Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ULTRASONICS
2. 1) The following sound wave mode has multiple or varying wave velocities:
Lamb waves.
the determination of a material’s elastic modulus, the study of a material’s metallurgical structure, and
the measurement of a material’s thickness.
4. 3) The only significant sound wave mode that will travel through a liquid is:
a longitudinal wave.
determine the relative amounts of sound energy coupled through and reflected at an interface.
6. 5) When angle beam contact testing a test piece, increasing the incident angle until the
second critical angle is reached results in:
8. 7) The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of water appears disjointed at the water
surface illustrates the phenomenon of:
refraction.
9. 8) The crystal thickness and transducer frequency are related. The thinner the crystal:
10. 9) The random distribution of crystallographic direction in alloys with large crystalline
structure is a factor in determining:
The acoustic noise levels, the selection of a test frequency, and the scattering of sound.
11. 10) The length of the zone adjacent to a transducer in which fluctuations in sound pressure
occur is mostly affected by:
12. 11) The differences in signals received from identical reflectors at different material distances
from a transducer may be caused by:
Near field.
14. 13) The near field effects of a transducer in immersion testing may be eliminated by:
15. 14) What relationship would you expect to exist between the amplitudes of a reflected
laminar signal if in position A, the transducer is right over the laminar reflector and in position
B the transducer is clear of the laminar reflector?
16. 15) The maximum sound intensity is at the beam centerline in the far field of a uniform
ultrasonic beam.
17. 16) The following may result in a long narrow rod if the beam divergence results in a
reflection from a side of the test piece before the sound wave reaches the back surface:
19. 18) As the frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given
crystal:
Decreases.
20. 19) As the radius of the curvature of a curved lens is increased, the focal length of the lens
will:
Increase.
21. 20) When examining materials for planar flaws oriented parallel to the part surface, what
testing method is most often used:
straight beam.
22. 21) If a contact angle beam transducer produces a 45?-shear wave in steel, the angle
produced by the same transducer in an aluminum specimen would be: (Vssteel =.323
cm/?sec; VsAL = .310 cm/?sec),
surface wave.
26. 25) The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminum or steel is
approximately:
1:4.
27. 26) The following scanning method could be classified as an immersion type test:
tank in which the search unit and test piece are immersed, squirter bubbler method in which the sound
is transmitted in a column of flowing water, and scanning with a wheel type search unit with the
transducer inside a liquid filled tire.
28. 27) In an immersion test of a piece of steel or aluminum, the water distance appears on the
display as a fairly wide space between the initial pulse and the front surface reflection
because of:
reduced velocity of the sound in the water as compared to the test piece.
29. 28) Using the immersion method, a distance amplitude curve (DAC) for a �-inch diameter,
5-MHz search unit shows the high point of the DAC at the 1 �-inch block. One day later, the
high point of the DAC for the same search unit is at the �-inch block. Assuming calibration
has not changed, this would indicate that the search unit:
30. 29) The following law can be used to calculate the angle of refraction within a metal for both
longitudinal and shear waves: Snell�s Law.
31. 30) An impedance difference results in the division of sound energy into transmitted and
reflected modes at an interface between two different materials.
32. 31) When using a focused transducer, non-symmetry in a propagated sound beam may be
caused by:
backing material variations, lens centering or misalignment, and porosity in the lenses.
33. 32) Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for the following types of examinations:
straight or longitudinal examination, angle beam or shear wave examination, and surface wave or
Rayleigh wave.
34. 33) During straight beam testing, test specimens with non-parallel front and back surfaces
can cause:
is greater than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece.
36. 35) In a B-scan display, the length of the screen indication from a discontinuity is related to:
37. 36) The following circuit triggers the pulser and sweep circuits in an A-scan display:
clock.
the distance covered by the front surface pulse width and the recovery time.
39. 38) The following represents the intensity of a reflected beam on an A-scan display:
signal amplitude.
40. 39) The following scan type can be used to produce a recording of the flaw areas
superimposed over a plan view of the test piece: C-scan.
41. 40) A manually operated manipulator for immersion testing in a small tank is used to:
set the proper water path and to set the proper transducer angle.
