MAPS and GLOBES

Fill in the Blanks:-

1. The important features of Map are – Title, Direction, Scale, Legend and symbols
and Grid.
2. The different types of a Map are – Political, Physical and Thematic.
3. A Sketch is a rough drawing of a small area showing only some landmarks to help us
locate a place, without correct measurements and symbols.
4. A Plan is a drawing of a small area like a building or compound but with correct
measurements and all details.
5. The horizontal lines on a map are called the Parallels of Latitude.
6. The vertical lines on the map are called the meridians of longitude.
7. The line of Latitude running horizontally midway across the globe is called the
Equator.
8. The Line of longitude running midway, vertically, joining the two poles is called the
Prime Meridian.
9. A Compass is a small instrument which contains a magnetic needle that swings
freely. Compass gives us an idea of directions.
10. The earliest maps were drawn on Slabs of Baked clay.
11. The word ‘map’ comes from the latin word mappa which means napkin/cloth.
12. A Cartographer is one who draws maps. The art of map making is known as
Cartography.
1. The ratio between map distance and ground distance is called scale.
2. A graphic scale has both primary and secondary divisions.
3. The direction to the left of the north line is west
4. A topographical map is an example of a thematic map.
5. A map which shows relief and human features is a thematic map.
6. To find out the direction of a place we use cardinal points.
7. The legend explains the signs and symbols given on a map.
8. The index is usually printed in the last pages of an atlas.
9. The person who makes a map is called a cartographer.
10. A map with a smaller scale is use to represent a large area.
11. A Globe is a small scale 3-dimensional model of the earth.
12. Maps are a way of showing many features about a portion of the Earth’s surface on a
flat piece of paper.
13. Grid system on a map helps us to locate a place correctly.

Multiple choice questions

1. The measurement or use of a scale is very important while drawing a
(a) plan (b) sketch
(c) map (d) globe
2. Grid system helps us
(a) to locate places (b) to find direction
(c) to find height of a place (d) to find the climatic condition of a place
3. Contours are the imaginary lines that join the places of same
(a) altitude (b) difference in height
(c) direction of slopes (d) none of these
4. A topographical map showing both natural features like hills, streams, small
depressions, sand dunes as well as man-made features like wells, huts, temples is a
(a) small-scale map (b) large-scale map
(c) physical map (d) political map
Answer briefly:-
Qus 1) What is a Map? What are the different things it can show?
Ans 1) Map is a representation of the Earth or a part of it, on a flat piece of paper.
Map is drawn to scale. The different things a map can show are
(a) Continents, countries and cities
(b) height of land and depth of sea
(c) mountains, plateaus, plains and rivers
(d) It also gives us information such as weather, agriculture, industries,
roads and railways

Qus 1A) What are the different things a Map can show?
Ans 1A) The different things a map can show are
(a) Continents, countries and cities
(b) height of land and depth of sea
(c) mountains, plateaus, plains and rivers etc.
(d) It also gives us information such as weather, agriculture, industries,
roads and railways.

Qus 2) What are the four cardinals and intermediate directions?

Ans 2) The four cardinals are North, South, East and West. The intermediate
(Cardinal) directions are NE (North-East), NW (North-West), SE (South-East) and SW
(South-West).

Qus 3) Why do we use Maps? State the ways in which maps are useful to us?
Ans 3) Maps are used by students, tourists, engineers and army. They are used for
1. Maps are used by engineers and government organisations for town planning and
road/bridge buildings.
2. Maps are used by students and tourists to gather accurate information of places.
3. Sailors and Pilots need maps to navigate.
4. Maps are used by Army to plan their defence against enemy attack.
5. Maps are used to calculate the distance between any two places using the scale.

Qus 4) Why does a map have a North Line?

And 4) Map has a North line to show the North direction of the map. This North
Direction along with other Cardinal Points help us to Locate a place on the map and Find
the accurate direction of a place

Qus 5) Why is it necessary to draw a map according to a particular scale?

Ans 5) The distance on the Earth are vast and a map cannot be drawn equal to the
size of Earth. Hence they are reduced in size according to the scale.

Qus 6) What is a Statement scale?

Ans 6) A statement scale is expressed by giving a statement. ex 1 cms on a map
represents actual distance of 1 kms or 1 cms = 1kms

Qus 7) What is a representative fraction?

Ans 7) A Representative fraction or scale is expressed as a fraction. A representative
fraction is the ratio of distance on map to distance on ground.
Thus RF = Distance on Map or RF = 1 :10,00,000 or RF = ____1___
Actual Distance 1,00,000
Qus 8) Mention two advantages and disadvantages of a map?
And 8) Advantages of a map:-
(a) A map is drawn on two dimensional piece of paper. It can be folded and
easily carried.
(b) Maps can be drawn according to theme so that they are not cluttered
up.
(c) It is easy to calculate distance between two places using the scale.
Disadvantages of a map:-
(a) Maps are not very accurate.
(b) Maps are least distorted in centre but most distorted away from the
centre.
(c) The shape and size of the continents is distorted on maps.

Qus 9) Why are directions shown on a map?

Ans 9)

Qus 10) Why are legends and conventional signs and symbols important parts of a
map?
Ans 10) Maps give information of Earth’s surface. The features about a place are
represented by different colours, signs and symbols. The key or legend is a collection of
various these signs, symbols and colours which are used in the map.in different shades.
Therefore the legends and conventional signs and symbols allow us to interpret what is on
the map.
Some conventional colours used in maps are –
Blue for water bodies such as rivers, seas and oceans
Brown for mountains, plateaus and hills
Yellow for deserts

Give one word answer:-

1) An arrow with its head pointing to the North
Ans) North Line

2) The relative position of a place with reference to the North.

Ans) Cardinal directions

3) The ratio between map distance and ground distance.

Ans) Scale

4) A small sized replica of the Earth.

