1 - Introduction

MNEL 6060: Electrónica de Alta
Frecuencia
MNEL 6060:
Electrónica de Alta
Frecuencia
1 – Introduction
Dragos Dancila
2018
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MNEL 6060: Electrónica de Alta
Frecuencia
Instructors :
• Dragos Dancila, PhD (Uppsala University, Sweden)
• Phone: +46 72 366 31 80
• E-mail: dragos.dancila@angstrom.uu.se
• http://katalog.uu.se/profile/?id=N11-2113
Books:
• Microwave Engineering, 3rd or 4th Ed., David M. Pozar, John Wiley & Sons.
MNEL 6060:
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• Get registerd – it is important we can reach you by email !
Dragos Dancila • The course material will be shared online
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Language: English
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Others: ADS, Qucs, drawing compass & calculator e.g. Ti84
Course objectives
History of Radio and Wireless Interface
How do components the Wireless Interface to operate and
How they are designed for different purposes.
 transmissionlines,
 waveguides,
 resonant cavities,
 amplifiers,
 mixers,
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 noise in systems,
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1 – Introduction  and different applications (WLAN, satellite,

Dragos Dancila radiometers, etc...)
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Lab and exercises for preparation in the afternoons:
a) Design, b) Simulation and c) Fabrication of a
3 microwave amplifier
Introduction
• Radio frequency (RF) and microwave engineering
generally covers the behaviour of AC signals with
frequencies in the range of 100 MHz (1 MHz = 106 Hz) to
1000 GHz (1 GHz = 109 Hz).
• RF frequencies range from very high frequency (VHF)
(30–300 MHz) to ultra high frequency (UHF) (300–3000
MHz), while the term microwave is typically used for
MNEL 6060: frequencies between 3 and 300 GHz, with a
Frecuencia corresponding electrical wavelength between λ = c/ f =
1 – Introduction 10 cm and λ = 1 mm, respectively.
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often referred to as millimeter waves.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Frequencies bands
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Radio Spectrum
US frequencies allocation
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Frequencies allocation in Sweden
• In Sweden, frequency bands are allocated up to 275 GHz.
• The Swedish National Post and Telecom Agency (PTS)
provides the general guidelines and information on the
Swedish frequency allocation table.
• On May 2008 PTS concluded an auction for nine 15-year
4G-licenses; for a total bandwidth of 190 MHz in the
2.6 GHz band. The total required minimum bids were
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SEK 50 000 000, but the total winning bids were
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SEK 2 099 450 000 (approx. USD 38.60 per inhabitant).
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Circuits at microwave frequencies
• Because of the high frequencies (and short
wavelengths), standard circuit theory often
cannot be used directly to solve microwave
network problems.
• In a sense, standard circuit theory is an
approximation, or special case, of the broader
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theory of electromagnetics as described by
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Maxwell’s equations. This is due to the fact
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that, in general, the lumped circuit element
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approximations of circuit theory may not be
valid at high RF and microwave frequencies.
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Circuits at microwave frequencies
valid analysis using lumped

circuit element approximations
microwave components act as

distributed elements, where
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device because the device
dimensions are on the order of
the electrical wavelength.
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Analysis of circuits at
microwave frequencies
MNEL 6060: In circuit theory we can At microwave frequencies

Frecuencia neglect the distance we cannot neglect the
1 – Introduction between source and distance between source
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load. The voltage is the and load. This is modeled
same on the line. using a transmission line.
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Analysis of circuits at
microwave frequencies
• Parasitic effects:
– At high frequencies, because of the skin effect,
the resistance of components increases.
– We must also take into account the parasitic
effects in passive components such as resistors,
inductors and capacitors: e.g. at very high
frequencies, an inductor has a capacitive behaviour
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Electrónica de Alta rather than the expected inductive behaviour.
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– The high frequency behaviour of the components is
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very different from that at low frequencies.
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A typical system
antenna
mixer low-pass filter
amplifier oscillator
– the antenna can be the antenna of a radar, or an

antenna for communications (e.g. cellular)
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Electrónica de Alta – the amplifier has low noise in reception (Rx), or is a
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power amplifier in emission (Tx)
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– the mixer is used to downconvert signals in
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baseband (low) frequencies
– the oscillator is used to produce the frequencies
13 used in downconvertion, and a filter is used.
A typical Wireless Interface
Baseband-interface Baseband-interface
Baseband- Radio-link Patch-antenna Baseband-

processor
processor
60 MHz Radio-interface Radio-interface 60 MHz
Low-noise
LAN transmitter (TX) amplifiers Mixers
Amplifier
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Electrónica de Alta 60 MHz
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Transmission- LNA
1 – Introduction 5.26 GHz
Power lines Oscillator design
Dragos Dancila amplifiers Oscillator
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Oscillator 5.2 GHz
5.2 GHz (DRO)
LAN receiver (RX)

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What’s in an iPhone?
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What’s in an iPhone?
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Microwave engineering
• Antenna
– The gain of an antenna is proportional to its
electrical size. The higher the frequency, the more
gain there is for the same dimensions, or in
another way, one can obtain the same gain by
reducing the size of the antenna.
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• Bandwith
Frecuencia – We can get more bandwidth at higher frequencies.
1 – Introduction Ex: at 600MHz, 1% bandwidth corresponds to
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at 60GHz, a bandwidth of 1% is equivalent to
600MHz (100 TV channels).
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• Propagation
– Microwave signals propagate in line of sight, they
are not bent or reflected by the atmosphere. High
capacity earth-to-satellite communications are
therefore possible, and we can use frequencies
with a minimal spacing between stations.
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• Radar
Frecuencia – The equivalent radar surface of an object is
1 – Introduction typically proportional to its electrical dimensions.
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used.
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• Resonances
– There are several molecular, atomic and nuclear
resonances in the microwave bands. These
resonances allow unique applications at certain
frequencies.
– Ex. : at 60GHz, there is a peak absorption in the
atmosphere. At this frequency, the signals do not
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Electrónica de Alta propagate far. 60 GHz can then be used in
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buildings, or for troops soldiers, or for
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communication in between satellites, with a high
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very useful for radar collision detection in cars.
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Atmospheric absorption
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Applications
• The vast majority of microwave applications
are in the communication systems, radars,
environmental sensors, remote, and medical
systems.
• The most widespread application today is the
cell phone (GSM).
MNEL 6060:
Electrónica de Alta • The GPS is another example of a very well
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done system.
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• The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) are a
good example of microwave systems.
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• Other applications are gaining momentum.
Applications: high-speed wireless
communications
5G
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Typical operating characteristics of the major high-speed wireless

22 technologies, opportunity for ultrahigh-capacity wireless.
Data rate - frequency carrier
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To transmit higher data rate traffic, a proportionally

23 higher frequency carrier is required.
The internet of things
Wireless interfaces are evrywhere.
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The internet of things
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Distributed intelligent
automotive control
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Microwave radars in cars
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At home - Heating
Microwaves can penetrate non conductive material
and heat it from inside
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Example of a Smart Sensor System
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RF-ID – Sensors & ID
Doctors can access a patient’s
medical history that’s tied to a
radio frequency ID (RFID) tag
implanted under the skin.
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a store manager will be able to
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tell what’s on his shelves and
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what’s been sold.
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RF-ID – Sensors & ID
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ID (RFID) tag on livestock. ID (RFID) tag on packages.
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Passive RFID tag
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The smart vineyard
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Key Design Elements
Flash Storage Sensor ADC analog sensors

proc timers Interface digital sensors
data logs Wireless

Data RF antenna
SRAM pgm Interface transceiver
EPROM
pgm images
WD Wired serial link
Interface USB,EN,…
Low-power
Standby & Wakeup
• Efficient wireless protocol primitives

MNEL 6060: • Flexible sensor interface
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• Watchdog and Monitoring
• Data SRAM is critical limiting resource
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Smart dust
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Wireless connectivity for
the last meter
• Smart Home initiatives – connectivity for the last meter
• multiple gigabits per second (up to 10 Gbps)
• 60GHz Wi-Fi technology 802.11ad protocole
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60 GHz backhaul link
Due to the unique characteristics of the 60GHz millimeter
wave region and the raw bandwidth available, wireless
communication at 60GHz offers a reliable "last mile"
alternative to installing physical fiber.
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Medical Applications
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2018 Hyperthermia for the Tumor detection using mm-waves
treatment of cancer IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory
and Techniques, Aug. 2004.
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Integrated circuits (MMIC)
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Other applications
• Environment
– Fire prevention
– Damage prevention of earthquake (vibration sensors control
dampers placed in building)
• Agriculture
– Monitoring of humidity, temperature, PH and lighting of the
ground (about 10cm under the surface) and recommendation
for watering, soil amendment or type of vegetables to
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cultivate
Electrónica de Alta • Home control
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– Need to add actuators in the architecture
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(Example: lighting control of home/hotels depending on
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presence, day/night…)
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WSN Enthusiasm
Wireless sensor networks - incorporating

hundreds, even thousands, of tiny
interconnected monitoring devices can be
launched anywhere and almost instantly
since there is no need for wiring.
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Frecuencia applications can be developed.
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Gartner Hype Cycle 2016
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Radioastronomy
• Radioastronomy is the study of microwave radiation
from stars, galaxies and the background radiation
from the creation of the universe "Big Bang“.
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Radioastronomy
• Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)
• Drake equation
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Energy transfer
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RF Exposure Limits
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Historical perspective
• 1873: James Clerk Maxwell develops the wave
propagation theory.
• 1885 - 1887: Olivier Heaviside formalizes
Maxwell’s theory introducing vectors, and
simplifying the equations.
• 1887 - 1891: Heinrich Hertz proceeds with
MNEL 6060:
Electrónica de Alta experiments validating Maxwell's theory.
Frecuencia
1 – Introduction • 1900 - 1940: Developments are essentially in

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the HF and VHF bands because of a lack of
microwave sources at higher frequencies.
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• 2nd World War: the development of the RADAR
drives a huge growth in the microwave field,
following the development of the magnetron in
the 1930s in the UK . The magnetron is the first
invented reliable source of microwaves.
• A large part of the discoveries during World
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War II were made in the United States at the
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MIT Radiation Laboratory.
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• 1958, 1965: invention of the IMPATT diode,
source of microwaves based on semiconductors
(to be used in integrated circuits).
• 1963: Invention of the Gunn diode.
• 1966: The MESFET makes its appearance. It will
be improved by the High-Electron-Mobility
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Electrónica de Alta Transistor (HEMT) from 1978 and the pHEMT
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(pseudomorphic HEMT) towards the end of the
Dragos Dancila 80's.
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Timeline perspective
Nordiskt
mobiltelefoni-
Prof. H. Hertz (1857- Guglielmo Marconi Martin Cooper, system (NMT), 2003 - US
1894) experimental (1874-1937) Motorola, develops 1981” cellular
validation of Maxwell development of first handheld cellular subscribers
1886-1888 at wireless telegraphy phone in 1973 exceed 150M
Karlsruhe trans-Atlantic 1901
1920
MNEL 6060:
Electrónica de Alta 2020
1880 1900 1940 1960 1980 2000
Frecuencia 1860
1 – Introduction KDKA Radio -1920 Two-way mobile

radio services 1983 - Cellular
Dragos Dancila 2016 –
2018 Prof. J. Maxwell 1960s – 1970s AMPS service
(1831-1879) theory of First television in Chicago 5G trials
electromagnetism broadcast -
developed in 1865 1928
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Alexander Popov
The Russian Alexander Popov (*1859-1906)
demonstrated in 1895 his so-called "Thunderstorm
Recorder" using aerial, coherer (invented in 1890 by
Edouard Branly (*1844-1940) and an electromagnetic
relay. He succeeded in the transmission of the words
"Heinrich Hertz" over a distance of 250 m. The
antenna was mounted to a balloon. A few days late,
also in 1895, Marconi transmitted and received a
coded message over a distance of 1.75 miles and
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one year later he applied for the first patent in
Electrónica de Alta wireless, covering the use of transmitter and coherer
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connected to a high aerial and earth.
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Heinrich Hertz: Discovery of
Electromagnetic Waves
Heinrich Hertz (1857 - 1894) was a student of
Kirchhoff and Helmholtz at the University of
Berlin where he earned on March 15, 1880 his
Doctorate in Physics with his dissertation entitled
"On induction in rotating spheres". After his
Habilitation in May 1883 at the University of Kiel
and intensive work on electrodynamics he got
the call to be a Full Professor of Physics at the
Polytechnical University of Karlsruhe (1885-
1889) where he conceived and performed his
MNEL 6060:
Electrónica de Alta brilliant fundamental experiments confirming
Frecuencia Maxwell's predictions and theory. His classical
1 – Introduction experimental set-ups are shown in the next
Dragos Dancila slides. Hertz generated, radiated (transmitted)
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and received (detected) electromagnetic waves
at frequencies in the range of 50-500 MHz
52
Hertz classical experiments
MNEL 6060:
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(detected) electromagnetic waves at frequencies in the
range of 50-500 MHz.
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Hertz classical experiments
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Christian Hulsmeyer
the inventor of Radar
Christian Hülsmeyer (1881 - 1957), a German
inventor fascinated by Hertzian waves, was far
ahead of his time. One of many contributors to
the development of electromagnetic waves for
wireless communications, he got the idea for a
different application: "Seeing ships through fog
and darkness by transmitting waves and
detecting the echoes". On April 30, 1904 he
applied for a German Patent on a "Means for
reporting distant metallic bodies to an observer
MNEL 6060: by use of electric waves (DRP No. 165546 and
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later DRP No. 169154), a rudimentary form of
RADAR. Hülsmeyer's patent is showing what
1 – Introduction application he mainly had in mind.
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Christian Hulsmeyer’s
patent on Radar
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Research projects in the
Microwave group
Responsible for the development of
Solid State RF power amplifiers for
the FREIA project for replacing
tetrode amplifiers.
1.25 kW SSA
Large industrial collaboration.
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10 kW SSA
SOLEIL 600 kW (8 modules)
57 Amplifier 180 kW tetrode
Microwave group
60GHz RF beam-steering solution
including phased array antenna for
Small Cell Wireless Backhaul and
wireless access points
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16x5 antenna array
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Microwave group
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1 – Introduction 120-140GHz
Tx/Rx 0.13 µm
Dragos Dancila SiGe:C
2018 BiCMOS
F-band MIMO
Radars
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Microwave group
Skin cancer probe at 100 GHz
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skin substitute (phantom)
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Dielectric
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permittivity
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air
measurements
at 240 GHz
RO3003
HRSi
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Conclusions
• Microwave frequencies have several
advantages and the applications are
increasingly growing.
• The theory of conventional circuits (electronics)
no longer applies.
• We must take into account the dimensions of
MNEL 6060:
Electrónica de Alta the circuits and the parasitic effects.
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1 - Introduction

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MNEL 6060: Electrónica de Alta

1 – Introduction  and different applications (WLAN, satellite,

valid analysis using lumped

microwave components act as

MNEL 6060: In circuit theory we can At microwave frequencies

– the antenna can be the antenna of a radar, or an

Baseband- Radio-link Patch-antenna Baseband-

60 MHz Radio-interface Radio-interface 60 MHz

LAN receiver (RX)

Typical operating characteristics of the major high-speed wireless

To transmit higher data rate traffic, a proportionally

MNEL 6060: Relying on a scanner that reads

Flash Storage Sensor ADC analog sensors

data logs Wireless

• Efficient wireless protocol primitives

Wireless sensor networks - incorporating

MNEL 6060: An almost unimaginable number of new

1 – Introduction • 1900 - 1940: Developments are essentially in

1 – Introduction KDKA Radio -1920 Two-way mobile

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