FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND DETAILING OF RAFT

FOUNDATION

Faculty Name By Soumyakanti Dhavala

Dr. Paresh Shah PT402016
INTRODUCTION

A raft is a thick reinforced concrete slab which supports all the load bearing walls and column loads
of a structure or a large portion of a structure. A raft is required when the loads are very high and
the soil is very weak or highly compressible. A raft is more economical than individual when the total
base area required for individual footing exceeds about one-half of the area covered by the
structure.

When is raft foundation preferred?

A raft foundation is preferred to individual footings when the soil mass has very erratic properties
and contains lenses of compressible soils. In such a case it would be difficult to control the
differential settlements if individual footings are provided. The raft spans over weal patches of the
soil and thus the differential settlements are considerably reduced

Like all other Shallow foundations, a raft must be safe against shear failure and the settlements
should be within the allowable limits. As the width of a raft is very large, the pressure bulb is quite
deep . Thus the loose soil pockets under a raft maybe more evenly distributed. This results in a
smaller differential settlement than individual footings. As rafts are generally at some depth below
the ground surface, a large volume of soil is activated and therefore the net pressure on the soil is
considerably reduced. An advantage of this reduction in the pressure can be taken while designing a
raft.

COMMON TYPES OF RAFT FOUNDATIONS

Flat plate type: In this type of mat Foundation format of uniform thickness is provided. This type is
most suitable when the column loads are relatively light and the spacing of columns is relatively
small and uniform.

Flat plate thickened under columns: When the column load are heavy, this type is more suitable
than the flat plate type . A portion of slab under the column is thickened to provide enough
thickness for negative bending moment and diagonal share. Sometimes, instead of thickening the
slab, a pedestal is provided under each column above the slab to increase the thickness

Beam and slab construction: In this type of construction, the beam runs in two perpendicular
directions and a slab is provided between the beams. The columns are located at the intersection of
beams. This type is suitable when the bending stresses are high because of large column spacing and
unequal column loads.

Box structures: In this type of raft foundation, a box structure is provided in which the basement
walls act as stiffeners for the raft. Boxes may be made of cellular construction rigid frames
consisting of slabs and basement walls this type of raft Foundation can resist very high bending
stresses.

Mat place on piles: The raft foundation is supported on piles in this type of construction. This type of
raft is used where the soil is highly compressible and water table is high. This method of construction
reduces the settlement and also controls buoyancy.
 ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND DETIALING OF RAFT FOUNDATION

Name of Project : Design Example 18.5, Page 561, Reinf concrete A.K.Jain

Given Data:
1 Grade of Steel Fe 415

2 Grade of Concrete M 15
3 Size of Column (X x Y) 300 mm X 300 mm

4 Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil 65.00 KN/m2

5 Diameter of Bars (Along X-direction) 20 mm

6 Diameter of Bars (Along Y-direction) 20 mm

1 2 Y 3 4

C C

B B
X

A A
O

1 2 3 4
Details of Columns
Considering column A-1 as origin (O) Moment about X-axis Mx clockwise +ve
Moment about Y-axis My Anticlock -ve

Column X-cord Y-cord Load Moment My Moment Mx

(in m) (in m) (KN) (KN-m) (KN-m)
A-1 0 0 550 0 0
A-2 7 0 1200 0 0
A-3 14 0 1200 0 0
A-4 21 0 550 0 0
B-1 0 6 600 0 0
B-2 7 6 2000 0 0
B-3 14 6 2000 0 0
B-4 21 6 1200 0 0
C-1 0 12 500 0 0
C-2 7 12 1500 0 0
C-3 14 12 1500 0 0
C-4 21 12 500 0 0
Cantilever length from centre line of columns
Left 0.3 m Top 0.3 m
Right 0.3 m Bottom 0.3 m
To Run the Program Press < Ctrl+w >
Total Vetical Column Load P= 13300 KN

Eccentricity along x-direction

Taking moment of column forces about the grid 1-1

x = 10.974 m
ex = 10.974 - 10.5
= 0.474 m

Eccentricity along y-direction

Taking moment of column forces about the grid A-A

y = 6.226 m
ey = 6.226 - 6
= 0.226 m

3
Ix = 21.6 X 12.6
12
= 3600.68 m4

3
Iy = 12.6 X 21.6
12
= 10581.58 m4

A = 12.6 X 21.6
2
= 272.16 m

Mxx = P.ey = 3000.00 KNm

Myy = P.ex = 6300.00 KNm

P/A = 48.87 KN/m2

Soil pressure at different points is as follows

P Myy Mxx
s = + .x + .y
A Iy Ix

Corner C-4
6300.00 3000.00
sC-4 = 48.87 + 10.8 + 6.3
10581.6 3600.68
= 48.87 + 6.430 + 5.249
= 60.547 KN/m2
Corner A-4
sA-4 = 48.87 + 6.430 - 5.249
2
= 50.049 KN/m

