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• 1970 – Corning Glass optical fiber with 20 dB/km • 1970 – Communication systems had a maximum value
near 1 µm of BL product = 100 Mb/s-km only, due to fundamental
• 1970 - Semiconductor Laser with CW operation limitations.
at room temp. • It was realized that BL product could only be increased
• 1980 onwards – wide spread use of Optical through the use of optical waves as carrier.
Fiber Communication
Transmitter……contd. Transmitter……contd.
• LEDs - used for low to medium bit rate applications (less • Generally laser diodes come with fiber pigtails,
than 100 Mbits/sec) and lower optical link lengths. which are aligned in factory for optimum power
- are cheap and rugged coupling.
- can be switched on and off (for digital modulation) • An optical transmitter consists of an optical
using simple logic drivers.
source (LED or LD) and a drive circuit which
• Laser diodes are used for high bit rate and longer optical drives the required amount of current through
link applications.
- are very sensitive to temperature changes
the LED or LD.
- require sophisticated circuits for their field use. • LED transmitters typically have output powers of
- Most commonly used circuits monitor the average 10 – 50 W at the end of a fiber MMF pigtail.
optical power and adjust the drive current • LDs typically give anywhere from 1mW – 20mW
automatically to maintain the required optical on a SMF pigtail.
power.
Optical Spectrum of LEDs & Laser
9. Receiver
Diodes
• An optical receiver is an optical-to-electrical converter +
amplifier and decision circuits.
• Photodetectors are used for O/E conversion.
• Two types - PIN and Avalanche Photodetector (APD)
• Principle – generation of photo current using the light
from the fiber falling on the depletion region of a photo
detector
• PIN – used for modest applications, no internal gain
mechanism, cheap and rugged
• APD – used for applications requiring high sensitivity;
provide internal optical gain of several tens. They require
high bias voltages (>200V). Quite expensive.
Receiver………..contd. Receiver………..contd.
• The photodetector (PIN or APD) followed by a – Most of the noise in the low noise amplifier is introduced
low noise amplifier. by the first device.
• The optical power detected is typically 1W or – For high frequency applications a matching MESFET
device is chosen as the front end amplifier device.
less.
– For simple, low bit rate applications a simple current-to-
• front end amplifier must be a low noise voltage converter (using an opamp) is good enough.
amplifier.
– Low noise preamplifer circuit will be followed by a Post
• The bandwidth required at the receiver is amplifier (to raise the electrical signal to the required
generally very high (several hundreds of levels)
MHz). – For digital applications a high-speed comparator
• Design of a fiber optic receiver circuit is quite employed to finally convert the signal to the required
a challenge. logic levels.
Increase in the capacity of optical fiber systems realized after 1980. Increase in the BL product since 1975 through several generations of
The change in the slope after 1992 is due to the advent of WDM optical fiber systems
technology (source: Chapter 1 - GP Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, 3rd
(source: Chapter 1 - GP Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons., Inc., New York, 2002)
edition, John Wiley & Sons., Inc., New York, 2002)
4th Generation Optical Fiber WDM Cable Network between Germany and
Submarine Systems Singapore (SEA-ME-WE-3)
• 1996 - the first cable (TAT-12/13) using fully
optical amplification via erbium-doped fiber
amplifiers (EDFAs) came into service.
• Because of the optical amplifiers the need for
the two signal conversions is avoided.
• This change from regeneration to optical
amplification considerably reduced the number
of active components which had to be qualified
for 25 years of undersea service
• Significantly improved the intrinsic reliability of
the cable systems (though that is so high that it
is difficult to measure).