Squash (sport)

Squash is a ball sport played by two (singles) or four players (doubles squash) in a
Squash
four-walled court with a small, hollow rubber ball. The players must alternate in
striking the ball with their racket and hit the ball onto the playable surfaces of the four
walls of the court.

The game was formerly called squash rackets, a reference to the "squashable" soft
ball used in the game (compared with the harder ball used in its sister game
rackets).

The governing body of Squash, the World Squash Federation (WSF) is recognised by
the International Olympic Committee (IOC), but the sport is not part of the Olympic
Games, despite a number of applications. Supporters continue to lobby for its
incorporation in a futureOlympic program.

Two squash players on a squash court

Highest World Squash
Contents governing body Federation (WSF)
History First played 1830 at Harrow,
London, England,
Playing equipment
United Kingdom
The court
Registered ?
Game play players
Service
Characteristics
Play
Scoring systems Contact Semi
English scoring Team members Singles or Doubles
Point-a-rally scoring Mixed gender Separate competitions
American scoring (mixed sometimes in
Strategy and tactics leagues)
Interference and obstruction Type Racket sport
Referee
Equipment Squash ball, squash
Cultural, social, and health aspects racket, goggles
Squash around the world Venue Indoor or outdoor (with
Wider acceptance glass court)
Players, records and rankings Presence
Current rankings
Men's Country Worldwide (Strongest:
or region Australia, Egypt,
Women's
Malaysia, France, and
Current champions
the United Kingdom)
See also Olympic No, but it is recognized
References as a possible future
Sources Olympic sport
Further reading Member of the ARISF
External links Paralympic No

History
The use of stringed rackets is shared with tennis, which dates from the late sixteenth century, though is more directly descended from the game
of rackets from England. In "rackets", instead of hitting over a net as in sports such as tennis, players hit a squeezable ball against walls.
Squash was invented in Harrow School out of the older game rackets around 1830 before the
game spread to other schools, eventually becoming an international sport. The first courts built
at this school were rather dangerous because they were near water pipes, buttresses, chimneys,
and ledges. The school soon built four outside courts. Natural rubber was the material of choice
for the ball. Students modified their rackets to have a smaller reach to play in these cramped
conditions.[1]

The rackets have changed in a similar way to those used in tennis. Squash rackets used to be
made out of laminated timber.[2] In the 1980s, construction shifted to lighter materials (such as
aluminium and graphite) with small additions of components like Kevlar, boron and titanium.
[2]
Natural "gut" strings were also replaced with synthetic strings.

In the 19th century the game increased in popularity with various schools, clubs and even
private citizens building squash courts, but with no set dimensions. The first squash court in
North America appeared at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire in 1884. In 1904 in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the earliest national association of squash in the world was formed
Old and new style squash rackets
as the United States Squash rackets Association, (USSRA), now known asU.S. Squash. In April
1907 the Tennis, rackets & Fives Association set up a sub committee to set standards for squash.
Then the sport soon formed, combining the three sports together called “Squash”. In 1912, the RMS Titanic had a squash court in first class. The
1st-Class Squash Court was situated on G-Deck and the Spectators Viewing Gallery was on the deck above on F-Deck. To use the Court cost 50
cents in 1912. Passengers could use the court for 1 hour unless others were waiting. It was not until 1923 that the Royal Automobile Club hosted
a meeting to further discuss the rules and regulations and another five years elapsed before the Squash rackets Association was formed to set
standards for squash inGreat Britain.[1]

Playing equipment
Standard rackets are governed by the rules of the game. Traditionally they were made of laminated wood (typically ash), with a small strung area
using natural gut strings. After a rule change in the mid-1980s, they are now almost always made of composite materials or metals (graphite,
Kevlar, titanium, boron) with synthetic strings. Modern rackets have maximum dimensions of 686 mm (27.0 in) long and 215 mm (8.5 in) wide,
with a maximum strung area of 500 square centimetres (77.5 sq in). The permitted maximum weight is 255 grams (9.0 oz), but most have a
weight between 90 and 150 grams (3–5.3 oz.).

