2 YdY YD Prim.
YDY
D D (x) 1 YD YD Prim. or Sec YD
2 YY YY Prim. or Sec IL-I0, None or YDY
3 YdY YdY Prim. or Sec IL-I0, None or YDY
4 YY YdY Prim. or Sec IL-I0, None or YDY
© OMICRON
5 YdY Slide 61
YY Prim. or Sec IL-I0, None or YDY
Application Guideline

Protected Object Relay Setting Test Object

Phase & Io Elimination

Transformer Connection Ref. Side Io Eliminate
Case Method
no #
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Pri. or Sec. IL-I0/ None /YD /YDY

Y Yn (x) 1 YD YD Prim. or Sec YD

2 YdY YdY Prim. or Sec IL-I0, None or YDY
3 YY YdY Prim. or Sec IL-I0 or YDY
Yn Y (x) 1 YD YD Prim. or Sec YD
2 YdY YdY Prim. or Sec IL-I0, None or YDY
3 YdY YY Prim. or Sec IL-I0 or YDY
Y Y (x) 1 YD YD Prim. or Sec YD
2 YY YY Prim. or Sec IL-I0, None or YDY
3 YdY YdY Prim. or Sec IL-I0, None or YDY
4 YY YdY Prim. or Sec IL-I0, None or YDY
5 YdY YY Prim. or Sec IL-I0, None or YDY

© OMICRON Slide 62
Using Interposing CT
YY
YD

YDY YD
© OMICRON Slide 63
Practical Example: SEL387T
YD Meaning

YD
YDY
YD
YDY
YD
Relay Setting YDY

YD
YDY

YD
YDY

YY YDY

© OMICRON Slide 64
Practical Example: ALSTOM KBCH
Relay Setting
YY YD Recomendation

YY YD

YY
YD

YY
YD
YY

YD
YY

YD
YDY

YDY
© OMICRON Slide 65
Practical Example: GE T60 Meaning

YDY
YY

YD YDY
YY

YD YDY
YY

YD YDY
YY
Relay Setting
YD YDY
YY

YD YDY
YY

YD
© OMICRON Slide 66 Slide: 51
Practical Example: TOSHIBA GRT Recomendation

Relay Setting

YY 0
1 YD
YY 2
3 YD
YY 4
5 YD
6
YY
7 YD
8
YY 9
YD
10
YY 11
YD

© OMICRON Slide 67
Practical Example: ABB RET670
Relay Setting

YDY
YY

YD
YD

YY
YDY YY
YDY

YD
YD

YDY YY YY
YDY

YD
YD

YDY YY
© OMICRON Slide 68
Practical Example: SIEMENS 7UT612 v4.0
Relay Setting

Reference
Side

YD
Side1 Side2
YDY Yn D..(1,3,5,7,9,11) YD
D Yn..(1,3,5,7,9,11)
YY
Yn Yn YDY
YDY Yn Y
Y Yn YY
YDY
Y Y YDY
YY YY YY

© OMICRON Slide 69
What else to be considered?

Diff / Restraint Characteristic

• Minimum pickup current
• Slopes

CT Saturation

Inrush current
• 2nd Harmonics

© OMICRON Slide 70
What else to be considered?

Diff / Restraint Characteristic

• Minimum pickup current
• Slopes

CT Saturation

Inrush current
• 2nd Harmonics

© OMICRON Slide 71
Differential/Restraint (Bias) Characteristic

> How does the differential protection decide whether the relay should send
the trip command or not?

?????? ??????

? ? ? IA ? ? ? Ia
? ? ? IB ? ? ? Ib
? ? ? IC ? ? ? Ic

Idiff,A > ???

Idiff,B > ??? OR Trip

87T Idiff,C > ???

Using threshold value to make decision

© OMICRON Slide 72
Excitation Current of Transformer

> Excitation Current of Transformer

> When used in connection with transformers, is the current or amperes
required getting the transformer to the point where it will operate. A certain
amount of energy is required to overcome the internal resistance of the
steel core. The exciting current on most transformers varies from
approximately 10% on small sizes of about 1 KVA and smaller to
approximately .5% to 4% on larger sizes up to 1000 KVA. The exciting
current is made up of two components, one of which is a real component
and is in the form of losses or referred to as no-load watts; the other is in
the form of reactive power and is referred to as KVAR.

