Timber Design according to EC5

Timber Design according to EC5

EN 1995-1-1:2004

Summary of the AxisVM implementation

• sturctural timber materials, partial factors

• load duration classes, service classes
• material properties for global analysis
• cross-sections, design elements
• design strength of timber materials (modification factors)
• checks of timber elements
• design in seismic enviroment
Timber Design according to EC5

Sturctural timber materials EN 338, EN 1194

• Solid timber /softwood(C), hardwood(D)/
• Glued-laminated timber (Glulam)
• Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
Characteristic strength Notation Modulus of elasticity Notation
Mean value parallel to grain E0,mean
Bending strength fm,k Mean value perpendicular to grain E90,mean
Tensile strength parallel to grain ft,0,k 5% value of modulus parallel to E0,05
grain
Tensile strength perpendicular to grain ft,90,k
Mean value of shear modulus Gmean
Compression strength parallel to grain fc,0,k

Compression strength perependicular fc,90,k

to grain Density Notation

Shear strength perpendicular to the fv,k,y Characteristic value of density ρk

grain in y direction
Mean value of density ρmean
Shear strength perpendicular to the fv,k,z
grain in z direction
Timber Design according to EC5

Partial factor (γγM)

Timber type Fundamental Accidental

combination combination
Solid timber 1,30 1,0
Glued laminated timber (Glulam) 1,25 1,0
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 1,20 1,0
Timber Design according to EC5

Load duration classes and service classes

Load duration class Order of accumulated Examples of loading

duration of characteristic
load
Permanent more than 10 years self-weight
Long-term 6 months – 10 years storage
Medium-term 1 week – 6 months imposed floor load, snow
Short-term less than one week snow, wind
Instantaneous wind, accidental load

Service class Environmental condition

1 the relative humidity in the surrounding air only exceeding 65% for a
few weeks per year*
2 the relative humidity in the surrounding air only exceeding 85% for a
few weeks per year*
3 The climatic condition leading to higher moisture contents than
Service Class 2
(*) the moisture content in the materials corresponding to a temperature of 20 Co
Timber Design according to EC5

Material properties for global analysis

Analysis type Modulus Modulus

SLS ULS
Emean Emean
Emean, fin = Emean, fin = (*)
First-order linear elastic analysis (1 + k def ) (1 + ψ 2 ⋅ k def )
Gmean Gmean (*)
Gmean, fin = Gmean, fin =
(1 + k def ) (1 +ψ 2 ⋅ k def )
Emean Emean
Ed = Ed =
Second-order linear elastic analysis γM γM

Gmean Gmean
Gd = Gd =
γM γM
Vibration analysis Emean Gmean Emean Gmean

(*) conservative way ψ 2 = 1,0 is used

Material type kdef

Service class 1 Service class 2 Service class 3

Solid timber 0,60 0,80 2,0
Glued laminated timber (Glulam) 0,60 0,80 2,0
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 0,60 0,80 2,0
Timber Design according to EC5

Cross-sections, design elements

Design assumptions:
• the grain parallel with the member x axis
• there is no hole or other weaking in the members
• the dominant bending plane is the x-z plane of the member (moment about y axis)
• Iy >= Iz
• in case of Glued-laminated timber (Glulam) the laminates are parallel with the y axis
• in case of Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) the laminates are parallel with the z axis

x
z

y y
Timber Design according to EC5

Cross-sections, design elements

Solid timber Glued-laminated timber Laminated veneer lumber

(softwood, hardwood) (Glulam) (LVL)
Timber Design according to EC5

Design strength of timber materials

Strength modification factors

• kmod factor depending on the duration of load and the moisture content

• kh factor depending on the cross-section size and the reference depth size

• kl factor depending on the member length and the reference length

• kvol factor depending on the apex zone volume and the reference volume
Timber Design according to EC5

Design strength of timber materials

• kmod modification factor

Material type Service kmod

class
Permanent Long Medium Short Instant.
term term term

Solid timber 1 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10

2 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
3 0,50 0,55 0,65 0,70 0,90
Glued laminated timber 1 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
(Glulam) 2 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
3 0,50 0,55 0,65 0,70 0,90
Laminated veneer lumber 1 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
(LVL) 2 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
3 0,50 0,55 0,65 0,70 0,90
Timber Design according to EC5

Design strength of timber materials

• kh modification factor

Material type kh

Solid timber
(if h < 150 mm)  150  0 , 2
k h = min   or 1,3
 h 

Glued laminated timber

(Glulam)  600  0 ,1
(if h < 600 mm) k h = min   or 1,1
 h 

Laminated veneer lumber

(LVL)  300  S
k h = min   or 1,2
 h 
Timber Design according to EC5

Design strength of timber materials

• kl modification factor

Material type kl

Laminated veneer lumber  3000  S / 2

(LVL) kl = min   or 1,1
 l 
Timber Design according to EC5

Design strength of timber materials

• kvol modification factor

Material type kvol

Solid timber 1,0

where,
Glued laminated timber
0,2
(Glulam) V  V0 is the reference volume (0,01 m3)
k vol = 0
Laminated veneer lumber V  V is the stressed volume of the apex zone,
(LVL) and V < 0,67Vb (total volume of the beam)
Timber Design according to EC5