Squash balls are between 39.5 and 40.5 mm in diameter, and have a weight of 23 to 25 grams.[3] They are made with two pieces of rubber
compound, glued together to form a hollow sphere and buffed to a matte finish. Different balls are provided for varying temperature and
atmospheric conditions and standards of play: more experienced players use slow balls that have less bounce than those used by less experienced
players (slower balls tend to "die" in court corners, rather than "standing up" to allow easier shots). Depending on its specific rubber
composition, a squash ball has the property that it bounces more at higher temperatures. Squash balls must be hit dozens of times to warm them
up at the beginning of a session; cold squash balls have very little bounce. Small colored dots on the ball indicate its dynamic level (bounciness),
and thus the standard of play for which it is suited. The recognized speed colors indicating the degree of dynamism are:

Color Speed (of Play) Bounce Player Level

Double yellow Extra Slow Very low Experienced
Yellow Slow Low Advanced
Red Medium High Medium
Blue Fast Very high Beginner/Junior

Some ball manufacturers such as Dunlop use a different method of grading balls based on experience. They still have the equivalent dot rating,
but are named to help choose a ball that is appropriate for one's skill level. The four different ball types are Intro (Blue dot, 140% of Pro bounce),
Progress (Red dot, 120% of Pro bounce), Competition (single yellow dot,10%
1 of Pro bounce) and Pro (double yellow dot).

The "double-yellow dot" ball, introduced in 2000, is the competition standard, replacing the earlier "yellow-dot" ball. There is also an "orange
dot" ball for use at high altitudes.
Players wear comfortable sports clothing. In competition, men usually wear shorts and a T-shirt, tank top
or a polo shirt. Women normally wear a skirt or skort and a T-shirt or a tank top, or a sports dress. The
[4]
National Institutes of Healthrecommends wearing goggles with polycarbonate lenses.

Many squash venues mandate the use of eye protection and some association rules require that all juniors
and doubles players must wear eye protection.

The court
The squash court is a playing surface surrounded by four walls. The court surface contains a front line
separating the front and back of the court and a half court line, separating the left and right hand
sides of the back portion of the court, creating three 'boxes': the front half, the back left quarter
and the back right quarter. Both the back two boxes contain smaller service boxes. The floor-
markings on a squash court are only relevant during serves. The dimensions of this entire
surface is

Squash Court Length: 9750 mm plus or minus 10 mm Squash Court Width: 6400 mm plus
or minus 10 mm Squash Court Height:5640 mm

Squash Court Diagonals:11665 mm plus or minus 25 mm.[7]

The glass show court used at the
There are four walls to a squash court. The front wall, on which three parallel lines are marked,
2011 US Open Squash
has the largest playing surface, whilst the back wall, which typically contains the entrance to the Championships hosted by Drexel
court, has the smallest. The out line runs along the top of the front wall, descending along the University at the Daskalakis Athletic
side walls to the back wall. There are no other markings on the side or back walls. Shots struck Center.
above or touching the out line, on any wall, are out. The bottom line of the front wall marks the 2 points during the Semi Final
between James Willstrop and Nick
top of the 'tin', a half metre-high metal area which if struck means that the ball is out. In this
Matthew in 2011 :[5][6]
way the tin can be seen as analogous to the net in other racket sports such as tennis. The middle
line of the front wall is the service line and is only relevant during serves.

Game play

Service
The players spin a racket to decide who serves first. This player starts the first rally by electing to serve from either the left or right service box.
For a legal serve, one of the server's feet must be in the service box, not touching any part of the service box lines, as the player strikes the ball.
After being struck by the racket, the ball must strike the front wall above the service line and below the out line and land in the opposite back
quarter court. The receiving player can choose to volley a serve after it has hit the front wall. If the server wins the point, the two players switch
sides for the following point.

Play
After the serve, the players take turns hitting the ball against the front wall, above the tin and below the out line. The ball may strike the side or
back walls at any time, as long as it hits below the out line. It must not hit the floor after hitting the racket and before hitting the front wall. A ball
landing on either the out line or the line along the top of the tin is considered to be out. After the ball hits the front wall, it is allowed to bounce
once on the floor (and any number of times against the side or back walls) before a player must return it. Players may move anywhere around the
court but accidental or deliberate obstruction of the other player's movements is forbidden and could result in a let or a stroke. Players typically
return to the centre of the court after making a shot.