Ans) Globe.

5) The study of map-making.

Ans) Cartography.

6) A collection of maps in the form of a book.

Ans) Atlas

7) Maps which show information about landforms.

Ans) Physical maps.

8) Proportion by which a map has been reduced.

Ans) Map Scale
Distinguish between
Qus 1) Large –scale and Small-scale map
Ans 1)
Large Scale maps Small scale maps

Large scale maps show a smaller area on a Small scale maps show a large area in a small
larger sized map. size.

More details are shown on map These maps show less detail

Eg Topographical map showing natural and man-

Maps in an Atlas
made features

Qus 2) Cardinal directions and Intermediate directions

Ans 2)

Cardinal directions Intermediate directions

North, South, East and West are the four NE, NW, SE and SW are known as the
Cardinal Directions. intermediary directions.

Qus 3) Representative fraction and Linear scale

Ans 3)

Qus 4) Sketch and Plan

Ans 4)

Sketch Plan

A Sketch is a rough drawing of a small area
showing relative position of a place with respect
to other places.
Sketch is drawn without correct measurements
and symbols.
A Plan is a drawing of a small are like a house,
classroom or a multi storey building or
compound.
Plan is always with correct measurement and all
details.

Sketch is used to help people locate a place. Plan shows accurate details.
Qus 5) Map and Plan
Ans 5)

Map Plan

A Map is a special drawing to show how an area

A Plan is a drawing of a small area like a house,
would look from above. A Map is drawn of a
classroom or a multi storey building or compound.
Large area like city, state etc

A small scale is used to draw a map A large scale is used to draw a Plan

A map cannot show too many details A plan shows accurate details

Qus 6) Globe and Atlas

Ans 6)

Globe Atlas

A collection of maps in the form of a book is

A globe is a true replica of earth.
called an Atlas
 The Earth and Solar System

Star - A heavenly/celestial body with heat and light of its own. Sun is a nearest star to Earth.
It is about 150 million km from Earth. Proxima Centauri is next star after Sun which is
nearest to Earth.
Solar System - The Solar system is the family of the Sun. Solar system includes the Sun in
centre, eight planets including the Earth and satellites. It also has the asteroids, meteors
and comets.
Planets are Heavenly bodies which revolve around the Sun. There are eight planets.
Planets do not have their own heat and light. They shine when they reflect the light received
from the Sun. Planet means ‘wanderer’.
Satellite – Satellites are small heavenly body revolving around a planet. Satellite means
‘follower’ or ‘attendant’. First Indian satellite launched in 1975 was Aryabhatta.
Asteroids are Small planetary bodies that revolve around the Sun. They are called
‘Planetoids’ or ‘minor planets’. Asteroids are found in our solar system lying between the
orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This region is called Asteroid belt. There are about 40,000
asteroids. Ceres is the largest asteroid.
Galaxy - A collection of a large number of stars.
Constellation - A group of stars forming a definite pattern.
Atmosphere - The blanket or layer of air around the Earth.
Light Year - The distance travelled by light in one year. It is a unit used to
express the distances between heavenly bodies. The speed of light is 3,00,000 km per
second. One light year is equal to 9.46 trillion kms (approx).

Multiple choice questions:-

1. Which of the following is a star?
(a) Comet (b) Asteroid (c) Sun (d) Venus
2. What is the periodic time of Halley Comet? Last seen – 1986. Will appear in 2062 CE
(a) 67 years (b) 76 years (c) 86 years (d) 96 years
3. Which planet of solar system has the maximum number of satellites?
(a) Mercury (b) Jupiter (c) Venus (d) Saturn
4. How many satellites does Mercury have?
(a) 30 (b) 21 (c) 8 (d) 0
5. Asteroids are found in our solar system between the orbits of
(a) Mars and Jupiter (b) Mercury and Venus
(c) Earth and Mars (d) Jupiter and Saturn

Fill in the blanks:-

1. A large clustering of stars is called a Galaxy.
2. The nearest star, after the Sun, is Proxima Centauri.
3. The path taken by planets around the Sun is called its orbit.
4. The most important source of heat and energy is the Sun.
5. The belt of asteroids lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
6. Halley’s Comet will appear again in 2062 CE.
7. Mercury completes one revolution around the Sun in about 88 days.
8. Mercury and Venus are the only planets which do not have any known satellite.
9. The smallest planet in the solar system is Mercury.
10. The coldest planet in the solar system is Neptune.
11. The Earth is not a perfect sphere. It is a Geoid.
12. The brightest object in the evening sky is Venus. It is known as morning star and
evening star because it is the brightest object in sky after Sun and Moon.
13. The Phase of new Moon – Amavasya and phase of full moon – Purnima.
14. Distance between Earth and Moon – 3,84,000 kms.
15. Moon revolves around the Earth in 27 days and 8 hours.
16. Largest Satellite of Jupiter – Ganymede and Saturns Largest satellite is Titan.
17. Largest asteroid – Ceres.
18. Pole star or north star is also known as Dhruva Tara. It is the brightest star in the
night. It indicates north direction and is used for navigation.
19. The temp inside the core of Sun is 15 million Kelvin and on the surface is about
60000 C.
20. Saturn is known as Jewel of the Solar System.
21. Jupiter – Great Red Spot.
22. Dwarf Planets – Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake and Haumea.
23. All the outer planets have many rings and moons.
24. Venus is known as the Morning Star of the sky.
25. Dhruv tara and the Saptarshi are part of Ursa Major Constellation.
26. Venus is hottest planet. Venus is known as Earths twin because it has mass, size
and density similar to that of earth.
27. All planets except venus and Uranus rotate from west to east.
28. Saturn has a great white spot while Jupiter has great red spot.
29. Neptune is greenish-blue in colour because of methane gas in its atmosphere.
30.
Match the following columns:-
1. Group of Stars A Venus - 6
2. Universe B Halley - 4
3. Meteor C Constellation - 1
4. Comet D Big Bang Theory - 2
5. Satellite E Shooting star - 3
6. Earth’s twin F Moon - 5