Design strength of timber materials

• Design strength calculation

Material type fm,k ft,0,k ft,90,k , fc,0,k

fc,90,k , fv,k
Solid timber

k mod ⋅ k h ⋅ f t , 0,k
f t ,0, d =
γM
Glued laminated timber k mod ⋅ k h ⋅ f m , k k mod ⋅ f k
(Glulam) f m ,d = fd =
γM γM

Laminated veneer lumber k mod ⋅ k l ⋅ f t ,0 ,k

(LVL) f t ,0, d =
γM
Timber Design according to EC5

Checks of timber elements

(interaction formulas for different design situation)

• Normal force, Moments (stress check parallel to the grain)

• Compression force, Moments (in plane buckling check)
• Moment (y), Normal force (lateral torsional buckling check)
• Shear (y), Torsion (shear check)
• Shear (z), Torsion (shear check)
• Moment (y), (tension stress perpendicular to the grain check)
Timber Design according to EC5

Checks of timber elements

(interaction formulas for different design situation)

Normal force, Moments (stress check)

Tension and moment Compression and moment

σt,0,d σm,y,d σm,z,d 2

σc,0,d  σm,y,d σm,z,d
+ +km ≤1  
ft,0,d fm,y,d fm,z,d  f  + f +km f ≤1
 c,0,d  m,y,d m,z,d

2
σt,0,d σm,y,d σm,z,d σc,0,d  σ σ
+km + ≤1   +km m,y,d + m,z,d ≤1
ft,0,d fm,y,d fm,z,d f  fm,y,d fm,z,d
 c,0,d 

where,
km = 0,7 for rectangular sections
km = 1,0 for other cross-sections
Timber Design according to EC5

Checks of timber elements

(interaction formulas for different design situation)

Compression force, Moments (in plane buckling check)

Compression and moment

σc,0, d σ m, y,d σ m, z, d
+ + km ≤1
kc, y ⋅ fc,0, d fm, y,d fm, z, d

σc,0, d σ m, y, d σm, z, d
+ km + ≤1
kc, z ⋅ fc,0,d fm, y, d fm, z, d

where,
km = 0,7 for rectangular sections
km = 1,0 for other cross-sections
kc,y = buckling reduction factor
kc,z = buckling reduction factor
Timber Design according to EC5

Checks of timber elements

(interaction formulas for different design situation)

Moment (y), Normal force (lateral torsional buckling check)

Moment and compression Moment and small tension

2
 σm,d  σc,d σmc,d
  + ≤1
 k ⋅ f  k ⋅ f ≤1 kcrit ⋅ fm,d
 crit m,d  c, z c,0,d

where, where,
kc,z is the buckling reduction factor
Md Nd
kcrit is the lateral torsional buckling σmc,d = + <0
reduction factor: Wy A
λrel,m ≤ 0,75 kcrit = 1,0
0,75 < λrel,m ≤ 1,4 kcrit = 1,56-0,75 λ rel,m
λrel,m ≤ 0,75 kcrit = 1/ l2rel,m
Timber Design according to EC5

Checks of timber elements

(interaction formulas for different design situation)

Shear (y), Torsion (shear check) SIA 265:2003

Shear(y) and Torsion

2
τ tor, d τ 
+  v , y ,d  ≤1

k shape ⋅ f v , d  f v, d 

where,
kshape is the cross-section shape factor:
kshape = 1,2 for circular cross-section
kshape = min{1 + 0,15h / b; 2,0} for rectangular cross-sections
Timber Design according to EC5

Checks of timber elements

(interaction formulas for different design situation)

Shear (z), Torsion (shear check) SIA 265:2003

Shear(y) and Torsion

2
τ tor,d τ 
+  v , z ,d  ≤1

k shape ⋅ f v,d  f v ,d 

where,
kshape is the cross-section shape factor:
kshape = 1,2 for circular cross-section
kshape = min{1 + 0,15h / b; 2,0} for rectangular cross-sections
Timber Design according to EC5

Checks of timber elements

(interaction formulas for different design situation)

Moment (y), (tension stress perpendicular to the grain check)

Moment(y)

σ t ,90,d
≤1
k dis ⋅ kvol ⋅ f t ,90, d

where,
kdis is the stress distribution factor in apex zone factor (k dis =1,4)
kvol is the volume modifiction factor in the apex zone
Timber Design according to EC5

Timber structure design in seismic enviroment

(Response-spectrum analysis)

Ductility class Criteria γM

Solid timber: γM = 1,30
Low (DCL) q =< 1,5
Glulam: γM = 1,25
LVL: γM = 1,20
Medium (DCM) 1,5 < q =< 2,5 γM = 1,0
High (DCH) 2,5 < q γM = 1,0

- The dissapitive zones have to be concentrated into the joints

- The timber elements works in elastic assuption