Scoring systems
Squash scoring systems have evolved over time. One unusual system consists of sets of 11 points. If ever both players are on 10-10, then the
game continues until there is 2 points difference between them. Players can decide how many sets they want to do. This scoring system is called
the "Florian's System". However, in recent times with the popularization of squash as an international sport, the Professional Squash Association
(PSA) standard match consists of a best-of-5 sets with each set being decided by the first player to reach 11 points (keeping in mind the 2 point
differential as cited above).

English scoring
The original scoring system is known as English scoring, also called hand-out scoring. Under this system, if the server wins a rally, they receive
a point, while if the returner wins rally, only the service changes (i.e., the ball goes "hand-out") and no point is given. The first player to reach 9
points wins the game. However, if the score reaches 8–8, the player who was first to reach 8 decides whether the game will be played to 9, as
before (called "set one"), or to 10 (called "set two"). At one time this scoring system was preferred in Britain, and also among countries with
traditional British ties, such as Australia, Canada, Pakistan, South Africa, India and Sri Lanka.

Point-a-rally scoring
The current official scoring system for all levels of professional and amateur squash is called point-a-rally scoring (PARS). In PARS, the winner
of a rally always receives a point, regardless of whether they were the server or returner. Games are played to 11, but in contrast to English
scoring, players must win by two clear points. That is, if the score reaches 10–10, play continues until one player wins by two points.
ARSP to 11
is now used on the men's and women's professional tour, and the tin height has been lowered by two inches (to 17 inches) for all PSA events
(men's and women's).

American scoring
Another scoring system is American scoring. The rules of American scoring are identical to PARS, apart from games are played to 15. This
system is not widely used because games were considered to last too long and the winner would usually be the fitter player, not necessarily the
better player.[8]

Competition matches are usually played to "best-of-five" (i.e. the first player to win three games)

Strategy and tactics

A key strategy in squash is known as "dominating the T" (the intersection of the red lines near the centre of the court, shaped like the letter "T",
where the player is in the best position to retrieve the opponent's next shot). Skilled players will return a shot, and then move back toward the "T"
before playing the next shot. From this position, the player can quickly access any part of the court to retrieve the opponent's next shot with a
minimum of movement and possibly maximising the movement required by the opponent to answer the returned shot.

A common strategy is to hit the ball straight up the side walls to the back corners; this is the basic squash shot, referred to as a "rail," straight
drive, wall, or "length." After hitting this shot, the player will then move to the centre of the court near the "T" to be well placed to retrieve the
opponent's return. Attacking with soft or "short" shots to the front corners (referred to as "drop shots") causes the opponent to cover more of the
court and may result in an outright winner. Boasts or angle shots are deliberately struck off one of the side walls before the ball reaches the front.
They are used for deception and again to cause the opponent to cover more of the court. Rear wall shots float to the front either straight or
diagonally drawing the opponent to the front. Advantageous tactical shots are available in response to a weak return by the opponent if stretched,
the majority of the court being free to the striker
.

Rallies between experienced players may involve 30 or more shots and therefore a very high premium is placed on fitness, both aerobic and
anaerobic. As players become more skilled and, in particular, better able to retrieve shots, points often become a war of attrition. At higher levels
of the game, the fitter player has a major advantage.

Ability to change the direction of ball at the last instant is also a tactic used to unbalance the opponent. Expert players can anticipate the
, giving them a chance to react sooner.[9]
opponent's shot a few tenths of a second before the average player

Depending on the style of play, it is common to refer to squash players[10][11] as