1. Mercury (a) The blue planet - 3

2. Mars (b) Ringed planet - 4
3. Earth (c) Nearest planet to the Sun - 1
4. Saturn (d) The largest planet - 5
5. Jupiter (e) The red planet - 2
6. The Milky Way (f) Asteroid - 9
7. The Great Bear (g) Dwarf planet - 8
8. Pluto (h) Galaxy - 6
9. Ceres (i) Satellite - 10
10. Moon (j) Constellation - 7

Distinguish between the following:-

1. A Planet and a Star
Ans) A Planet is a heavenly body that wanders around the sun, but has no light of its own.
They shine when they reflect light from the Sun
A star is celestial/heavenly body which has its own heat and light.

2. A Galaxy and Constellation

Ans) A Galaxy is a collection of stars held together by a gravitational force between each
other
A constellation is a cluster of stars that forms a definite shape or pattern.

3. Meteorites and Asteroids

Ans) Meteorites are meteors or shooting stars which do not burn up entirely and fall on
the Earth's surface as pieces of rocks.
Asteroids–also called planetoids are small planetary bodies that revolve around the
sun in their own orbits. They are generally found between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter.

4. Comet and Meteor

Ans) Comet is a heavenly body made of dust, ice particles and gases. They revolve
around the sun and start glowing when they come near it. It has a head of frozen
gases called a coma and a long tail behind it.
Meteors are small heavenly bodies mainly pieces of rock and dust, that are pulled
towards the Earth by the Earth's gravitational force. These are also called shooting
stars as they burn up when they enter the Earth's atmosphere.

5. Planets and Satellites

Ans)
Planets Satellites
Planets means wanderer Satellite means attendant
Planets revolve around Sun Satellites revolve around Planets
Planets are generally larger than Satellites Satellites are smaller than Planets
Planets are natural Satellites are man- made also
There are 153 known natural satellites and
There are 8 planets
many man – made satellites.

Give short answers for each of the following:-

Qus 1) Why do you see 'phases of the Moon'?
Ans 1) The moon reflects the light of the Sun. The visible shape of the moon changes
every night as different parts of it are lighted up by the Sun's light as it changes its position.
These changing shapes of the moon are called the phases of the moon.

Qus 2) What are Comets? What are the two types of comets?
Ans 2) Comets are heavenly bodies made of dust, ice particles and gases. They
revolve around the Sun and start glowing when they come near it.
It has a head of frozen gases called coma and long tail behind it. The two types of comets
are periodical and non periodical.

Qus 3) What is a constellation? Name a few.

Ans 3) A constellation is a cluster of stars forming a definite shape or pattern. These
pattern may resemble some mythical characters or objects and therefore be named after
them. Some constellations are Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Orion, Aries, Cancer, Gemini,
Cassiopeia, Leo etc.

Qus 4) Why do we always see the same side of the Moon?

Ans 4) We always see the same side of the moon because, the Earth and the Moon
have similar period of rotation on its axis (Earth) and period of revolution around the Earth
(moon). This allows a man living on the Earth to see the same side of the moon all the time.

Qus 5) Earth is the only planet that supports life. Comment.

Ans 5) The Earth is a only planet that supports life because
• The Earth is at a right distance from the Sun and therefore it has a moderate
temperature.
 • The Earth is surrounded by an atmosphere which is able to regulate the
temperature. It also protects us from the harmful rays of the Sun.
• The atmosphere is made up of some life supporting gases which allow plants
and animals to survive.
• The Earth has water—one of the most important requirements necessary for
life.
Qus 6) Why does Mercury experience extremes of temperatures?
Ans 6) Mercury experiences extremes of temperatures as it has no atmosphere to
regulate temperature.

Qus 7) Why are comets not seen every day?

Ans 7) Comets are seen only when they are glowing, which happens only when it
comes close to the Sun. Non-periodical comets appear and then disappear. Periodical
comets are seen only after fixed intervals of time.

Qus 8) Why is Earth called the blue planet and Mercury the red planet?
Ans 8) The Earth is called the Blue Planet –as more then (3/4th) three fourths of its
surface is covered with water—so it is a watery planet or blue planet—whereas Mars is
called the Red Planet because its surface is covered with a reddish soil and rocks.

One Word Answer

1. Heavenly bodies having their own light - Star
2. Collapsing clouds of gases - Nebula
3. Unit to measure distances in space - Light Years
4. The path of a planet around the sun - Orbit
5. The largest planet - Jupiter
6. The planet with 27 moons - Uranus
7. The hottest planet - Venus
8. The planet nearest to the sun - Mercury
9. Pluto’s satellite - Charon
10. Depression on the moon - crater
11. Small, rocky bodies leftover after formation of planets - asteroids
12. Dirty snowball - comet
13. Earth’s natural satellite - moon
14. Contain million of stars - galaxy
15. The most beautiful planet - Saturn
16. The planet nearest to the Sun - Mercury
17. Pluto’s satellite - Charon
18. The Jewel of the Solar System - Saturn

Short Answer Questions:-

Qus 1) How much time the rays of the sun takes to reach the earth?
Ans 1) 8 Minutes.

Qus 2) Compare the gravity of the earth and moon. Which one is heavier?
Ans 2) The earth’s gravity is 9.8 and the Moon’s gravity is 1.6. So, the earth is
heavier.

Qus 3) Name three other Dwarf Planets along Pluto.

Ans 3) Ceres, Eris, Haumea and Makemake are Dwarf Planets.

Qus 4) Name two planets that have more than 50 satellites or moons?
Ans 4) Jupiter and Saturn have 63 and 62 moons respectively.