42. 41) A 45?-shear angle beam transducer produces a wave in the metal that is polarized:
43. 42) A reduction in the back surface reflection amplitude in normal straight beam contact
testing could indicate:
inadequate coupling, a flaw that is not normal to the beam, or a near surface defect that cannot be
resolved from the main bang (initial pulse).
44. 43) A six-inch diameter rod is being inspected for centerline cracking. The A-scan
presentation for one complete path through the rod is established, the alarm gate should be
set: between points 2 and 5 on the timeline.
45. 44) The bridge or carriage in an automatic scanning immersion unit serves to:
support the manipulator and scanner tube and to move it about transversely and longitudinally.
46. 45) When adjusting the flaw-locating rule for a shear wave weld inspection, the zero point on
the rule must coincide with the: sound beam exit point of the wedge.
47. 46) A special scanning device with the transducer mounted in a tire-like container filled with
couplant is commonly called:
a search unit.
48. 47) The following best describes a typical display of a crack whose major surface is
perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam:
a sharp indication.
to provide a guide for adjusting the instrument controls to reveal discontinuities that are considered
harmful to the end use of the product.
50. 49) Compensation for the variation in the echo height related to the variations in the
discontinuity depth in the test material is known as:
51. 50) The following is a reference reflector that is not dependent on the beam angle:
the side drilled hole that is parallel to the plate surface and perpendicular to the sound path.
52. 51) During a straight beam ultrasonic test, a discontinuity indication is detected that is small
in amplitude compared to the loss in amplitude of the back reflection. The orientation of this
discontinuity is probably:
53. 52) A discontinuity is located having an orientation such that its long axis is parallel to the
sound beam. The indication from such a discontinuity will be:
54. 53) Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat discs or other shapes parallel to the surface by:
rolling.
55. 54) In what zone does the amplitude of an indication from a given discontinuity diminish
exponentially as the distance increases: the far field zone.
56. 55) A smooth flat discontinuity whose major plane is not perpendicular to the direction of the
sound propagation may be indicated by:
an echo amplitude in magnitude to the back reflection, a complete loss of the back surface reflection,
or an echo amplitude larger in magnitude than the back surface reflection.
57. 56) Using a pulse-echo technique, if the major plane of a flat discontinuity is oriented at
some angle other than perpendicular to the direction of the sound propagation, the result
may be: the loss or the lack of a received discontinuity echo.
58. 57) As the transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread:
increases.
59. 58) A set of standard reference blocks with the same geometrical configuration and
dimensions other than the size of the calibration reflectors, e.g., flat bottom holes, is called a
set of:
area/amplitude standards.
60. 59) The angle at which a 90? refraction of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is called:
61. 60) The following controls the voltage supplied to the vertical deflection plates of the CRT in
an A-scan UT set-up: .
amplitude circuit
62. 61) Attenuation is a difficult quantity to measure accurately, particularly in solid materials, at
the test frequencies normally used. The overall result usually observed includes other loss
mechanisms that can include:
63. 62) The vertical linear range of a test instrument may be determined by obtaining ultrasonic
responses from:
64. 63) Large grains in a metallic test specimen usually result in:
decrease or loss of the back surface reflection, large �hash� or noise indications, and decrease in
penetration.
65. 64) The total energy losses occurring in all material is called:
attenuation.
66. 65) Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact search units are primarily used for:
67. 66) The acoustical lenses are commonly used for contour correction. When scanning the
inside of a pipe section by the immersion method, the following lens type would be used:
convex.
68. 67) When using an IIW block, the transducer is on the longest plane and the sound path is
facing the curved end, this is done to establish the:
exit point.
69. 68) When using an IIW block, the transducer is on the second longest plane and the sound
path is facing the small-drilled hole, this is done to establish the:
sensitivity calibration.
70. 69) When using an IIW block, the transducer is on the longest plane and the sound path is
facing the round Lucite embedment, this is done to establish the:
71. 70) When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the
ultrasonic wave generated within the part will be:
a shear wave.
72. 71) When using an IIW block, the transducer is on the longest plane and the sound path is
facing straight down in front of the lower end of the curved notch, this is done to establish:
the resolution.
73. 72) The angle at which 90? refraction of the shear wave mode occurs is called the:
74. 73) In a water immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel at an incident angle
of 14?. What is the angle of the refracted shear wave within the material: Vs = 3.2 x
105cm/sec Vw = 1.5 x 105 cm/sec
it is 31?.