Power players: powerful shots to take time away from their opponent. For example, John White, Omar Mosaad.
Shot makers: accurate shots to take time away from their opponent. For example, Jonathon Power, Ramy Ashour, Amr
Shabana, James Willstrop.
Retrievers: excellent retrieval to counter power and accuracy and to return shots more quickly to take time away from their
opponent. For example,Peter Nicol, Grégory Gaultier, Nicol David.
Attritional players: a consistently high-paced game both from shot speed and running speed to wear their opponent down over
time. For example, David Palmer, Nick Matthew, Jahangir Khan.
Interference and obstruction
Interference and obstruction are an inevitable aspect of this sport, since two players are confined within a shared space. Generally, the rules
entitle players to a direct straight line access to the ball, room for a reasonable swing and an unobstructed shot to any part of the front wall. When
interference occurs, a player may appeal for a "let" and the referee (or the players themselves if there is no official) then interprets the extent of
the interference. The referee may elect to allow a let and the players then replay the point, or award a "stroke" to the appealing player (meaning
that he is declared the winner of that point) depending on the degree of interference, whether the interfering player made an adequate effort to
avoid interfering, and whether the player interfered with was likely to have hit a winning shot had the interference not occurred. An exception to
all of this occurs when the interfering player is directly in the path of the other player's swing, effectively preventing the swing, in which case a
stroke is always awarded.

When it is deemed that there has been little or no interference, or that it is impossible to say one way or the other, the rules provide that no let is
to be allowed, in the interests of continuity of play and the discouraging of spurious appeals for lets. Because of the subjectivity in interpreting
the nature and magnitude of interference, the awarding (or withholding) of lets and strokes is often controversial.

When a player's shot hits their opponent prior to hitting the front wall, interference has occurred. If the ball was travelling towards the side wall
when it hit the opponent, or if it had already hit the side wall and was travelling directly to the front wall, it is usually a let. However, it is a
stroke to the player who hit the ball if the ball was travelling straight to the front wall when the ball hit the opponent, without having first hit the
side wall. Generally after a player has been hit by the ball, both players stand still; if the struck player is standing directly in front of the player
who hit the ball he loses the stroke, if he is not straight in front, a let is played. If it is deemed that the player who is striking the ball is
deliberately trying to hit his opponent, he will lose the stroke. An exception to all of this occurs when the player hitting the ball has "turned", i.e.,
let the ball pass him on one side, but then hit it on the other side as it came off the back wall. In these cases, the stroke goes to the player who
was hit by the ball.

Referee
The referee is usually a certified position issued by the club or assigned squash league. The referee has dominant power over the squash players.
Any conflict or interference is dealt with by the referee. The referee may also issue to take away points or games due to improper etiquette
regarding conduct or rules. Refer to “Interference and Obstruction” for more detail. In addition the referee is usually responsible for the scoring
of games. Nowadays, three referees are usually used in professional tournaments. The Central referee has responsibility to call the score and
make decisions with the two side referees.

Cultural, social, and health aspects

There are several variations of squash played across the world. In the U.S. hardball singles and doubles are played with a much harder ball and
different size courts (as noted above). Hardball singles has lost much of its popularity in North America (in favour of the International version),
but the hardball doubles game is still active. There is also a doubles version of squash played with the standard ball, sometimes on a wider court,
and a more tennis-like variation known assquash tennis.

The relatively small court and low-bouncing ball makes scoring points harder and rallies usually longer than in its American cousin, racketball,
as the ball may be played to all four corners of the court. Since every ball must strike the front wall above the tin (unlike racketball), the ball
cannot be easily "killed". Another difference between squash and racketball is the service game. Racketball allows for the entire back
court (from
20-feet to 40-feet) to be used as a service return area; this makes returning serves much more challenging in racketball than squash. Racketball
serves routinely exceed 140 mph (225 km/h) and are a crucial component of the game, similar to tennis.