Qus 5) Describe the shape of the Earth?

Ans 5) Earths shape is Geoid i.e. spherical in shape slightly flattened at the poles and
bulging at the equator.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. These are objects that revolve around a planet.
a. Planets b. Comets c. Meteors d. Satellites
2. Light year means
a. Distance that Earth travels b. Distance that air travels
c. Distance that light travels d. All the above
3. Pole star means
(a) Akash Tara (b) Dhruva Tara (c) Ganga Tara (d) None of the above
4. A type of constellation -
a. Orion b. Nebula c. Proxima centaury d. Sirius
5. It is also known as the Morning Star.
a. Mars b. Neptune c. Pluto d. Venus

Give one word for the following.

1. A meteor that reaches the Earth’s surface - meteorites
2. Large depressions on the Moon - crater
3. A natural satellite of the Earth - moon
4. A celestial object with a tail - comet
5. Star used for navigation - Pole star/North star/Dhruva Tara

Give short answers for each of the following:-

Qus) State two main uses of artificial satellites.
Ans) The two main uses of Artificial satellites are
(a) used for communications and navigation
(b) used for gathering weather information,

Why do some artificial satellites appear stationary?

How were asteroids formed?

Why does the Earth appear blue when observed from space.

Long answer type questions:-

Qus 1) Of all the eight planets and Moons, why is life possible only on Earth?
Ans 1)

Qus 2) Differentiate between: Meteoroids and Meteorites

Ans 2) Meteorids are small heavenly bodies that revolve around the Sun. They are
made up of rocks and dust. Sometimes Meteors also known as shooting stars do not burn
up completely and fall on the Earth’s surface as Meteorites.

Qus 3) The Sun is a star. Why do you say that?

Ans 3) The Sun is a star of medium size and average brightness because like all
other stars Sun is a large hot ball made up of gases mainly hydrogen and helium.

Qus 4) Differentiate between: Star and Planet

Ans 4) Star are large hot balls made up of gases mainly hydrogen and helium. Stars
are luminous bodies which emit their own light and heat. Planets are non-luminous bodies
which do not have their own heat and light. Planets are revolving around the Sun in a fixed
elliptical orbit.

Qus 5) Why is the earth considered a unique planet in the solar system?
Ans 5)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. It is also known as the Morning Star.
a) Mars b) Neptune c) Pluto d) Venus
2. A type of constellation
a) Orion b) Nebula c) Proxima Centauri d) Sirius
3. The map of a small area showing many details is a:
a) Small Scale Map b) Large Scale Map c) Huge Scale Map d) Plan
4. What causes faulting?
a) Tectonic movements b) Erosion c) Weathering d) Volcanic activity
5. What is molten rock beneath the surface of the earth called?
a) Mineral b) Lava c) Magma d) Solid rock
6. The Himalayas, Rockies and Andes are
a) Rift valleys b) Block mountains c) Young fold mountains
d) Inter montane plateaus
7. A map showing the boundaries of states or countries is a:
a) Political Map b) Physical Map c) Thematic Map d) Large scale Map
8. Light year means
a) Distance that Earth travels b) Distance that air travels
c) Distance that light travels d) All the above
9. A sketch map and a geographical map are
a) Same b) Different
c) Complementary to each other d) Supplementary to each other
10. These are objects that revolve around a planet.
a) Planets b) Comets c) Meteors d) Satellites
11. Pole star means
a) Akash Tara b) Dhruva Tara c) Ganga Tara d) None of the above
12. A map showing distribution of roads and railways is a:
a) Political Map b) Thematic Map c) Physical Map d) Sketch Map

Short Questions
1. How do you think man and landforms are related?
2. Name the various types of mountains.
3. What according to you are the forces in nature that create landforms on earth’s
surface?
4. Name the major landforms of the earth.
5. How were asteroids formed?
6. State two main uses of artificial satellites.
7. Why does the Earth appear blue when observed from space.
8. Why should directions and scales be shown on a map?
9. Name the three components of a map.
10. Why do some artificial satellites appear stationary?
11. Why are conventional signs and symbols an important part of a map?

Long Questions
1. List the advantages of (i) mountains and (ii) plateaus.
2. Distinguish between: Internal and external forces
3. Differentiate between: Thematic Map and Political Map
4. Of all the eight planets and Moons, why is life possible only on Earth?
5. Why do we see phases of the Moon?
6. Distinguish between: Erosion and deposition
7. Why are mountainous regions thinly populated?
8. With the help of a diagram explain how block mountains are formed?
9. Differentiate between: Star and Planet
10. The Sun is a star. Why do you say that?
11. Differentiate between: Comet and Meteor
12. How many types of maps are there on the basis of their scale? Mention their
features.
13. How are plains formed? Why are they thickly populated?
14. Why are volcanoes dangerous? What are their advantages?
15. How are fold mountains formed? Explain with the help of a diagram.
16. Differentiate between: Galaxy and Constellation
17. Differentiate between: A Sketch Map and a Plan
18. Why is the earth considered a unique planet in the solar system?
19. Distinguish between: Mountain and plateau
20. Distinguish between: Graben and Horst
21. Differentiate between: A Small Scale Map and a Large Scale Map
22. Differentiate between: Meteoroids and Meteorites
23. How many types of maps are there on the basis of their functions and the features
present on them? Mention the main features of each type of map.
24. Why did people (geographers) feel the need of drawing a map?

Comet Meteor

It is made up of rocky material held It is also called a falling star or a shooting

together by frozen gases. star.

It travels around the sun in an oval-shaped It appears when a chunk of rocky material
path. called a meteoroid enters the Earth's
atmosphere and burns up due to friction.