© OMICRON Slide 73
Excitation Current of Transformer

400/5 Ip 300/5

Iexcite=5 Amp

40 MVA
0.0625 Amp
100 kV 200 kV

magnitude phase & I0 phase & I0 magnitude

0.0216 pu 0 pu
0.3465 1 1 0.5195
Idiff = 0.0216 pu
(400/5)/(40/3100 103) (300/5)/(40/3200 103)

Idiff (pu)

Tripping Area

0.0500 Safety margin

0.0216
IBias (pu)
© OMICRON Slide 74
Tap Charger Position

> A tap changer is a connection point

selection mechanism along a power
transformer winding that allows a
variable number of turns to be selected
in discrete steps. A transformer with a
variable turns ratio is produced,
enabling stepped voltage regulation of
the output. The tap selection may be
made via an automatic or manual tap
changer mechanism.

© OMICRON Slide 75
Tap Charger Position (Normal Tap)

400/5 Ip Is 300/5

IP=200 A Is=100 A

40 MVA
2.500A 1.667 A
100 kV 200 kV

magnitude phase & I0 phase & I0 magnitude

0.866pu 0.866pu
0.3465 1 1 0.5195

Idiff = 0 pu
(400/5)/(40/3100 103) (300/5)/(40/3200 103)

Idiff (pu)

Tripping Area

0.05
IBias (pu)
© OMICRON Slide 76
Tap Charger Position (Maximum Tap)

400/5 Ip Is 300/5

IP=230 A Is=100 A

40 MVA
2.875A 1.667 A
100 kV 230 kV

magnitude phase & I0 phase & I0 magnitude

0.996pu 0.866pu
0.3465 1 1 0.5195

Idiff = 0.13 pu
(400/5)/(40/3100 103) (300/5)/(40/3200 103)

Idiff (pu)

Tripping Area
0.20
0.13 Safety margin
0.05

IBias (pu)
© OMICRON Slide 77
Minimum Pickup

> Excitation Current of Transformer

> Position of Maximum Tap Charger

Idiff (pu)

Tripping Area

0.20

IBias (pu)

© OMICRON Slide 78
Current transformer Errors

> E.g.: CT Error 5% on Secondary Side (87% of rated load current)

Error = 5%
400/5 Ip Is 300/5
IP=200 A Is=100 A
1.667 A
40 MVA
2.500A
100 kV 200 kV 1.583 A

magnitude phase & I0 phase & I0 magnitude

0.866pu 0.820pu
0.3465 1 1 0.5195

Idiff = 0.046pu
(400/5)/(40/3100 103) (300/5)/(40/3200 103)
Idiff (pu)

Tripping Area

0.20
IBias (pu)
© OMICRON Slide 79
Current transformer Errors

> E.g.: CT Error 5% on Secondary Side (150% of rated load current) Error = 5%
400/5 Ip Is 300/5
IP=345 A Is=172.5A
2.875 A
40 MVA
4.3125A
100 kV 200 kV 2.731 A

magnitude phase & I0 phase & I0 magnitude

1.494pu 1.418pu
0.3465 1 1 0.5195

Idiff = 0.076pu
(400/5)/(40/3100 103) (300/5)/(40/3200 103)
Idiff (pu)

Tripping Area

0.20

Irestraint (pu) = Current Increase

© OMICRON Slide 80
Current transformer Errors

> E.g.: CT Error 5% on Secondary Side (1500% of rated load current)

Error = 5%
400/5 Ip Is 300/5
IP=3450 A Is=1725A
28.75 A
40 MVA
43.125A
100 kV 200 kV 27.31 A

magnitude phase & I0 phase & I0 magnitude

14.94pu 14.18pu
0.3465 1 1 0.5195

Idiff = 0.76pu
(400/5)/(40/3100 103) (300/5)/(40/3200 103)
Idiff (pu)

Tripping Area
Non-tripping Area
0.20

Irestraint (pu) = Current Increase

© OMICRON Slide 81
Slope 1 Is I‘p
I

1
> IEC 60044-1, IEC 61869-2 2

> Class P
> No requirements for remanence

> Class PR
> Max. remanence: 10 %
t
> Class PX Iexc
> Assessment with physical CT Data
I

IDiff (pu) t

Tripping Area

0.20 IBias (pu)

© OMICRON Slide 82
What else to be considered?

