Adhesive Manufacturing Processes

Chapter 10: Protection of labour and

environment

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Prof. h.c. Stefan Böhm

Department for Cutting and Joining Manufacturing Processes (tff)
University of Kassel, Germany

Quelle: Wikipedia
Agenda

 Introduction

 Hazard potential

 Sequelae

 Occupational Safety

 Environmental Protection

2
Reasons for occupational safety during processing of
adhesives

 Possibility of contact with potentially dangerous chemical substances

 This includes
● Pure materials (elements and compounds)
● Mixtures of substances

 Obligation to label exists for all containers, cans, bottles etc. that contain
hazardous materials

3
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

 Instrument for communication of safety-related information about materials

and mixtures
 Contains all relevant arrangements required to handle the material or mixture
 Manufacturer is obliged to provide a SDS for all products with a obligation to
label
 GHS pictograms are used for labeling the materials and mixtures

Quelle: http://www.baua.de 4
Safety Data Sheet (SHS)
Contents of s SHS
1. Declaration of material/mixture and
producing company
2. Possible hazards
3. Compounding/Information about individual
contents
4. Measurements for fire fighting
5. First aid measurements
6. Measures for accidental release
7. Conditions for handling and storing
8. Exposition limit and personal protective
equipment
9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Information regarding ecology
12. Toxicologial information
13. Information about disposal
14. Information about transport
15. Instructions
16. Additional information
Quelle: http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltsituation/chemikalien/sdb/ 5
Example for a Safety Data Sheet (SHS)

http://www.dr-software.com/deutsch/Sicherheitsdatenblatt_GHS.htm 6
Global Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and
Labeling of Chemicals
 New hazard symbols for chemicals since
1.12.2010 for individual materials, from
1.6.2015 on for mixtures

 Common signal words

(e.g. „Danger“, „Warning“)
 Hazard statements

 Precautionary statements

Quelle: http://www.gcicertified.com 7
Hazard Symbols for Chemicals (1)
New Description Old
Symbol Symbol

Explosives (Danger)
• Material might explode under special conditions (e.g. pressure or temperature)
• Avoid impacts, friction, fire, or sparks

Flamable (Danger) ()
• Ignites easly within reach of heat or open fire
• Avoid Contact to sources of ignition or hazard

Oxidizing (Danger)
• Material can ignite flammable materials or support fire
• Avoid contact to flammable materials

Toxic (Danger) ()
• Contact to small amounts incorporation can lead to strong or deadly intoxication
• No immediate physical contact
Quelle: vgl. http://www.springer-gup.de 8
Hazard Symbols for Chemicals (2)
New Description Old
Symbol Symbol

Corrosive (Danger)
• Even short contact times with skin can lead to scars, contact with eyes can lead to
permanent sight disorders
• Protect skin and eyes
Healt hazard (Danger)
• Materials can cause serious damage to
• Label for carcinogenic materials
• Products are to be used with caution
Irritant (Warning)
• Dangerous for humans
• Materials can cause skin irritations or allergies
• Small amounts do not cause serious health damage or death
Environmental Damaging (Warning)
• Hazardous for animals and environment
• Release can cause short or long term damages
• Do not dispose in waste water or domestic waste Quelle: vgl. http://www.springer-gup.de 9
Kennzeichnungssystem des GHS
Pictogram

Pictogram Hazard
Sentences
as
Amoung of specified
material if by GHS
public access
is possible P-Sentences
(max. 6)
Danger
Name, adress,
phone number of
supplier Signal
word
Quelle: http://www.lagerlogistik-service.de 10
Agenda

 Introduction

 Hazard potential

 Sequelae

 Occupational Safety

 Environmental Protection

11
Cyanacrylates - Hazards

Irritant

 Characteristic: Immediate reaction in the presence of water (also humidity)

 Hazards:
● Adhesion of skin
● Adhesion of eye
● Irritation of skin, eye, or respiratory systems

Quelle: http://www.mercateo.com 12
Cyanacrylates – Reactive measures
 Inhalation:
● Get person into fresh air, if necessary consult a doctor

 Skin contact:
● Soak affected areas in warm water
● Do not try to force adhered areas apart

 Eye contact:
● Wash with water
● Do not force adhered eyelids open

 Swollowing:
● Do not initiate vomitus
● Supply affected person with a lot of water
Quelle: http://www.mercateo.com 13
Solvent containing substances - Hazards
Flammable
Health hazard

 Examples: Solvent containing adhesices, primer, degreaser

 Hazards:
● Might affect unborn babies
● Serious health damages when inhaled
● Irritation of skin and eyes
● Vapors might cause tiredness and drownsiness
● Additionally: risk of addiciton

Quelle: deu.sika.com/ 14
Solvent containing substances – reactive measures
 Eye contact:
● Wash eyes with water

 Skin contact:
● Wash affected areas with water
● Remove contaminated clothes and shoes