The head of the comet is made up of

frozen gases called coma and a long tail.
 Major Landforms

Continent - A large land mass separated from other land masses. There are seven
continents. Asia is the largest while Australia is the smallest continent. The greater portion
of the land mass lies above the equator. A continent may be surrounded by water from all
sides eg Australia and Antarctica. A continent may be joined to other continent by a narrow
strip of land eg North and South America and Asia and Africa. Two continents can be
separated by a physical barrier eg Asia and Europe are separated by huge mountain range
and water bodies.

Fold mountain: Highlands formed by the raising of horizontal layers on the

Earth's surface by compressional forces.
Minor Landforms
Island: A piece of land surrounded by water on all sides is called an island eg Greenland,
Australia, Sri Lanka, Iceland, Hawaii etc. A group of islands is called an archipelago.
Peninsula: A narrow piece of land surrounded by water on three sides and
joined to a larger land mass on the fourth side. Eg Deccan Peninsula, Malay Peninsula and
Iberian Peninsula.
Isthmus: A narrow neck of land connecting two large land masses and separating two large
water bodies. Eg Isthumus of Panama that separates the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic
Ocean.
Water Bodies
Ocean – are very large water bodies. There are five oceans – Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic
and Southern ocean.
Sea – A sea is a large body of saline water that may be connected to an ocean. Sometimes
a large saline lake surrounded by land is also called a sea. They are called inland seas. Eg
The Dead Sea, Caspian sea and the sea of Aral.
Gulf: An inlet of sea surrounded by land on three sides is called Gulf. Gulfs are indented
and enclosed. Eg Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay, Persian Gulf and Gulf of California.
Bay – Bay is like a gulf with a wider mouth. Bay of Bengal, Bay of Biscay.
Strait: A narrow stretch of water separating two land masses and joining two large water
bodies is called a strait. Eg Palk strait between India and SriLanka joining the gulf of mannar
and Bay of Bengal, the Bering strait between Asia and North America joining the Artic
Ocean and Bering Sea, the strait of Gibraltar between Europe and Africa connecting the
Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic ocean.
Lakes: are small enclosed bodies of water – mostly fresh water.
Lagoon: A saltwater body cut off from sea by a coral reef or an arm of land. Such a body of
water with a narrow opening to the sea is called a lagoon. Eg the Chilika and Pulicat lakes
are examples of lagoons on eastern coast of India.
River – A river is a channel of water, flowing from highland to lowland and finally enters into
a lake or sea. A small river may also join a large river. The point where the river ends and
enters the sea is called its mouth. Deltas are formed here. The entire length of river is
divided into three stages – upper, middle and lower stage. The upper stage flows in the
mountains where river flows very swiftly. In middle course river enters the plains where
slopes are gentle and speed of river decreases. In lower course land is almost flat and river
hardly or barely moves along.
Trench: Along, narrow, deep depression in the bed of the sea.

Multiple choice questions:-

1. Which is the largest of the seven continents?
a. Europe b. Asia c. South America d. Africa
2. Which of the following is the least inhabited continent?
a. Europe b. Antarctica c. Australia d. South America
3. What is the smallest of the seven continents?
a. South America b. Antartica c. Australia d. Europe
4. Of the following countries, which is not found in mainland North America?
a. Canada b. Mexico c. Venezuela d. USA
5. How many oceans are there in the world?
a. 3 b. 4 c. 6 d. 7
6. Which is the largest ocean in the world?
a. Pacific b. Atlantic c. Indian d. Arctic
7. The Mariana Trench is the deepest known trench in the water. Which ocean is it in?
a. Indian b. Atlantic c. Pacific d. Arctic
8. In the year 2000, the Southern Ocean was added to the world list of oceans. What
country/continent does the Southern Ocean surround?
a. South America b. Antarctica c. Arctic Canada d. Australia

Give Examples of
Fold Mountains – Himalaya mountains in Asia, Alps in Europe, Andes in South America
and Rockies mountains in North Americas are young fold mountains. Aravali range in
India, Appalachian in USA and Urals in Russia are old fold mountains.
Block Mountains – The Vosges and Blackforest are examples of block mountains.
Volcanic Mountains – Mount Fuiyama in Japan, Mount St Helena in North America, Mount
Pinatubo in Phillipines, Mount Mauna Kea and mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii, Mount
Kilimanjaro in Africa, Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius in Italy and Mount Cotopaxi in South
America.
Plateaus – Deccan Plateau is oldest plateau, Tibetan Plateau is highest plateau (4000-
6000 metres above sea level), Western plateau of Australia, plateaus in Kenyas, Tanzania
and Uganda.
Plains – Central plains if United States, Plains in Eastern china, Nile river basin of Egypt,
Plains of Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus of India and Bangladesh.
Loess Plains – are formed by deposition of winds. They are very fertile. E.g. Great plains of
China.
Coastal Plains are found along the seashores.

Write True or False:

1. Old mountains are very high with steep slopes and pointed peaks. False
2. A plain which is formed by the depositional work of wind is known as a Loess Plain.
True
3. Block mountains are known as mountains of circum-denudation or rehct mountains.
False
4. Black soil is very fertile and considered good for the cultivation of crops like rice.
False
5. Human activities have brought about degradation of land. True
6. A strait separates two bodies of water. False

Who am I?
1. I am a land mass surrounded by water on all sides. Island
2. I am a narrow stretch of water between two land masses. A strait
3. I am a remnant highland of an old mountain range. Residual Mountains
4. I am a table-like highland. Plateau
5. I am an inlet of the sea, surrounded by land on three sides. Gulf
6. I am a channel of water following from highland to lowlands. A River
Answer the following questions briefly:-
1. What is the lithosphere?
Ans) The outer-most crust of the Earth made up of rocks is called the lithosphere. Lithos'
means rock–sphere.

2. Name the continent lying over the South Pole.

Ans) Antartica.

3. How is a volcanic mountain formed? Name one volcano.

Ans) A volcanic mountain is formed by the piling up of molten rock material. Usually such a
mountain is conical in shape. For example Mt. Fujiyama in Japan.

