Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
JAYA PRAKA V.M*1, Mr. RAMJI D.R2, Dr. SREEJA MOLE S.S3
1
PG Student, ECE Department, Narayanaguru College of Engineering, Manjalumoodu, Tamil Nadu,
KK District, India.
2
Assistant Professor, ECE Department, Narayanaguru College of Engineering, Manjalumoodu, Tamil
Nadu, KK District, India.
3
Head of the Department ECE, Narayanaguru College of Engineering, Manjalumoodu, Tamil Nadu,
KK District, India.
Article Received: 20/12/2014 Article Revised on: 28/12/2014 Article Accepted on:30/12/2014
ABSTRACT
The digital cameras are developed by Charge Coupled Device (CCD) or
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor that can capture
images by Color Filter Array (CFA) technique. A CFA used in digital camera is a mosaic
of spectrally selective filters, which allow only one color component to be sensed at
each pixel. The missing two components of each pixel have to be estimated by
methods known as Demosaicing. In this survey, different types of interpolation
algorithm and their hardware architecture have been analyzed and compared. The
algorithms are implemented for different types of field programmable gate array
(FPGA) and/or by different types of complementary metal oxide semiconductor
JAYA PRAKA V.M SARANYA.K
(CMOS) technologies like TSMC 0.18 and TSMC 0.13. Here, we propose a low
complexity adaptive edge-enhanced color interpolation algorithm for the VLSI
implementation in real time video applications. The goal of this proposed work is to
reduce computational complexity by reducing the number of components used for
interpolation. This novel algorithm consists of an edge detector, an anisotropic
weighting model and a filter based compensator. This proposed work is tries to
reduce the number of line buffers and combinational elements such as adder and
multiplexer of the existing architecture. In addition, the hardware cost was reduced
by using hardware sharing and reconfigurable techniques.
Key words- Camera, Charge coupled device (CCD), Demosaicing, Color filter array
(CFA), Edge detector, Interpolation, FPGA.
©KY Publications
end _ repeat. the four nearest CFA samples of the same color. The
Wavelet based color filter array demoasicing [17] estimates from one particular direction is obtained
To employ the higher spatial resolution of by exploiting the spectral correlations along that
the luminance image, by merging it with the directions, the correlation that states that the
interpolated color image. For this merging, difference between the green and red/blue values
multiresolution techniques using the wavelet within a local neighborhood are well correlated with
transform. Employ the wavelet transform for the constant offsets. The post processing step aims to
merging of an interpolated luminance image with an suppress visible artifacts residing in the
interpolated color image, where the conventional demosaicked images obtained from the
interpolation techniques are applied. In a first step, interpolation step. There are two main types of
a luminance image is formed. This can be done in demosaicking artifacts, namely false colors and
one of the conventional ways (bilinear interpolation zipper effect. The false colors are those artifacts
of the green pixels as in the Bayer reconstruction, corresponding to noticeable color errors as
the alternative Bayer reconstruction or the gradient compared to the non-mosaicked original image. The
reconstruction). Also the red, blue, and green zipper effect refers to abrupt or unnatural changes
component images are interpolated in a in color or intensity between neighboring pixels,
conventional ways. Then the luminance image and manifesting as an “on-off” pattern.
each band of the RGB image is wavelet transformed PROPOSED METHOD
separately. Two merging rules are investigated: the Here, a low complexity adaptive edge
‘replace’ rule replaces the coefficients from the enhanced color interpolation algorithm is proposed
color band by the coefficients from the luminance for the VLSI implementation in real time video
image. The ‘max’ rule replaces the coefficients from applications. The proposed novel algorithm consists
the color band by the maximum of the coefficients of an edge detector, an anisotropic weighting model
from the luminance and the color band. Finally the and a filter-based compensator. The anisotropic
obtained color wavelet coefficients are inversely weighting model is designed to catch more
wavelet transformed to obtain the demosaicked information in horizontal direction than vertical
RGB image. directions. A low complexity edge detector is
Adaptive CFA demosaicing using Directional spatial created to enhance the edge information in the
and spectral correlations [14] images. It used only addition, subtraction, and
To develop a new and improved CFA absolute operations to obtain the edge information.
demosaicing method for producing high quality The hardware cost of the edge detector is much less
color images from CFA samples. This method than the previous designs such as [8] and [10], which
consists of two successive steps: utilize dividers and multipliers to obtain the edge
1) Interpolation step and gain information. The filter-based compensation
2) Post processing step methodology includes a Laplacian and spatial
An interpolation step estimating the missing color sharpening filters which are developed to improve
values by exploiting spatial and spectral correlations the edge information and reduce the blurring effect.
among neighboring pixels in different directions, and The hardware cost is reduced by using hardware
a post processing step suppressing noticeable sharing and reconfigurable techniques. Compared
artifacts by using adaptive mean filtering. The with previous low complexity techniques, this work
interpolation step fills in missing color values in reduces the gate counts or power consumption, also
sequentially, the green plane is the first to be fully improves the average CPSNR quality.
populated and (once fully populated) used to assist CONCLUSION
the subsequent red and blue plane interpolation. In this paper different types of
Each missing color value is interpolated by properly interpolation algorithm and their hardware
combining the estimates obtained from four architectures are discussed. Also a novel color
interpolation directions which are defined based on interpolation algorithm is proposed to develop low
cost, low power, high performance, and high quality Trans. Image Process., vol. 14, no. 2, pp.
color interpolation processor for real time video 267-278, Feb. 2005.
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anisotropic weighting model, an edge detector, and implementation of low-power high-quality
filter-based compensation methods which are used color interpolation processor for CCD
to reduce the memory requirements and improve camera,” IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale
the quality of images. The number of arithmetic Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 14, no. 4,
elements in proposed architecture is much less than pp. 361-369, Apr. 2006..
the other interpolation methods. [11]. Y. H. Shiau, P. Y. Chen, and C. W. Chang,
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