Diff / Restraint Characteristic

• Minimum pickup current
• Slopes

CT Saturation

Inrush current
• 2nd Harmonics

© OMICRON Slide 83
Hysteresis loop
BFe = Bmax (Saturation)

 1
B    VC t dt
A n A
0 < BFe < Bmax
B
Residual
magnetism
Coersive
force

H
BFE = 0
nI
H
lm

© OMICRON Slide 84
Impact of saturation on transfer behavior
Flux [Vs] / Current [A]

0A

Saturation Flux

0 Vs

time [ms]

© OMICRON Slide 85
Impact of saturation on Differential Protection

Grid F1 F2
CT1 CT2

Protection Protection
device 1 device 2
3

2,5

Different
2

1,5 saturation
IDiff

Similar
saturation
0,5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
IStab

© OMICRON Slide 86
CT Saturation

> In case the performance of CTs are not the same, then with the high
through fault current a CT might saturate on one side and the result to
increasing the differential current which caused unwanted trip command.
The differential protection must protect such this case.

IDiff (pu)

Tripping Area

Minimum
Pickup IBias (pu)

© OMICRON Slide 87
CT Saturation
IDiff (pu)
Using Two Slope

IDiff (pu)
Using CT Saturation Detector
Idiff >

IBias (pu)
IDiff (pu)
Increasing Slope 1

Idiff >

IBias (pu)

Idiff >

IBias (pu)

© OMICRON Slide 88
High Set of Differential Current

> In case that the internal fault occurs, usually the magnitude of fault current
is very high which may cause CT saturation,
> If the saturation causes a very severe saturation with consequence of high
harmonic content (2nd and 3rd ), the differential relay might block operation
because of harmonic (specially TR diff)
> For this reason the relay will provide the high set instantaneous value that
will trip for any harmonic in case of internal fault with CT saturation (very
high current)
IDiff (pu)
Idiff >>

Idiff >
IBias (pu)
© OMICRON Slide 89
Define the Diff/Bias characteristic in Test Universe

Diff Characteristic

Irestraint Calculation

© OMICRON Slide 90
What else to be considered?

Diff / Restraint Characteristic

• Minimum pickup current
• Slopes

CT Saturation

Inrush current
• Remanence
• 2nd Harmonics

© OMICRON Slide 91
Inrush Current

> When a transformer is initially connected to an AC source (e.g. circuit

breaker close), there could be a surge current passing through the primary
winding, which is called inrush current. The magnitude of this current could
be substantially high which can make the relay operate in the tripping area.
It will cause the relay send the wrong tripping command. Therefore, the
transformer differential protection must taking care inrush current. Mainly,
block trip comment from sending out.

i= ?????  Flux

© OMICRON Slide 92
How to detect?
Using Gap Detection

t>? t>? t>?

Using 2nd Harmonic Y

X

Fundamental Frequency 2nd Harmonic

2nd = (X/Y)100 > ?% = Inrush Current

© OMICRON Slide 93
Inrush Current and Remanence

© OMICRON Slide 94
Remanence – further influences (1/4)

> Excitation current measurement

> The excitation current measurement is a method to find defects in the core
> A magnetized core has a big influence on the excitation current and can lead to
a wrong interpretation of the measurements.

© OMICRON Slide 95
Remanence – further influences (2/4)
0.02A
Exciting Current @ 2kV
0.018A

0.016A
U with remanence
V with remanence
0.014A
W with remanence
0.012A
U without remanence
0.01A
V without remanence
0.008A
W without remanence
0.006A

0.004A

0.002A

0.0A
A demagnetized core is essential for a relailable exciting current measurement

© OMICRON Slide 96
Remanence – further influences (3/4)

> SFRA measurement (sweep frequency response analysis)

> Comparison of signals generates unique frequency response which can be
compared to reference data
> Deviations indicate geometrical and/or electrical changes within the transformer
> No additional data processing required due to direct measurement in the
frequency domain Leads
Interaction
between Winding
winding structure
Core influence

Phase A before demag

Phase A after demag

© OMICRON Slide 97
SFRA of a 350MVA transformer (4/4)

© OMICRON Slide 98
Solutions: Transformer Demagnetization

> Demagnetization can be done with rated voltage at rated frequency or

alternatively with reduced voltage at reduced frequency.

© OMICRON Slide 99
Remanence, No More!

© OMICRON Slide 100

Testing Modules for Current Differential Protection

> The test procedure for current differential protection testing are mainly for:
> Proving there is no trip when external fault happens.
> Proving the Diff/Restraint characteristic: minimum pickup, slops and highset.
> Proving trip time for Idiff > and Idiff >>.
> Proving the 2nd/5th harmonic blocking function.