4. Name the ‘island continent’. Where is it located?

Ans) Australia. It is located entirely in the southern hemisphere.

5. Mention two functions of mountains.

Ans) (a) Mountains are storehouse of fresh water. Many rivers have their origin in
glaciers.
(b) Mountain slopes are terraced for farming. They are covered by forests,
pastures—and provide a variety of products.
(c) Mountains are also a climatic barrier. They keep out hot and cold winds, and
also help in the condensation of moisture to bring rainfall.

6. How do you identify an old mountain and a young mountain?

Ans) Young fold mountains have high peaks, narrow valleys and steep slopes, while old
mountains are worn down and have gentle slopes and low rounded peaks.

7. Mention two uses of rivers.

Ans) (a) River water is used for farming and irrigation.
(b) River water is used for generation of electricity.
(c) Rivers are also used for transportation.
(d) River water is used for animal and human consumption.

8. Mention two usefulness of Plateaus.

Ans) (a) Plateau regions are very rich in minerals. African Plateau is famous for gold
and diamond mines. Chhotanagpur Plateau has vast resources of Iron, coal,
manganese.
(b) The soil of lava plateaus are fertile and are ideal for farming.
(c) The grassland are extremely useful for livestock rearing.

9. Mention two usefulness of Plains.

Ans) (a) Plains have fertile soil.
(b) Construction of roads and railways is easy in plains.
(c) Plains are thickly populated.

10. Why are plains thickly populated?

Ans) Plains are thickly populated because
(a) Plains have fertile soil and ideal for irrigation. Eg Ganga - Brahmaputra plains
of India, North china plain and North European plains.
(b) Construction of roads and railways is easy in plains.
Fill in the blanks.
1. The earth’s crust is made up of huge slabs called Tectonic plates.
2. Large, flat and mainly grassy areas are the Plains.
3. Frozen rivers of ice are known as Glaciers.
4. As rocks deep inside the earth melt, they form Magma.
5. A low lying place between the mountains is called a Valley.
6. Narmada river flows in a rift valley between the Vindhyas and the Satpura ranges.

Unscramble the words.

1. NISALP - Plains
2. ATLDE - Delta
3. TUAEAPL - Plateau
4. MMAAG - Magma
5. AAVL - Lava

Quiz time.
1. The highest intermontane plateau in the world - Plateau of Tibet
2. An underwater plain - Abyssal Plain
3. A long, deep, narrow valley in the ocean floor - Ocean deep
4. Underwater mountain ranges - Submarine ridges
5. Most common type of mountains - Fold Mountains

Write True or False:

a. The place where two tectonic plates meet is called a fault line. True
b. Lava plateaus have fertile soil and are used for farming. True
c. The Himalayas are fault-block mountains. False
d. Hills are elevated land masses that are less than 500 metres above sea level. False
e. The Aravalli range in India are residual mountains. True

Draw a neat labelled diagrain to show each of the following:-

1. The formation of fold mountains
2. The formation of block mountains
3. A plateau

Mention a difference between the following:-

1. An isthmus and a strait

Ans) An isthmus is a narrow neck of land joining two larger land masses and separating
two water bodies. A strait is a narrow stretch of water joining two seas and separating two
land masses.
Isthmus Strait
Isthmus is a piece of Land Strait is a narrow stretch of water
Joins two land masses Joins two water bodies
Separates two water bodies Separates two land masses
Eg Isthmus of Suez Eg Strait of Gibralter

2. A peninsula and a gulf

Ans) A peninsula is a long piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. A gulf is an
inlet of the sea, surrounded by land on three sides.

Short Questions
1. How do you think man and landforms are related?

2. Name the various types of mountains.

Ans) There are three types of mountains:-
(a) Mountains formed by compressions – Fold mountains and Block Mountains.
Ex of Fold Mountains are – Alps, Rockies, Himalayas, Andes and ex of Block
mountains are Black forest and Vosges ranges.
(b) Mountains formed by piling up of or accumulation of materials – volcanic
mountains. Ex Fujiyama mountains in Japan and Vesuvius mountains.
(c) Mountains formed due to erosion – residual mountains. Ex Aravalis.

3. What according to you are the forces in nature that create landforms on earth’s
surface?
Ans) There are two types of forces acting on the earth that create the landform on earth’s
surface. They are internal forces and external forces.
Internal Forces – Landforms like mountains, faults, sinks and volcanoes are formed
due to internal forces.
External Forces – like running water, moving air, waves and tides at sea and
movement of frozen ice or glaciers. Plateaus, Plains, Hills and sand dunes are
formed due to external forces.

4. Name the major landforms of the earth.

Ans) The Major landforms on earth are – Fold mountains, Block Mountains, Volcanic
mountains, Plateaus and Plains. Minor landforms are Island, Peninsula and Isthumus.

5. How were asteroids formed?

6. State two main uses of artificial satellites.

7. Why does the Earth appear blue when observed from space.

8. Why should directions and scales be shown on a map?

9. Name the three components of a map.

10. Why do some artificial satellites appear stationary?

11. Why are conventional signs and symbols an important part of a map?

Long Questions
1. List the advantages of (i) mountains and (ii) plateaus.
2. Distinguish between: Internal and external forces
3. Differentiate between: Thematic Map and Political Map
4. Of all the eight planets and Moons, why is life possible only on Earth?
5. Why do we see phases of the Moon?
6. Distinguish between: Erosion and deposition
7. Why are mountainous regions thinly populated?
8. With the help of a diagram explain how block mountains are formed?
9. Differentiate between: Star and Planet
10. The Sun is a star. Why do you say that?
11. Differentiate between: Comet and Meteor
12. How many types of maps are there on the basis of their scale? Mention their
features.
13. How are plains formed? Why are they thickly populated?
14. Why are volcanoes dangerous? What are their advantages?
15. How are fold mountains formed? Explain with the help of a diagram.
16. Differentiate between: Galaxy and Constellation
17. Differentiate between: A Sketch Map and a Plan
18. Why is the earth considered a unique planet in the solar system?
19. Distinguish between: Mountain and plateau
20. Distinguish between: Graben and Horst
21. Differentiate between: A Small Scale Map and a Large Scale Map
22. Differentiate between: Meteoroids and Meteorites
23. How many types of maps are there on the basis of their functions and the features
present on them? Mention the main features of each type of map.
24. Why did people (geographers) feel the need of drawing a map?
25. Distinguish between Internal and external forces

