Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Subvolume D
Iron Systems
Part 5
Selected Systems from Fe-N-V to Fe-Ti-Zr
Editors
G. Effenberg and S. Ilyenko
Authors
Materials Science and International Team, MSIT®
ISSN 1615-2018 (Physical Chemistry)
At head of title: Landolt-Börnstein. Added t.p.: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology.
Tables chiefly in English.
Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Börnstein of which the 6th ed. began publication in 1950 under title:
Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik.
Vols. published after v. 1 of group I have imprint: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag
Includes bibliographies.
1. Physics--Tables. 2. Chemistry--Tables. 3. Engineering--Tables.
I. Börnstein, R. (Richard), 1852-1913. II. Landolt, H. (Hans), 1831-1910.
III. Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. IV. Title: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology.
QC61.23 502'.12 62-53136
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that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Product Liability: The data and other information in this handbook have been carefully extracted and evaluated by experts from the original literature.
Furthermore, they have been checked for correctness by authors and the editorial staff before printing. Nevertheless, the publisher can give no
guarantee for the correctness of the data and information provided. In any individual case of application, the respective user must check the correctness
by consulting other relevant sources of information.
Nataliya Bochvar, Moscow, Russia Marina Hans Leo Lukas, Stuttgart, Germany
Cacciamani, Genova, Italy Hailin Chen, Perrot, Lille, France Tatiana Pryadko,
Changsha, China Gautam Ghosh, Evanston, Kyiv, Ukraine Peter Rogl, Vienna, Austria
USA Lesley Cornish, Randburg, South Lazar Rokhlin, Moscow, Russia Hans
Africa Damian M. Cupid, Freiberg, Germany Jürgen Seifert, Freiberg, Germany Elena
Yong Du, Changsha, China Olga Semenova, Kyiv, Ukraine Weihua Sun,
Kyiv, Ukraine Jozefien De Keyzer, Heverlee, Kyiv, Ukraine Tamara Velikanova, Kyiv,
Belgium Natalia Kol’chugina, Moscow, Ukraine Andy Watson, Leeds, U.K. Wei
Germany Viktor Kuznetsov, Moscow, Russia China Lijun Zhang, Changsha, China
In spite of the skill and labor that have been put into this volume, it will not be faultless. All criticisms
and suggestions that can help us to improve our work are very welcome. Please contact us via
effenberg@msiwp.com. We hope that this volume will prove to be as useful for the materials scientist
and engineer as the other volumes of Landolt-Börnstein New Series and the previous works of MSIT®
have been. We hope that the Landolt Börnstein Sub-series, Ternary Alloy Systems will be well received
by our colleagues in research and industry.
On behalf of the participating authors we want to thank all those who contributed their comments and
insight during the evaluation process. In particular we thank the reviewers - Pierre Perrot,
Tamara Velikanova, Hans Leo Lukas, Marina Bulanova, Mikhail Turchanin, Nataliya Bochvar,
Olga Fabrichnaya and Viktor Kuznetsov.
We all gratefully acknowledge the dedicated scientific desk editing by Oleksandra Berezhnytska,
Mariya Saltykova and Oleksandr Rogovtsov.
Günter Effenberg, Svitlana Ilyenko and Oleksandr Dovbenko Stuttgart, March 2008
Foreword
Can you imagine a world without iron and steel? No? I can’t either.
The story of mankind is intimately linked to the discovery and successful use of metals and their
alloys. Amongst them iron and steel - we could define steel as ‘a generally hard, strong, durable,
malleable alloy of iron and carbon, usually containing between 0.2 and 1.5 percent carbon, often with
other constituents such as manganese, Chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, Cobalt, or
silicon, depending on the desired alloy properties, and widely used as a structural material’, have shaped
our material world.
The story of iron takes us back to the period of the Hittite Empire around 1300 BC, when iron started
to replace bronze as the chief metal used for weapons and tools. Until today the story remains
uncompleted and the social and economic impact of the iron and steel industry is now beyond
imagination. In the year 2005 1.13 billion tons of crude steel were produced. Compared to 2004 this is an
increase of 6.8%. That same year the steel production in China increased from 280.5 to almost 350
million tons. Concerning stainless steel: according to the International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF), the
global production forecast for 2006 now stands at 27.8 million metric tons of stainless crude steel, up
14.3% compared to 2005.
The list of different steel grades and related applications is impressive and still growing: low carbon
strip steels for automotive applications, low carbon structural steels, engineering steels, stainless steels,
cast irons, and, more recently: dual phase steels, TRIP-steels, TWIP-steels, maraging steels, …
The list of applications seems endless: a wide range of properties from corrosion resistance to high
tensile strength is covered. These properties depend on the percentage of carbon, the alloying elements,
and increasingly on the thermo-mechanical treatments that aim at optimizing the microstructure.
Yet many potential improvements remain unexplored, also due to the increasing complexity of the
new steel grades. For instance, a recently patent protected new die steel for hot deformation has the
following composition specifications: C 0.46 – 0.58; Si 0.18 – 0.40; Mn 0.45 – 0.75, Cr 0.80 – 1.20; Ni
1.30 – 1.70; Mo 0.35 – 0.65; V 0.18 – 0.25; Al 0.01 – 0.04; Ti 0.002 – 0.04; B 0.001 – 0.003; Zr 0.02 –
0.04; Fe remaining.
Although many properties of steel are directly related to non-equilibrium states, it remains a fact that
the equilibrium state creates the reference frame for all changes that might occur in any material - and
consequently would effect its properties in use - that is actually not in its thermodynamic equilibrium
state. This is what these volumes in the Landolt-Börnstein series stand for: they have collected the most
reliable data on the possible phase equilibria in ternary iron based alloys. Therefore this first volume of
data, as well as the other ones in a series of four to appear, is of immeasurable value for metallurgists and
materials engineers that improve the properties of existing steels and develop new and more complex
steel grades. It is about materials, it is about quality of life.
The well-recognized quality label of MSIT®, the Materials Science International Team, also applies to
the present volume of the Landolt-Börnstein series. It should be available for every materials engineer,
scientist and student.
Introduction
Data Covered.......................................................................................................................................XIII
General ................................................................................................................................................XIII
Structure of a System Report ..............................................................................................................XIII
Introduction.................................................................................................................................XIII
Binary Systems ...........................................................................................................................XIII
Solid Phases ................................................................................................................................XIV
Quasibinary Systems.................................................................................................................... XV
Invariant Equilibria ...................................................................................................................... XV
Liquidus, Solidus, Solvus Surfaces ............................................................................................. XV
Isothermal Sections...................................................................................................................... XV
Temperature – Composition Sections ......................................................................................... XV
Thermodynamics.......................................................................................................................... XV
Notes on Materials Properties and Applications......................................................................... XV
Miscellaneous .............................................................................................................................. XV
References ................................................................................................................................ XVIII
General References .............................................................................................................................XIX
Ternary Systems