Introductory Tutorial To The RF Module: Coil Design

Introductory tutorial to the RF Module:
Coil design
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1.6000E+08 1.6500E+08 1.7000E+08 1.7500E+08 1.8000E+08
Copyright © 2009 COMSOL. Redistribution is not allowed without permission from COMSOL.
Introductory tutorial to the RF Module:
Coil design
This coil has a resonant frequency at
which the stored electric and magnetic
energy are equal.
At this frequency the coil stores energy

very well.
We will find the resonant frequency and

quantify how well the coil stores energy.
We will then tune the resonant frequency

and consider coupling to another coil.
Solution procedure:
1) Find the resonant frequency of the coil

2) Investigate the boundary conditions
3) Add surface losses
4) Determining the Q-factor
5) Tune the resonant frequency with lumped parameters
6) Scan over frequency
7) Add another coil
Open a new, blank, 3D RF model file and
import the coil geometry
Add a surrounding air sphere and solve for
the fields around, but not inside, the coil by
deactivating the equations inside the coil
Mesh, for now, with the “Extra Coarse” Setting
Use PEC boundaries on the coil surface and
PMC boundaries on the sphere surface
The PEC boundary condition
Incident wave models infinitely conductive
E-field media, with no losses, it sets
the tangential component of
the E-field to zero.
Fields do not penetrate past
the boundary.
Loss-less out-of-phase reflected wave
The PMC boundary condition
models a symmetry boundary
condition, the derivative of the
tangential E-field is zero.
Fields do not penetrate past
the boundary.
Loss-less in-phase reflected wave
Try solving the model…
Solving for eigenvalues is an iterative process, the default is to start

searching around a frequency of zero. This is “too far away” from the
solution, and you will get an error message similar to the above…
The resolution to this error message, or slow convergence, is to search

around a different frequency
Tuning the solver… Enter 1 here, we are only
interested in, the first
resonant frequency, the
fundamental mode
Ramp this up by powers of

100 until a solution is
returned.
Once you get a solution,

enter that as the new
search point and go down
in frequency by powers of
The default PARDISO direct 10, and then, by ½ to make
solver is the fastest for this sure that you have the
type of problem. fundamental mode.
If you are running out of
memory, use the PARDISO It is easiest to search from
out-of-core option, or GMRES, above, in frequency. Do so,
but these are much slower. if you roughly know the
resonant frequency.
When plotting results, remember that electric
and magnetic fields are out of phase
Verify that this is the fundamental mode
Slice plot of
total energy
density
f = 178 MHz f = 1.74 GHz
Numerically, there is no difference between the modes, the fundamental mode

is simply the resonant mode closest to zero in frequency, but the eigenvalue
solver will return whatever modes are closest to the given starting point
Spurious modes may be returned if you
starting frequency is too low
f = 2287 Hz
These modes are numerically

correct but have no physical
meaning, they are an artifact of
the finite element mesh
Enforcing the divergence condition will
reduce the appearance of spurious modes
Set this via:

Physics > Application Mode Properties
When enforcing the Divergence

condition, you must use one of the
direct solvers such as PARDISO
This also increases the problem size,

and memory requirements, so it is
generally less attractive
Study increasing the air sphere radius, and switch
the outside boundary conditions from PMC to PEC
186
Resonant Frequency, MHz
184
PMC PEC
182
This is a fundamental
180
result, the PMC and PEC
178 boundary conditions can be
though of as opposites, or
176
as bounds to the problem.
174
The mesh also has an

172
effect upon this result
170
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Sphere radius
Tune the Free Mesh Parameters settings to get
uniform aspect ratio elements around the coil
Study the mesh refinement as discussed

in the Dipole Antenna Tutorial
So far, the structure is loss-less, let us know
consider skin losses on the coil surface
Enter the
conductivity
of the coil
When solving this problem, an error occurs
The eigenvalue problem solves for the resonant frequency, but the
losses due to a finite conductivity boundary are a function of this
resonant frequency.
The problem is now a non-linear eigenvalue problem, and we must

provide not just a starting point for the eigenvalue solver, but also a
guess at the frequency for the conductive losses.
Use the loss-less eigenfrequency as the
guess for the lossy calculation
Use the linear eigenvalue

solution, and multiply that
by i and the frequency:
-i*2*pi*1.78e8
This non-linear eigenvalue problem will take
longer to solve, but will return the Q-factor
Postprocessing > Data Display > Global
This is the Q-factor due to resistive losses, usually

there is only a small shift in resonant frequency
Use a PML to compute the radiative losses
F = 171 MHz
Qtotal = 35
1 1 1
Qtotal Qradiative Qresistive
See the dipole antenna tutorial for instructions on how to build this PML
Solving with a PML will significantly increase solution time
It is also possible to get the resonant mode
and Q-factor from a frequency sweep
Add embedded surfaces to

represent PEC faces (blue)
and a Lumped Port (red)
Switch to the Time-harmonic

formulation to get access to the
Lumped Port BC’s
Change the solver settings to scan over frequency
Start with a coarse

frequency scan
Use the GMRES

solver with all defaults.
This solver is better for

solving frequency
domain problems, and
uses much less
memory.
Sometimes, an under-meshed PML can
lead to extremely slow convergence
The mesh under-
resolves the
fields, so the
iterative solver
cannot converge.
Not The direct solvers
enough will still work.
elements
here
A well-resolved
mesh will converge
when using the
iterative solver.
Better
convergence
Monitor port impedance and increase resolution
on the frequency scan near the peak
f0
16000
Zmax
14000
12000
10000
Real(Z)
½ Zmax
8000
Δf
6000
4000
2000
0
1.6000E+08 1.6500E+08 1.7000E+08 1.7500E+08 1.8000E+08
Frequency
Q-factor can be computed two ways:
f0 U
Q Q 2 f0
f P
Where f0 and Δf are U: Integral of stored energy in all domains
found from the P: Radiated power & surface losses
frequency scan (both evaluated at f0)
Now that we have the resonant frequency,
we can tune the coil with lumped parameters
Zcoil V
Consider two strategies:
Zcoil V
Add some additional faces to
model a circuit
Use Lumped Ports to add capacitance
Zcapacitor = -j/ωC
(ω=omega_rfw)
Re-run the frequency scan…
16000
Parallel Circuit Original Coil Q-factor does not change