Modules suggested:
> Diff Configuration: For simulation the external fault.
> Diff Operating Characteristics: Testing the diff/bias characteristic.
> Diff Trip Time Characteristics: Testing the trip time characteristic.
> Diff Harmonic Restrain: Testing the harmonic bloking characteristic.
> RelaySimTest: Advanced module for network simulation

© OMICRON Slide 101

Generator Differential Protection (very briefly)

1812 May 2017

May 2017
Generator Differential Protection 87G - Test Object
Parameters about Generator Parameters about CT

© OMICRON Slide 103

Generator Differential Protection 87G - Test Object
Parameters about the Protection

© OMICRON Slide 104

Generator Differential Protection 87G - Test Object

> How to draw the diff characteristics

Start point
Auto filled in

© OMICRON Slide 105

Motor Differential Protection (also very briefly)

1812 May 2017

May 2017
Motor Differential Protection 87M

I1

I2
> Healthy condition: I1 + I2 = 0

I1

I2 IFault
> Faulty condition: I1 + I2 + IFault= 0
> I1 + I2 = Idiff ≠ 0

© OMICRON Slide 107

Motor Differential Protection 87M

> Percentage differential protection > Standard overcurrent relay

High impedance relay

© OMICRON Slide 108

Motor Differential Protection 87M

Modules suggested:
> Pulse Ramp: Test the 87M pickup levels (starting & running)

> State Sequencer: Delay Time verification (starting & running)

© OMICRON Slide 109

System-based Testing of
Transformer Differential Protection

1812 May 2017

May 2017
Slide 110
Application Example

© OMICRON Slide 111

Test Case 1 – Stable Load Flow

© OMICRON Slide 112

Test Case 2 – Fault on HV Busbar

© OMICRON Slide 113

Test Case 3 – Fault on LV Busbar

© OMICRON Slide 114

Test Case 4 – Fault on HV Winding

© OMICRON Slide 115

Test Case 5 – Fault on LV Winding

© OMICRON Slide 116

Test Case 6 – Double ground fault on LV Side

© OMICRON Slide 117

System-based Testing of
Line Differential Protection

1812 May 2017

May 2017
Slide 118
Application Example

© OMICRON Slide 2
Settings of the System Under Test Menu in
RelaySimTest

© OMICRON Slide 120

Settings of the System Under Test Menu in
RelaySimTest

© OMICRON Slide 121

Test Case 1 - Charging and Load Current

© OMICRON Slide 122

Test Case 2 and 3 – Fault on Busbar

© OMICRON Slide 123

Test Case 4 – Double Infeed, Fault on Line

© OMICRON Slide 124

Test Case 5 and 6 – Single Infeed, Fault on Line (1/2)

© OMICRON Slide 125

Test Case 5 and 6 – Single Infeed, Fault on Line (2/2)

© OMICRON Slide 126

System-based Testing of
Busbar Protection

1812 May 2017

May 2017
Slide 127
Application Example

© OMICRON Slide 2
Drawing the Topology in RelaySimTest

© OMICRON Slide 129

Enter Element Names

© OMICRON Slide 130

Configuration of Infeed Data

© OMICRON Slide 131

Test Case 2 and 3 – Single Infeed, Fault on Busbar

© OMICRON Slide 132

System verification

© OMICRON Slide 133

Configuration of Field Units and Central Unit

© OMICRON Slide 134

Test sets configuration

© OMICRON Slide 135

Test sets configuration

© OMICRON Slide 136

Suitable test cases

© OMICRON Slide 137

Test case 1 – Wiring and CT ratio check

© OMICRON Slide 138

Test case 2 – Stable load flow

© OMICRON Slide 139

Test case 3 – Fault outside of bay A

© OMICRON Slide 140

Test case 4 – Fault outside of bay A – External
Breaker Failure

© OMICRON Slide 141

Test case 5 – Fault on busbar B

© OMICRON Slide 142

Test Case 6 – Fault on busbar B – Breaker Failure Bay B

© OMICRON Slide 143

Test Case 7 – End Zone Fault

© OMICRON Slide 144

Test Case 8 – Fault in the dead zone

© OMICRON Slide 145

Test Case 9 – Fault on busbar A – Rigid coupling

© OMICRON Slide 146

End of Day 3

Q&A

© OMICRON Slide 147