75. 74) If you were requested to design a plastic show to generate a Rayleigh wave in aluminum,
what would be the incident angle of the ultrasonic energy: VA = 3.1 x 105 cm/sec Vp = 2.6 x
105 cm/sec
would be 57?.
o 75) Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic energy in lead at 1 Mhz: VL = 2/1 x 105 cm/sec
V=?xF
o is 0.21cm.
76. 76) The attenuation of energy within a material in the far field of the ultrasonic beam may be
expressed as the:
exponential decay.
77. 77) The longitudinal velocity for aluminum and steel is approximately twice the shear
velocity.
78. 78) Water travel distance for immersion inspections should be:
such that the second front reflection does not appear between the first front and the back reflections.
79. 79) The electronic circuitry that allows selection and processing of only those signals relating
to discontinuities that occur in specific zones of a part is called:
an electronic gate.
80. 80) When conducting a contact ultrasonic test, the �hash� or irregular signals that appear
in the CRT display of the area being inspected could be caused by:
81. 81) When inspecting a 4-inch diameter threaded steel cylinder for radial cracks extending
from the root of the threads, it would be preferable to transmit:
longitudinal waves from the end of the cylinder and perpendicular to the direction of the thread roots.
82. 82) In an immersion inspection of raw material, the water travel distance should be:
83. 83) The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of different velocity than
the one from which it came and a line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two
media is called:
84. 84) The process of adjusting an instrument or device to a reference standard is referred to
as:
calibration.
85. 85) An electron tube in which a beam of electrons from the cathode is used to reproduce an
image on a fluorescent screen at the end of the tube is referred to as:
86. 86) A grouping of a number of crystals in one search unit, with all contact surfaces in the
same plane and vibrating in phase with each other to act as a single transducer is called a:
crystal mosaic.
87. 87) The scattering of the rays of an ultrasonic beam due to reflection from a highly irregular
surface is called:
dispersion.
89. 89) The angular position of the reflecting surface of a planar discontinuity with respect to the
entry surface is referred to as: the orientation of the discontinuity.
90. 90) A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called:
a pulse.
91. 91) In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as:
the pulse length or pulse width.
92. 92) The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes the direction of its
propagation within the same medium is referred to as:
reflection.
93. 93) The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one medium to
another whose velocity differs from that of the first medium is called:
refraction.
94. 94) The coated inside surface of the large end of a cathode ray tube which becomes
luminous when struck by an electron beam is called:
a CRT screen.
95. 95) The following mode of vibration exhibits the shortest wavelength at a given frequency
and in a given material:
96. 96) In general, the shear waves are more sensitive to small discontinuities than longitudinal
waves for a given frequency and in a given material because:
the wavelength of the shear wave is shorter than the wavelength of the longitudinal wave.
97. 97) In general, the following mode of vibration will have the greatest penetrating power in a
coarse-grained material if the frequency of the waves are the same:
98. 98) A testing technique in which the crystal or transducer is parallel to the test surface and
the ultrasonic waves enter the material being tested in a direction perpendicular to the test
surface is:
99. 99) The distance from a given point on an ultrasonic wave to the next corresponding point is
referred to as:
a wavelength.
100. 100) The speed with which an ultrasonic wave travels through a material is known as
its:
101. 101) A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid is referred to as:
a wetting agent.
102. 102) The transducers most commonly used in ultrasonic search units (probes) used
for discontinuity testing utilize:
103. 103) The mechanical and electrical stability, the insolubility in liquids, and the
resistance to aging are the three advantages of search units containing transducers made of:
quartz.
the size of the discontinuity, the orientation of the discontinuity, and the type of discontinuity.
107. 108) The following frequency will probably result in the greatest ultrasonic
attenuation loss:
25 megahertz.
108. 109) The product of the sound velocity and the density of a material is known as the:
109. 110) The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal response increases in
amplitude in proportion to the discontinuity surface area is:
linear range.
110. 111) When inspecting a rolled or forged surface with a thin scale that is generally
tightly adhering to the part, what is necessary to do before testing the part:
111. 112) The angle of reflection of an ultrasonic beam at an aluminum-water interface is:
112. 113) What kind of wave travels at a velocity slightly less than shear waves and their
mode of propagation is both longitudinal and transverse with respect to the surface:
Rayleigh waves.