14000
much, but the resonant
12000 frequency is shifted due to
10000
the added capacitance,
and the impedance is
Real(Z)
8000 lower for the series circuit.

6000
4000
2000
Series Circuit
0
1.60E+08 1.65E+08 1.70E+08 1.75E+08 1.80E+08
Frequency
Compute coupling to a second coil
PEC
Lumped
Port
The lumped port boundary

conditions set up additional global
output variables for port voltage:
Vport_<port #>_g1_rfw
A coil need not have volume, create a and port current:
loop of PEC faces, and a Lumped Port Iport_<port #>_g1_rfw
What you should have learned…
• Finding the resonant frequency of a loss-less, non-radiating coil

• Adding resistive losses to the coil
• Adding radiative losses
• Finding the Q-factor
• Tuning the resonant frequency via lumped ports
• Computing the coupling to another coil
Extension: Adding a Circuit Port
How to define a circuit port with a source
current using the SPICE interface
Zcoil I
Going back to the case with one tuning

capacitance and just one coil. How do
we define a current source rather than
a voltage source?
Change the boundary
condition from Lumped port
to Circuit Port. Keep the
Port number set to 1.
When adding a Circuit port, COMSOL now considers
the port to have two terminals. This fact will be used in
the SPICE circuit definition.
SPICE Circuit
1A
• We will add a SPICE
1
circuit corresponding to 0
this circuit diagram.
• It consists of one current
source of 1 Amps , one Circuit port 50 Ohm
impedance or 50 Ohm
and a total of three circuit 2
nodes named 0, 1 and 2.
• The two Circuit Port
terminals will correspond
to the nodes 0 and 2.
Open the SPICE Circuit Editor
To add a current source, click
the Create Current Source
button.
Give the device the name I1 (for

current source 1).
Let it have terminal names 0

and 1.
Give the Device value the value

1 (this correspond to 1 Ampere).
This is the resulting SPICE
Netlist output.
To add a real impedance
(resistor), click the Create
Resistor button.
Give the device the name R1

(for resistor 1).
Let it have Terminal names 1

and 2.
Give the Device value the value

50 (this correspond to 50 Ohm).
Netlist output.
To add an external circuit –
which will be the 3D coil model –
click the Create Subcircuit
Instance.
Give the device the name X1

(for external circuit 1).
Let it have Terminal names 2

and 0.
Give the Subcircuit reference

name rfcoil. This is your chosen
name for the 3D coil model.
Netlist output.
To add a link to the 3D coil
model, click the Create Link to
Current Model button.
Give the Subcircuit reference

name rfcoil (needs to match
what’s given for X1).
Set Terminal names to 1. Note:

this is the port number of the
circuit port in the 3D coil model
and does not reference any of
the SPICE nodes.
Netlist output.
Now select the Force AC
analysis checkbox. This will turn
the circuit into an AC circuit
(frequency-response/harmonic
analysis).
Plot of port impedance (real and imaginary part) vs.
frequency.
These correspond to the variable expressions:
Real part:
real(Zport_1_rfw) or just Zport_1_rfw
(Since COMSOL automatically takes the real part of all
expressions plotted.)
Imaginary part:
imag(Zport_1_rfw)

Introductory Tutorial To The RF Module: Coil Design

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Introductory tutorial to the RF Module:

At this frequency the coil stores energy

We will find the resonant frequency and

We will then tune the resonant frequency

1) Find the resonant frequency of the coil

Mesh, for now, with the “Extra Coarse” Setting

Loss-less in-phase reflected wave

Solving for eigenvalues is an iterative process, the default is to start

The resolution to this error message, or slow convergence, is to search

Ramp this up by powers of

Once you get a solution,

f = 178 MHz f = 1.74 GHz

Numerically, there is no difference between the modes, the fundamental mode

These modes are numerically

Set this via:

When enforcing the Divergence

This also increases the problem size,

The mesh also has an

Study the mesh refinement as discussed

The problem is now a non-linear eigenvalue problem, and we must

Use the linear eigenvalue

Postprocessing > Data Display > Global

This is the Q-factor due to resistive losses, usually

Add embedded surfaces to

Switch to the Time-harmonic

Start with a coarse

Use the GMRES

This solver is better for

Consider two strategies:

Parallel Circuit Original Coil Q-factor does not change

8000 lower for the series circuit.

The lumped port boundary

• Finding the resonant frequency of a loss-less, non-radiating coil

Going back to the case with one tuning

Give the device the name I1 (for

Let it have terminal names 0

Give the Device value the value

Give the device the name R1

Let it have Terminal names 1

Give the Device value the value

Give the device the name X1

Let it have Terminal names 2

Give the Subcircuit reference

Give the Subcircuit reference

Set Terminal names to 1. Note:

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