 Swollowing:
● Do not initiate vomitus
● Keep resiratory ducts open

 Protection of first aider:

● Hazard when mouth-to-mouth venitlation is required

Quelle: deu.sika.com/ 15
PUR - hazards

Irritating

 Especially monomeric isocyanates (such as MDI, NDI)

 Hazards:
● Irritation of eyes, skin, and respiratory
● Possibly carcinogenic
● Danger of serious health damages from longer inhalation
● Allergisation by inhalation or skin contact

Quelle: http://www.bmua.de 16
PUR – reactive measures
 General notice:
● Symptoms of intoxication can occur long time after incident, therefore, medical
supervision is required for at least
 Inhalation:
● Fresh air and heat

 Skin contact:
● Wash with water and soap

 Eye contact:
● Wash several minutes with opened eyelied with water

 Swallowing:
● Do not initiate vomitus
Quelle: http://www.bmua.de 17
Epoxide resin - hazards
 Consists of component A (resin) and component B (hardener)
Irritating
Corrosive

 Hazards:
● Irritation of skin and eyes
● Allergisation by skin contact possible Resin component

● Damages health when swallowed,

inhaled or by skin contact
● Causes alkali burn Hardener
component
● Allergisation by skin contact possible
Quelle: Berufsgenossenschaften der
Bauwirtschaft 18
Epoxy resin – reactive measures
 Inhalation:
● Fresh air and heat

 Skin contact:
● Wash with water and soap

 Eye contact:
● Wash several minutes with opened eyelied with water

 Swallowing:
● Do not initiate vomitus

Quelle: http://www.bmua.de 19
Processes - Hazards
 Surface preparation:
● Degreasing, solvents as primers
– Hazard: Irritations, healt damages when inhaled

● Bating
– Hazard: Serious alkali burn

● Plasmatreatment with ozon

– Hazard: Eye, lung and faucal irritation

● Application, mixing and curing of components:

– Hazard: Release of reaction products, development of heat

Quelle: TC Kleben 20
Assessment of Risk (1)

Assessment of Risk

Exposition
Toxial characteristics Contact with material

Level of hazard Level of exposition

Level of risk

Quelle: vgl. http://www.fks.ch/Infoserie_Kleben/Inhalte/Infoserie.pdf 21

Assessment of risk (2)
 Decrease exposition by
● Automated processing (e.g. robots)
● Use of personal protection gear (e.g. protective gloves)
● Installation of technical facilities (e.g. exhaust system)

 Hazardous potential is a fundamental characteristic of the material or mixture

 Hazardous potential is reduced by the proportion of the hazardous material

Quelle: vgl. http://www.fks.ch/Infoserie_Kleben/Inhalte/Infoserie.pdf 22

Agenda

 Introduction

 Hazard potential

 Sequelae

 Occupational Safety

 Environmental Protection

23
Allergisation
 Definition:
„First contact before the development of the
allergy“ Contact to allergising
materials by

Inhalation
 Immune reaction agains intrusion of Swollowing

smallest foreign material

Penetration
Contact

 Allergic immune reaction can be

triggered by small/short next contact

Quelle: http://www.umweltschutz-bw.de 24
Consequences of allergisation
 Serious skin  contact eczema
 Skin can burst open or weep

 Avoid contact with causing material, possibly change of job

Quelle: http://www.bgbau-medien.de Quelle: http://www.medizinfo.de 25
Illnesses of the respiratory system
 Illnesses of the respiratory system can be caused by inhalation of epoxy
resins or isocyanates
 Rhinitis,
 Dry or productive cough
 Constriction of respiratory ductsDy
 Shortage of breath (Dyspnae)

 Obstructive illnesses of respiratory system are recognised occupational illness

with obligation of omission

Quelle: http://www.gesundheitsamt--bw.de 26
Agenda

 Introduction

 Hazard potential

 Sequelae

 Occupational Safety

 Environmental Protection

27
General rules of conduct for processing adhesives
 Avoid direct contact by
● swallowing (oral)
● Skin contact (dermal)
● Inhalation

 Precautions against inhalation:

● Do not exceed workplace exposure limit
● Workplace exposure limit is defined as:
„timely weighted average concentration of a material in the air of the workplace that does
not cause acute or chronical damage to the health of the employee.
Exposition
– 8 hours a day
– For 5 days a week Quelle: Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales
Quelle: Habenicht „Grundlagen, Technologien, Anwendungen“, S. 604 28
Scheme of occupational and environmental safety and
protection

Precautions

Occupational Protection of
safety environment

Before working During working After working Immissionen Disposal

Skin protection Avoid skin contact Cleaning Ventialtion Separate garbage
Working clothes Avoid inhalation Waste Exhaust collection
Cleanliness Hand protection Skin care Filters Special refuse
Skin protection