113. 114) The following ultrasonic test frequency will probably provide the best
penetration in a 12-inch thick specimen of coarse-grain steel:
1 megahertz.
114. 115) During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block, a
B-scan presentation system will show a: cross section of the reference block, showing the
top and bottom surfaces of the block and the location of the hole bottom in the block.
115. 116) Properties of shear and transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing include:
particle motion normal to propagation direction and propagation velocity that is about � the
longitudinal wave velocity in the same material.
116. 117) One of the most common applications of ultrasonic tests employing shear wave
is:
117. 118) Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if:
the velocity of propagation deviates substantially from an assumed constant value for a given material.
118. 119) Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for detecting discontinuities
oriented along the fusion zone in a welded plate is:
119. 120) An ultrasonic testing instrument displaying pulses that represent the magnitude
of the reflected ultrasound as a function of time or depth of the metal is said to contain:
an A-scan presentation.
120. 121) The principle mode of vibration that exists in the steel at a water-to-steel
interface when the angle of incidence in the water is 7? is:
a longitudinal wave.
121. 122) The only mode of vibration that can exist in a liquid medium is:
a longitudinal wave.
122. 123) The number of pulses produced by an ultrasonic instrument in a given period of
time is known as the:
123. 124) The component in a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument that coordinates the
action and the timing of the other components is called a:
synchronizer, clock, or a timer.
124. 125) The component in a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument that produces the
voltage that activates the search unit is called:
a pulser.
125. 126) The component in a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument that produces the
time base line is called a:
sweep circuit.
126. 127) The component in a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument that produces the
visible signals on the CRT that are used to measure distance is called:
marker circuit.
an A-scan presentation.
128. 129) The cathode ray tube screen will display a plan view of the part outline and the
defects when using:
C-scan presentation.
129. 130) The incident angles at which 90? refraction of longitudinal and shear waves
occurs are called:
130. 131) Compression waves whose particles displacement is parallel to the direction of
propagation are called:
longitudinal waves.
131. 132) The following mode of vibration is quickly dampened out when testing by the
immersion method:
surface waves.
133. 134) An ultrasonic longitudinal wave tracks in aluminum with a velocity of 635,000
cm/sec and has a frequency of one megahertz. The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is:
135. 136) In contact testing, shear waves can be induced in the test material by:
using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so that the sound enters the part at an angle.
136. 137) As the frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence
of a given diameter crystal:
decreases.
137. 138) The following is not an advantage of contact ultrasonic search units (probes)
adapted with Lucite shoes:
increases sensitivity.
138. 139) The velocity of sound will be the lowest in the following medium:
air.
139. 140) A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from water into steel at an angle of
5? from the normal. In such a case, the refracted angle of the transverse wave is:
140. 141) The velocity of a longitudinal wave will be the highest in: aluminum.
aluminum.
141. 142) In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest in the following mode of vibration:
longitudinal.
the product of the density of the material and the velocity of the sound in the material.
143. 144) Thin sheets of metal may be inspected with the ultrasonic wave directed normal
to the surface by observing:
144. 145) A diagram in which the entire circuit stage or sections are shown by geometric
figures and the path of the signal or energy by lines and/or arrows is called a:
block diagram.
145. 146) A hole produced during the solidification of metal due to escaping gases is
called:
a blowhole.
146. 147) A discontinuity that occurs during the casting of molten metal which may be
caused by the splashing, surging, interrupted pouring, or the meeting of two streams of metal
coming from different directions is called:
a cold shut.
147. 148) The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in
another material is called:
148. 149) The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under the influence of a
changing magnetic field is referred to as:
magnetostriction.
149. 150) The ratio of stress in a material within the elastic limit is called:
150. 151) A point, line, or surface of a vibrating body marked by absolute or relative
freedom from vibratory motion is referred to as:
a node.
151. 152) The factor that determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two
dissimilar materials is:
152. 153) A quartz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel to the Z and Y axes and
perpendicular to the X axis is called:
an X-cut crystal.