Squash provides an excellent cardiovascular workout. In one hour of squash, a player may expend approximately 600 to 1000 food calories
(3,000 to 4,000 kJ).[12] The sport also provides a good upper and lower body workout by exercising both the legs in running around the court
and the arms and torso in swinging the racket. In 2003, Forbes rated squash as the number one healthiest sport to play.[12] However, some
studies have implicated squash as a cause of possible fatal cardiac arrhythmia and argued that squash is an inappropriate form of exercise for
older men with heart disease.[13]

Squash around the world

According to the World Squash Federation, as of June 2009, there were 49908 squash courts in
Squash
the world, with 188 countries and territories having at least one court. England had the greatest
number at 8,500. The other countries with more than 1,000 courts, in descending order by World Championship
number were Germany, Egypt, the United States of America, Australia, South Africa, Canada, PSA World Series
Malaysia, France, the Netherlands, and Spain. Today, The United States has the fastest growing
World Series Squash Finals
squash participation. There are an estimated 20 million squash players worldwide.
WSF Tournaments
In June 2009, there were players from nineteen countries in the top fifty of the men's world
rankings, with England and Egypt leading with eleven each.[14] The women's world rankings World Team
featured players from sixteen countries, led by England with eleven. Championships
World Games
The men's and women's Professional Squash Association tour, men's rankings and women's
World Junior
rankings are run by the Professional Squash Association(PSA).
Championships
The Professional Squash Tour is a tour based in the United States.[15] World University
World Masters
Wider acceptance
Squash has been featured regularly at the multi-sport events of the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games since
1998. Squash is also a regular sport at the Pan American Games since 1995. Squash players and associations have
lobbied for many years for the sport to be accepted into the Olympic Games, with no success to date. Squash narrowly
missed being instated for the 2012 London Games and the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Games (missed out again as the IOC
assembly decided to add golf and rugby sevens to the Olympic programme).[16] Squash also missed out as an event in
the 2020 Olympic Games.[17] At the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, the IOC voted for Wrestling instead of
Squash or Baseball/Softball. The usual reason cited for the failure of the sport to be adopted for Olympic competition is
the difficulty of spectators to follow the action, especially via television.

Squash was accepted as a demonstration sport for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.[18] The World Squash Federation hopes that this inclusion
will create a strong bid for a potential inclusion at the2024 Summer Olympics.[19]

Players, records and rankings

The (British) Squash Rackets Association (now known as England Squash) conducted its first
British Open championship for men in December 1930, using a "challenge" system. Charles
Read was designated champion in 1930, but was beaten in home and away matches by Don
Butcher, who was then recorded as the champion for 1931. The championship continues to this
day, but has been conducted with a "knockout" format since 1947.

The women's championship started in 1921,

Jahangir Khan of Pakistan is widely
considered to be the greatest player
in the history of the game.[20][21][22]
Ireland) and Geoff Hunt (Australia) in the 1960s and 1970s, Jahangir Khan (Pakistan) 1980s ; Jansher Khan (Pakistan) in the 1990s and more
recently, David Palmer and Nick Matthew.
and has been dominated by relatively few
players:[23] Joyce Cave, Nancy Cave, Cecily
Fenwick (England) in the 1920s; Margot Lumb
& Susan Noel (England) 1930s; Janet Morgan
(England) 1950s; Heather McKay (Australia)
1960s and 1970s; Vicki Cardwell (Australia)
and Susan Devoy (New Zealand) 1980s;
Michelle Martin and Sarah Fitz-Gerald
(Australia) 1990s and Nicol David (Malaysia)
2000s.
Nicol David; currently ranked the
The Men's British Open has similarly been number three female squash player
dominated by relatively few players:[23] F.D. in the world.
Amr Bey (Egypt) in the 1930s; Mahmoud
Karim (Egypt) in the 1940s; brothers Hashim
Khan and Azam Khan (Pakistan) in the 1950s and 1960s; Jonah Barrington (Great Britain and
The World Open (squash) was inaugurated in 1976 and serves as the main competition today. Jansher Khan holds the record of winning eight
World titles followed byJahangir Khan with six, Geoff Hunt & Amr Shabana four, Nick Matthew & Ramy Ashour three. The women's record is
held by Nicol David with eight wins followed bySarah Fitzgerald five, Susan Devoy four, and Michelle Martin three.

Heather McKay remained undefeated in competitive matches for 19 years (between 1962 and 1981) and won sixteen consecutive British Open
titles between 1962 and 1977.[24]

Previous world number one Peter Nicol stated that he believed squash had a "very realistic chance" of being added to the list of Olympic sports
for the 2016 Olympic Games,[25] but it ultimately lost out togolf and rugby sevens.