Quelle: vgl. Wilhelm Endlich von Vulkan „Klebstoffe und Dichtstoffe in der modernen Technik“, S.230 29
Precautions – before working
 Skin protection
● According to skin protection plan, e.g. application of skin protection cremes

 Working clothes
● Wear personal protection gear (especially protective glasses and gloves)

 Cleanliness
● Keep the workplace clean

Quelle: vgl. Wilhelm Endlich von Vulkan „Klebstoffe und Dichtstoffe in der modernen Technik“, 30
Precautions – during working
 Avoid skin contact
 Avoid inhalation
● Use exhaust system

 Hand protection
● Wear protective gloves

 Skin protection
● According to skin protection plan

Quelle: vgl. Wilhelm Endlich von Vulkan „Klebstoffe und Dichtstoffe in der modernen Technik“, 31
Precautions – after working
 cleaning
● Workplace and devices are to be cleaned after Waste
● Dispose materials in special container

 Skin care
● According to skin protection plan, e.g. application of skin care ´cremes

Quelle: vgl. Wilhelm Endlich von Vulkan „Klebstoffe und Dichtstoffe in der modernen Technik“ 32
Precaution (1) – Skin protection plan
 Contents:
● Hazards for the skin at the workplace
● To be used for hazard minimisation:
– Skin protection

– Skin cleaning

– Skin care

– Protective gloves

 Skin protection plan is part of the regular briefing

33
Precaution (2) – protective gloves
 Material choice depends on
● Hazardous material to be handled
● concentration
● Dwell time

 Requirements:
● Resitance (are not to dissolve in chemical material
● No penetration (are to not be penetrated by the chemical material)

Quelle: http://www.arbeit-und-gesundheit.de 34
Protective gloves – labelling (1)

Quelle: http://www.mit-heiler-haut.de 35
Protective gloves – labelling (2)

Name of product Size

Pictogram (after successful
testing)

CE-sign and number of testing

Chemical proof for more than 30 facility
min against chemicals AJL of the
standard line

Advice: Consult manual

Tested mechanical properties

Tested protection from biological

hazards

Adress of manufacturer/importer
Quelle: http://www.mit-heiler-haut.de 36
Schutzhandschuhe – Kennzeichnung (3)

 Comprehensive protection

 Limited protection

Quelle: http://www.bgbau-medien.de/ 37
Hazards of wearing protective gloves
 Risk of injury
● Risk of injury during manual activities at running machines

 Development of humid chamber within the glove

● Perspiration of skin
● When glove has to be worn longer than 1-2 hrs.:
– Damaging of skin possible

– Possibility of developing a subtoxic cumulative eczem

Quelle: http://www.gesundheitsamt-bw.de/ 38
Summary: Requirements for processing adhesives at the
workplace
 Sufficient ventilation and exhaust systems
 Supply fire distinguisher
 Keep only the needed amount of adhesives and solvents at the workplace
 Labelled and resealable containers for solvents, rests of adhesive, acids,
bases, and cleaning cloth
 Supply protective glasses, gloves, skin cremes, eye shower, breathing mask,
and towels
 Signs with numbers of doctors and fire brigade
 Labelling of hazardous substances with normed symbols

Quelle: Habenicht „Kleben – Erfolgreich und Fehlerfrei“ 39

Agenda

 Introduction

 Hazard potential

 Sequelae

 Occupational Safety

 Environmental Protection

40
Scheme of occupational and environmental safety and
protection

Precautions

Occupational Protection of
safety environment

Before working During working After working Immissionen Disposal

Skin protection Avoid skin contact Cleaning Ventialtion Separate garbage
Working clothes Avoid inhalation Waste Exhaust collection
Cleanliness Hand protection Skin care Filters Special refuse
Skin protection

Quelle: vgl. Wilhelm Endlich von Vulkan „Klebstoffe und Dichtstoffe in der modernen Technik“, S.230 41
Immissionen
 Definition:
● Contamination of air, sounds, shocks, light, warmth, and other interferences by the
environment that affect
● humans, animals, plants, soil, water, atmosphere, cultural, or material goods
● Diferrence between emission and imsission

Immission Emission

Emitting object

Quelle: vgl. http://www.umwelt-online.de Quelle: § 3 Bundes-Immissionsschutz-Gesetz 42

Immissionen - avoidance
 Avoid Immissions by:
● ventilation
– Exchange of contaminated air by natural or machine supported ventilation

● Exhaust
– Air that is conveyed away from the room

● Filters
– Cleaning of air in the room or external air with specal filters

43
Disposal
 Liquid or paste like remains of adhesives that are not fully cured
● Dispose as special refuse

 Fully cured adhesive (e.g. after exceeding pot time)

● Dispose in domestic waste

 Remains of solvents
● Disposal in specially labelled containers as special refuse

Quelle: Habenicht „Kleben – Erfolgreich und Fehlerfrei“ 44