153. 154) The equation describing wavelength in terms of velocity and frequency is:
154. 155) The following can occur when an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two
dissimilar materials:
155. 156) When inspecting aluminum by the immersion method using water for a
couplant, the following information is known: velocity of the sound in the water = 1.49 x 105
cm/sec, velocity of the longitudinal waves in the aluminum = 6.32 x 105 cm/sec, and the
angle of incidence = 5?. The angle of refraction for the longitudinal wave is approximately:
22?.
156. 157) The most efficient sound transmitter of the piezoelectric material listed (lithium
sulfate, quartz, barium titanate, silver oxide) is:
barium titanate.
157. 158) The most efficient sound receiver of the piezoelectric material listed (lithium
sulfate, quartz, barium titanate, silver oxide) is:
lithium sulfate.
158. 159) The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a test part when
inspecting by the immersion method is:
159. 160) Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of the crystal and the
wavelength of the beam transmitted through a medium, and it:
161. 162) The fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal is primarily a function of:
163. 164) Inspection of castings is often impractical because of: coarse grain structure.
164. 165) Lamb waves may be used to inspect:
165. 166) The formula used to determine the angle of beam divergence of a quartz crystal
is:
166. 167) The resolving power of a search unit is directly proportional to its:
bandwidth.
167. 168) An acoustic lens element with the following permits focusing the sound energy
to enter cylindrical surfaces normally or along a line focus:
cylindrical curvatures.
168. 169) The synchronizer, clock, or timer circuit in the basic pulse-echo instrument will
determine the instrument�s:
the intensity of the beam pattern will not vary greatly over the entire length of the transducer.
170. 171) Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis, and scattering are four
different mechanisms that lead to:
attenuation.
4 microseconds.
172. 173) When testing a part with a rough surface, it is generally advisable to use:
a lower frequency search unit and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth
surface.
173. 174) Reflection indications from a weld area being inspected by the angle beam
technique may represent:
174. 175) During a test using A-scan equipment, strong indications that move at varying
rates across the screen in the horizontal direction appear. It is impossible to repeat a
particular screen pattern by scanning the same area. A possible cause of these indications
is:
electrical interference.
175. 176) In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal line formed by the uniform and
repeated movement of an electron beam across the fluorescent screen of a cathode ray tube
is called:
a sweep line.
176. 177) The following frequency will probably result in the greatest amount of
attenuation losses:
10 megahertz.
177. 178) In general, the following wave will travel around gradual curves with little or no
reflection from the curve:
surface waves.
178. 179) To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuities after scanning a part with a
paintbrush transducer, it is generally necessary to use a:
179. 180) An ultrasonic instrument has been calibrated to obtain a 2-inch indication from a
5/64-inch diameter flat-bottomed hole located 3 inches from the front surface of an aluminum
reference block. When testing an aluminum forging, a 2-inch indication is obtained from a
discontinuity located 3 inches from the entry surface. The cross-sectional area of this
discontinuity is probably:
180. 181) As the impedance ratio of two dissimilar materials increases, the percentage of
sound coupled through an interface of such material:
decreases.
181. 182) Low frequency sound waves are not generally used to test thin material
because of:
182. 183) When using two separate search units (one a transmitter, the other a receiver),
the most efficient combination would be: .
183. 184) In immersion testing, the accessory equipment that the search cable and the
search unit are attached is called a:
broad-based indication.
186. 187) In contact testing, defects near the entry surface cannot always be detected
because of:
a collimator.
188. 189) The maximum scanning speed possible is primarily determined by:
189. 190) The following is frequently displayed by a facsimile recording instead of a CRT
presentation:
C-scan presentation.
190. 191) The property of certain materials to transform electrical energy to mechanical
energy and vice versa is called:
191. 192) Surface waves are reduced to an energy level of approximately 1/25 of the
original power at a depth of:
one wavelength.
192. 193) To prevent the appearance of the second front surface indication before the first
back reflection when inspecting aluminum by the immersion method (water is used as a
couplant), it is necessary to have a minimum of at least one inch of water for every:
193. 194) Increasing the length of the pulse used to activate the search unit will:
increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease the resolving power of the instrument.
194. 195) The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and the back surface:
may result in a screen pattern that does not contain back reflection indications.
cause the reflected beam to focus at a point determined by the curvature of the discontinuity.
196. 197) When testing a tapered plate by the immersion method, the plate should be
positioned to ensure: