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INTRODUCTION
During building construction, the beams are cast along with the columns
using reinforced cement concrete.
y x
W
simply supported beam
d2y W
x M ( x) EI 2 x
dx 2
dy W x 2
W/2 W/2
slope EI C1
dx 2 2
2
L
x , slope 0 0 W L C
W/2 2 2 4 2 1
2 2
WL dy WL
C1
16 dx 16 EI
W/2
WL/4 W x 3
WL 2
deflection x C2
2 6 16
x0 , y 0 0 0 0 C2
at y L
2
3 2 3 3 3
W
EIy L WL L
WL 3WL WL
the maximum bending moment 2 6 8 16 2 96 96 48
(BM) in beam is (WL/4), 3
y WL
maximum deflection in beam is 48 EI
WI3/48EI, and maximum slope in
beam is ±WL2/16EI
FIXED BEAM−BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
MD
MD
Figure 2 (a) BM diagram of SS beam (b) BM diagram of end couples (c) BM diagram of fixed beam P1, P2
are point of contraflexure
Due to loads and simple supports at ends, there is concavity in the beam
producing positive bending moment throughout in the beam. Superimposing
the two bending moment diagrams, we get the bending moment diagram for
fixed beam as shown in Figure 2 (c), in which P1 and P2 are points of
contraflexure. In the combined bending moment diagram there are positive
bending moments and negative bending moments. At P1 and P2 bending
moment changes sign from negative to positive and from positive to negative
as shown.
MMDB
Figure 2 (a) BM diagram of SS beam (b) BM diagram of end couples (c) BM diagram of fixed beam P1, P2
are point of contraflexure
Let us consider a section XX at a distance of x from end A of the beam.
M, resulting bending moment at section
= Mx + M ′x
X
X MB
M D
M x
M = Mx + M′x
or M M x M x
d2y
EI 2 M x M x
dx
= Bending moment at section when beam is SS + Bending moment at section due to support
moments.
Multiplying both sides of by dx, we get
d2y
EI 2 dx M x dx M x dx
dx
Integrating this equation over the length of the beam
L L L
d2y
0 EI dx 2 dx 0 M x dx 0 M x dx
L
dy
EI a a
dx 0
or
EI × 0= a +a′
where
a
M A M D L
2
or M A M D L2 a
This equation shows that the area of BM diagram due to support moments is
numerically equal to the area of the BM diagram when beam is SS.
d2y
Taking EI M x M x again and multiplying both the sides by x dx, and integrating
dx 2
both the sides over length of beam:
L L L
d2y
0 EI dx 2 x dx 0 M x x dx 0 M x x dx
L
dy
EI x y ax ax
dx 0
0 ax ax
or ax ax
But a = −a′
So,
i.e. distance of centroid of BM diagram when SS is equal to the distance of the centroid of BM diagram due to
support moments from origin A, or from end of the beam.
a M A M D L (origin at A),
2
ax M A L L M D L 2 L
2 3 2 3
M A 2M D
2
L
6
Dividing the diagram into two triangles, we can determine that centroid of area A′AD′ lies at
Figure 3 a′ diagram
GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR DEFLECTION
In pure bending of a prismatic beam, for an element dx bent by an infinitesimal angle dq, we can write
By dividing both sides by dx, the last term becomes K. The normal strain will be equal to:
du dq 1
y y y
dx dx
y
y
M M
x y Ey
I EI
Curvature
d2y
1 dx 2
dy 2
3/ 2
1
dx
Where x locates a point on the elastic curve of a deflected beam and y gives the deflection of the same point
from its initial position.
dy
Since the deflections tolerated in the majority of engineering structures are very small, slope of the elastic
dx
curve is also very small. Therefore, the square of the slope can be neglected compared to one.
d2y
1
2
dx
This simplification eliminates the geometric nonlinearity from the problem. Now, the governing differential
equation for small deflections of elastic beams becomes:
d2y M
dx 2 EI
There are three governing equations for determining the deflection of a loaded beam:
d2y
M ( x) EI 2
dx
d3y
V ( x) EI 3
dx
d4y
q( x) EI 4
dx
The choice of one of these equations for determining y depends on the case with which an expression for load,
shear or moment can be formulated.
y
Macaulay’s method:
2
Single moment: q( x) M O x a MO
x
a
y
1
Concentrated force: q ( x) FO x a FO
x
y a
q ( x) wO x a
0
Uniformly distributed load: wO
x
In order to keep distributed loads within
specified boundaries, same magnitude but a
negative direction distributed loads must y
be applied for the remaining length. dw
dw dx
q( x) xa
1
Linearly increasing distributed load:
dx
x
a
y
d 2w
c c
q( x) xa
2 dx 2
Quadratically increasing distributed load:
2
x
a
Macaulay’s method:
FIXED BEAM WITH A CONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER
MA = MB
or a′ = −a
or end moment,
maximum positive
BM
maximum negative
BM
The maximum bending moment in SS diagram is (WL/4) but when it is fixed
at both the ends, maximum bending moment is reduced to 50%, i.e. (WL/8).
Now let us calculate the maximum deflection in a fixed beam. Again consider a
fixed beam AB of length L fixed at both the ends, load at centre is W as shown
in Figure 5, reactions at ends.
(due to symmetry)
End couples
(as obtained earlier)
Bending moment,
or integrating it, we get
or
Example A beam of length L = 6 m, fixed at both the ends, carries a
concentrated load of 30 kN at its centre. If EI = 7,000 kNm2 for the
beam, determine the fixing couple at ends and maximum deflection in
the beam.
FIXED BEAM WITH UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
THROUGHOUT ITS LENGTH
Consider a beam AB, of length L fixed at both the ends A and B, subjected to a
uniformly distributed load of intensity w per unit length, throughout the length of
the beam as shown in Figure 6 (a). It is equivalent to a SS beam of length L,
subjected to udl, w throughout its length and a beam AB, subjected to end
moments MA and MB as shown in Figure 6 (b) and (c). Since the beam is
symmetrically loaded, end moments
MA = MB
Now let’s consider any section X−X at a distance of x from end A as shown in
Figure 7. Bending moment at section XX is
or
Now
Finally, we have
For this problem it is very much time consuming to draw a and a′ BM diagrams
and then to determine support reactions and moments. Let us take a fixed beam
AB, of length L fixed at both the ends A and B and carrying an eccentric load W
at C, at a distance of a from end A, Figure 32.
Say reactions at A and B are RA and RB and support moments at A and B are MA
and MB respectively. There are four boundary conditions at two ends of fixed
beam, and we can determine four unknowns RA, RB, MA, and MB.
M = MA + RA x − W (x − a) or
C
Integrating this equation, we get
(constant of integration)
At x = 0, end A, slope, ,
0 = 0 + 0 omitted term + C2
Constant C2 = 0. So,
and
or
or
or
Reaction RA
Reaction RB
in BM diagram.
(SS)
In a fixed beam with eccentric load, we know that the reaction RA,
Moment MA,
a L 2 6 4
1
b b 4 4 4
or deflection,
Example
Equation of BM,
or
Integrating this equation, we get
So,
0 = 0 + 0 − omitted term + C1
Constant C1 = 0
Constant C2 = 0
To determine RB, MB, let us consider end A where x = 6 m, both slope and
and
0 = 6MB + 18RB − 3 × 42 − 8
or
0 = 6MB + 18RB − 56
0 = 18MB + 36RB − 68
or
MB + 3RB = 9.333
MB + 2RB = 3.777
Deflection,
BM Diagram of Fixed Beam
6 R′B = 6×2×1+6×4
= 36
Reaction, R′B = 6 kN
Reaction, R′A = 12 + 6 − 6
= 12 kN
Bending Moment
MD = 6 × 2 = + 12 KNm , MB = 0
MA = −9.994 KNm
MB = −7.335 KN
The resultant bending moment diagram for fixed beam is obtained as seen
in the figure.
EFFECT OF SINKING OF A SUPPORT IN A FIXED BEAM
MA = 0 + C2 and Constant, C2 = MA
0 = 0 + 0 + C3 so Constant of integration, C3 = 0
So,
(constant of integration)
At x = 0, deflection, y = 0,
0 = 0 + 0 + C4 so Constant of integration, C4 = 0
Finally, we have
For equilibrium, RA = − RB or
one support has sunk. If a fixed beam of length L, carrying concentrated central
load W, sinks by an amount δ at right hand support, then support moments will
6 EI 6 EI
be now at one end to 2 at the other end.
L2 L
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
EFFECT OF ROTATION OF A SUPPORT IN A FIXED BEAM
In this case:
Integrating this
Figure 11 (a) Beam in consideration
(constant of integration)
At end A, x = 0, moment = MA
Therefore, MA = 0 + C2 or constant of integration = MA
(constant of integration)
At x = 0,
So,
0 = 0 + 0 + C3 or constant C3 = 0
Integrating it, we get
(constant of integration)
at x = 0, end A, deflection, y = 0.
So, 0 = 0 + 0 + C4 or constant, C4 = 0
Finally we have,
Let us utilize end condition at B, where x = L,
Reaction, Moment,
To maintain equilibrium, RB = RA (but in opposite direction)
The figure shows a fixed beam AB of span length L, carrying a load P at its centre,
support B is below the level of support B by δ, and support B rotates by angle
in counterclockwise direction. Let’s say moments and reaction at A and B are MA,
RA; MB and RB, respectively. Now consider a section X−X at a distance x from A in
the portion CB of the beam.
δ/L
Bending moment at the section
or
At end A, x = 0, slope
In and
or
Adding the last two equations, we get
or
Reaction,
Now putting the value of RA in
For eccentric
loading
Taking moments,
or
Reaction,
Example
Diameter of column,
Example
Moment of inertia,
Deflection in the centre of the bar as fixed beam (from page 21),
(y positive downwards)
δ′ deflection in the bar due to twisting = 0.5 − 0.085 T
δ′ = 0.415 mm 0.085 0.5
Torque on AC,
(L'=L/2)
Putting these values
or
Example