Corner C-1
sC-1 = 48.87 - 6.430 + 5.249
= 47.687 KN/m2
Corner A-1
sA-1 = 48.87 - 6.430 - 5.249
= 37.189 KN/m2

Grid B-4
sB-4 = 48.87 + 6.430 - 0.000
2
= 55.298 KN/m

Grid B-1
sB-1 = 48.87 - 6.430 - 0.000
2
= 42.438 KN/m

2
Maximum Soil Pressure = 60.547 KN/m < 65.00 KN/m2
Hence OK
In the X-direction, the raft is divided in three strips :-

(i) Strip C-C

Width = 3.3 m
Soil Pressure = 60.547 KN/m2
Span = 7.00 m
2
7
Maximum moment = 60.547 X
10
= 296.68 KNm/m

(ii) Strip B-B

Width = 6 m
Soil Pressure = 57.923 KN/m2
Span = 7.00 m
2
7
Maximum moment = 57.923 X
10
= 283.82 KNm/m

(iii) Strip A-A

Width = 3.3 m
Soil Pressure = 52.674 KN/m2
Span = 7.00 m
2
7
Maximum moment = 52.674 X
10
= 258.10 KNm/m

Cantilever Moment along X-direction

Soil Pressure = 60.547 KN/m2
Span = 0.30 m
2
0.3
Maximum moment = 60.547 X
2
= 2.72 KNm/m

(iii) Strip 4-4

Maximum Soil Pressure = 60.547 KN/m2 < 65.00 KN/m2
Span = 6 m
2
6
Maximum moment = 60.547 X
8
= 272.46 KNm/m
 Cantilever Moment along X-direction
Soil Pressure = 60.547 KN/m2
Span = 0.30 m
2
0.3
Maximum moment = 60.547 X
2
= 2.72 KNm/m
Therefore,
Maximum Factored Bending Moment = 445.02 KNm/m
2
Limiting Moment of Resistance = 0.138 sck bd

Therefore depth required d = 470 mm

Check for Punching Shear :

Let depth required = 819 mm

Shear Strength of Concrete = ks tc
Where k s = 0.5 + b c

bc = Short dimension of column = 1

Long dimension of column

Therefore ks = 1
2
tc = 0.25 sck N/mm
= 0.97 N/mm2
Hence,
2
Shear Strength of Concrete = 0.97 N/mm

For Corner Column

Perimeter bo = 859 + 859 + 0 + 0
= 1719 mm

Vu 825000
Nominal Shear Stress tv = =
bod 1407109
= 0.59 N/mm2

For Side Column

Perimeter bo = 1119 + 859 + 859 + 0
= 2837 mm

Vu 2250000
Nominal Shear Stress tv = =
bod 2322996
= 0.97 N/mm2

2
tv - tc = 0.00 N/mm
Hence Effective depth is O.K.
Therefore effective depth required = 819 mm
Adopt effective depth = 820 mm
Overall depth = 860 mm
Development Length :

0.87 sy f
Development length Ld =
4 tbd
where, tbd = 1.6 x 1.0 = 1.6
Therefore,
Ld = 56 f
For 20 mm bars (along X-direction)
Ld = 1120 mm

For 20 mm bars (along Y-direction)

Ld = 1120 mm

Reinforcement in long direction

M = 0.87 sy Ast (d - syAst/sckb)

4.45E+08 = 361.05 Ast ( 820 - 0.02767 Ast )

9.98905 Ast2 - 296061 Ast + 4.45E+08 = 0
Ast = 1588 mm2/m

Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12%

= 1032 mm2/m
Therefore area of steel required = 1588 mm2/m

Provide 20 mm f bars @ 200 mm C/C in long direction

(At top and bottom)

Reinforcement in short direction

M = 0.87 sy Ast (d - syAst/sckb)

4.09E+08 = 361.05 Ast ( 820 - 0.02767 Ast )

9.98905 Ast2 - 296061 Ast + 4.09E+08 = 0
2
Ast = 1452 mm /m

Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12%

= 1032 mm2/m
Therefore area of steel required = 1452 mm2/m

Provide 20 mm f bars @ 220 mm C/C in short direction

(At top and bottom)
REINFORCEMENT DRAWING