Draw neat sketches of following features. Colour & give an example of each:-
1. Island 2. Peninsula 3. Valley 4. Volcano 5. Strait

Map work

On a blank map of the world mark and label the following: (Please use colours)
1. Mrres Strait 2. Malay Peninsula 3. Aral Sea 4. Greenland
5. Lake Baikal 6. Mediterranean Sea 7. Strait of Malacca 8. Me Andes
9. Gulf of Bothnia 10. Lake Superior 11. Seaof Japan 12. Arabian Sea
13. Isthmus of Suez 14. Gulf of California

1) What causes faulting?

a. tectonic movements b. erosion
c. weathering d. volcanic activity
2) A type of constellation
a. Orion b. Nebula c. Proxima centaury d. Sirius
3) The Himalayas, Rockies and Andes are
a. rift valleys b. block mountains
c. young fold mountains d. intermontane plateaus
4) What is molten rock beneath the surface of the earth called?
a. mineral b. lava c. magma d. solid rock
5) What features are made by folding?
a. waterfalls b. rift valleys c. plateaus d. mountains
6) Name the major landforms of the earth.
Give one word for the following.
7) Large depressions on the Moon
8) What according to you are the forces in nature that create landforms on earth’s
surface?
9) Name the various types of mountains
Distinguish between the following:
10) Erosion and deposition
11) Mountain and plateau
12) Internal and external forces
13) How are fold mountains formed? Explain with the help of a diagram.
13A) List the advantages of
(i) mountains and
(ii) plateaus.
14) How are plains formed? Why are they thickly populated?
15) Why are volcanoes dangerous? What are their advantages?
16) What features are made by folding?
a) Waterfalls b) Rift valleys c) Plateaus d) Mountains
 The New Zealand Archipelago

Multiple choice questions:-

1. It is a flightless bird of New Zealand.
(a) Kea (b) Kakapo (c) Kiwi (d) Tui
2. It is the heaviest insect in the world.
(a) Katipo (b) Weta (c) Geckos (d) Tuatara
3. Coal is mined along parts of South Island near.
(a) West Land (b) Christchurch (c) Wellington (d) Dunedin
4. Natives of New Zealand Maoris came from
(a) Polynesia (b) Asia (c) Pacific Islands (d) Africa
5. Which of the following is not a coniferous tree?
(a) Kauri (b) Beech (c) Pine (d) Evergreen veronicas
6. Which of the following is an active cone volcano?
(a) Mount Ruapehu (b) Mt. Egmont
(c) Mount Tongariro (d) Mount Ngauruhoe
7. On the eastern side of the Southern Alps lies the
(a) Canterbury Plains (b) Waikato Plains
(c) Otago Plateau (d) Taranaki Plains

Write True or False:-

1. The largest city of New Zealand is Wellington. False
2. There are many snakes found in New Zealand. False
3. North Island is more thickly populated as compared to South Island. True
4. Dairy farming is the most important occupation of New Zeland. True
5. The Clutha River is New Zealand longest river. False
6. Captain James Cook was the first visitor to arrive in New Zealand. False

Fill in the blanks:-

1. The North and the South Islands are separated by the Cook Strait.
2. The highest peak in New Zealand is Mount Cook (3754m).
3. The Tuatara is a native prehistoric reptile found in New Zealand.
4. The Otago University is the oldest in New Zealand.
5 Air New Zealand is the national airline of New Zealand.
6. Merino sheep are bred in New Zealand.
7. The planetary winds blowing over New Zealand are The Westerlies.
8. Two industrial centres of New Zealand are Auckland and Christchurch.
9. New Zealand is an Archipelago. An Archipelago is a group of islands.
10. First person to discover NewZealand– Dutch Sailor Abel Tasman (1643 CE)
11. First to land on New Zealand – British Sailor Capt James Cook (1769 CE)
12. Largest Lake of New Zealand – Lake Taupo in North Island.
13. The Taranaki Plain is a volcanic plain centered around Mount Taranaki.
14. Official Languages of New Zealand – English and Maori
15. National symbol of New Zealand – Flightless Kiwi

Glacier - A slow-moving body of ice

Geyser: Jets of hot water and steam spouting out automatically at regular intervals
Maoris: Original inhabitants of New Zealand who came from Polynesia.
Geothermal energy: Generation of power using heat energy from the Earth's interior
Fjord: Along, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created in a valley carved by glacial
activity
Fumarole: An opening through which volcanic gases and steams are emitted

South Island North Island

Southern Alps – a long mountain chain.
Highest mountain peak is Mount Cook
(3764m)
Canterbury Plains – Fertile Plains on east
side of Southern Alps.
Fjord Land – Narrow inlets of sea
Largest river of South Island is river
Clutha
Otago Plateau –
Famous for lot of thermal activities.
Highest mountain range is Mount Ruapehu
(2797m).
Mount Ruapehu is an active cone volcano.
Mount Tongariro and Mount Ngauruhoe
are other high peaks created by active
volcanoes.
Auckland volcanic field is currently
dormant. It contains 40 dormant
volcanoes. Mt Egmont and Rotorua are
examples of extinct volcanic cones.
Largest Lake - Lake Taupo.

Write short notes:-

1. Geothermal energy – Geothermal Energy is obtained from the numerous hot
springs and geysers in New Zealand and is utilized to obtain electricity Geothermal plants
are mainly in North Island.

2. Fjord – Drowned valley called Fjords formed by glacial activity are found along the
south western coast of South Island. They are responsible for the highly indented coastline
of the Fjord land.
Narrow inlets of sea along the coast - Fjords

3. Maori – Maoris are the original Aborigines of New Zealand. The Maoris came into
New Zealand from eastern Polynesia. They were brown skinned people with black hair.

4. Active volcanoes – In North Island there are active volcanoes found in the region of
thermal activities. This region is less mountainous and it experiences frequent earthquake
and volcanic eruptions. Highest mountain range, Mount Ruapehu (2797m) is an active
volcano. Mt. Tongariro and Mt. Ngauruhoe are other peaks created by active volcanoes.

5. Auckland – Auckland was the old capital of New Zealand and is located in North
land. It is the largest city and a major industrial centre. It has an excellent port and harbour.

Answer the following questions

Qus 1) Where is New Zealand located?
Ans 1) New Zealand is located between latitudes and longitudes 166°E and, 178°E in
the south western Pacific Ocean to the south east of Australia.

Qus 2) Why does western part of NewZealand get more rain than eastern part?
Ans 2) The western part of New Zealand gets heavy rain, as the moisture bearing,
onshore south-westerly winds strike the windward side of the mountains. The east coast lies
in the rain shadow and is dry.

Qus 3) Why is North Island famous for dairy farming?

Ans 3) North Island is particularly suited for dairy farming. The fertile soil of the
volcanic plain help the growth of pastures. More than 50% of the land is under meadows
and pastures. Because of the mild climate throughout the year grazing is possible. North
Island has a temperate and moist climate which is suitable for raising dairy cattle.

Qus 4) Why is Dunedin a prime place of tourist attraction?

Ans 4) Dunedin is a prime place for tourists attraction. It has the oldest university of
New Zealand, the Lamach Castle and the Cadbury Chocolate factory. It is a centre for
engineering software and biotechnological industries, iron and brass foundries and wool
mills.

Qus 5) What were the impacts of Europeans on New Zealand’s natural vegetation?
Ans 5) As New Zealand has been isolated from the rest of the world, it was possible
for the islands to have its own flora and fauna. But as the Europeans moved in, they brought
with them their own vegetation type, leading to their evergreen forests being interspersed
with mosses and ferns. Today much of the original vegetation has been destroyed by the
introduction of exotics and by volcanic action two

Qus 6) Describe the climatic conditions in New Zealand?

Ans 6) New Zealand is a group of island in the temperate region. As it is entirely in
the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons are opposite to those in the Northern Hemisphere.
Being islands, it is under the moderating influence of the seas and therefore has a mild
climate. The ocean currents and onshore westerlies are also responsible for the small
difference in temperature between summer and winter.
The onshore westerly winds are moisture laden and bring heavy rain to the western coast of
south Island. This coast lies on the windward side of the southern Alps. The eastern coast
lying on the leeward side of the mountain relatively drier.
The mountains regions are snow capped throughout the year.
North Island does not have a dry season, as rainfall is well distributed throughout the year.

Qus 7) Explain the transport systems of New Zealand?

Ans 7) New Zealand has a well developed transport system inspite of being hilly and
mountainous. Roads and railways link the coast to the interior. All major towns and cities are
also connected by rail and road.
Auckland, Wellington, Dunedin, Lyttleton and Christchurch are connected by coastal
shipping Auckland and Wellington are important ports. Ferries carry goods and passengers
between the two islands. However, inland water ways have not developed, as the rivers are
too swift flowing and short. New Zealand has a dense network of air transport in the world.
Air New Zealand is the official airline of New Zealand. Other foreign airlines provide air
linkages with different countries of the world. Major airports are Auckland, Wellington and
Christchurch.

Qus 8) Discuss Agriculture and industries in New Zealand?

Ans 8) New Zealand's has about four-fifths of its area classified as farmland the
temperate climate and heavy rain allow farming to be carried out. New Zealand's farming is
scientifically organized and highly mechanized.
Main food crop is wheat grown in the Canterbury plains and North Otago.
Tobacco and hops are grown in South Island Oats (a fodder crop or cattle feed) barley corn,
peas and potatoes are grown. Flax is grown in North Island. Fruits such as apples, pears
and kiwi for export Vineyards in North Island grow grapes.
The Taranaki plains are very fertile because the soil is volcanic. The soil and heavy rain
makes this area rich postures which supports animal rearing. Dairy farming is important in
North Island as cattle are reared while Merino sheep rearing for wool is practised in South
Island.
The Jersey breed of cows yield good quantity of milk and various milk products such as
butter, cheese and milk powder are exported to other countries Cooperative farming is a
special feature of New Zealand and efficient farm management has helped the country
become a major exporter of dairy produce.
New Zealand has both agro based and mineral based industries. The main industries
include woollen textiles, food and meat processing. Engineering industries include
transportation and electrical and electronic equipment iron and steel, chemicals, wood and
paper products. Most of the industries are located in North Island where Auckland is the
chief industrial centre Christchurch is the chief industrial of South Island. Other centres are
Wellington and Dunedin.
Iron and steel Industries and the manufacture of automobiles, chemicals electronic goods,
the manufacture of petroleum products are the main mineral—base industries. Auckland,
Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin are the chief industrial centres.
New Zealand is a very picturesque and beautiful country. So tourism is an important
industry attracting visitors throughout the year.

1. New Zealand is an Archipelago (Gp of Islands).

2. North Island is known as Telka-a-Maui.
3. South Island is known as Te Wei Ponnamu.
4. New Zealand was first discovered by Dutch Sailor Abil Tasman.