Current rankings
The Professional Squash Association(PSA) publishes monthly rankings of professional players:Dunlop PSA World Rankings.

Men's Women's

PSA Men's World Rankings, of December2017[26] PSA Women's World Rankings, of December 2017[27]
Rank Player Tournaments Points Average Rank Player Tournaments Points Average
Grégory Nour El
1 11 16,505 1,651 1 8 12,605 1,576
Gaultier (FRA) Sherbini (EGY)
Mohamed Raneem
2 El 12 14,710 1,429 2 El 8 9,730 1,216
Shorbagy (EGY) Weleily (EGY)
Ali Camille
3 12 12,650 1,209 3 8 8,470 1,059
Farag (EGY) Serme (FRA)
Karim Laura
4 9 8,390 1,049
4 Abdel 11 10,590 1,040 Massaro (ENG)
Gawad (EGY)
Nouran
5 8 6,340 793
Marwan El Gohar (EGY)
5 13 8,225 761
Shorbagy (EGY)
Nicol
6 9 6,275 738
Nick David (MAS)
6 10 7,560 756
Matthew (ENG)
Sarah-
Tarek 7 Jane 9 5,890 713
7 14 8,645 724 Perry (ENG)
Momen (EGY)
Paul Nour El
8 13 6,705 608 8 10 5,650 656
Coll (NZL) Tayeb (EGY)

Simon Joelle
9 12 6,235 571 9 10 4,950 571
Rösner (GER) King (NZL)

James Alison
10 12 5,905 554 10 10 4,250 492
Willstrop (ENG) Waters (ENG)

Current champions
 Men Women
Competition
Edition Title holder Edition Title holder

World Championship 2017 Mohamed El Shorbagy 2017 Raneem El Weleily

WSF World Team Championships 2017 Egypt 2017 Egypt

World Games 2017 Simon Rösner 2017 Camille Serme

WSF World Junior Championships 2016 Eain Yow Ng 2016 Nouran Gohar

WSF World Junior Team Championships 2016 Pakistan 2015 Egypt

World University 2016 Tsz Fung Yip 2016 Low Wee Wern

World Masters (Over 35) 2014 Omar El Borolossy 2014 Natalie Grainger

See also
World Squash Federation
PSA World Tour
PSA World Tour records
Compare with racquetball
List of squash players
World Championship
Hardball squash
List of PSA number 1 ranked players
List of WSA number 1 ranked players
World Team Squash Championships
British Open Squash Championships
List of US Intercollegiate squash champions
US Junior Open squash championship
Longest squash match records
Squash tennis
Table squash
Volley squash

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23. "Championship records"(http://allambritishopensquash.com/history/hall-of-fame/)
. Allam British Open Squash.
24. "Squash NSW History"(http://www.squash.org.au/nsw/about_us/history.htm). http://www.squash.org.au. Retrieved 11 March
2015. External link in |website= (help)
25. Slater, Matt (2007-03-23). "Squash 'deserves Olympic place', BBC article"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/squas
h/6480037.stm). BBC News. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
26. "Current PSA World Rankings" (https://psaworldtour.com/rankings/world_tour?g=men). psaworldtour.com. PSA World Tour, Inc.
27. "Current PSA World Rankings" (https://psaworldtour.com/rankings/world_tour?g=women). psaworldtour.com. WSA World Tour,
Inc.

Sources
Bellamy, Rex (1978). The Story of Squash. Cassell Ltd, London. ISBN 0-304-29766-6.
Palmer, Michael (1984). Guinness Book of Squash. Guinness Superlatives Ltd, London.ISBN 0-85112-270-1.
Hickok, Ralph (25 September 2008)."Squash Rackets Rules". Hickok Sports. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
"Squash Site".
"Learn Sport".
"Squash rackets Buyers Guide".

Further reading
Satterthwaite, Frank (1979).The three-wall nick and other angles: a squash autobiography. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and
Winston. ISBN 0-03-016666-7.
Zug, James; Plimpton, George (2003). Squash: a history of the game. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-7432-2990-8.

External links
World Squash Federation official website

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