FOR FURTHER READING Cross-reference Table between problem number in 4D. Jackson's Classical Electrodynamics . | and equivalent problem number in this book. ‘The subjects of special functions of mathematical physies, Stunm-Liouville ote i is devoted to two-dimensional potential problems with many examples and nice pictures ofthe equipotentials and stream lines. LE theory the solution of ordinary ferential equations, tyergsomei ontons es [es] SS SE Ss | the ae covered In many book auch " number | edition | number | edition edition | number | edition (A) Arfken, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Academic Press, 2nd ed. SS Soe ae a rane i . 1970 ry af ae A a 92s | 9s 1410 (DK) — Ennery and Kryzwicki, Mathematics for Physicists, Haper-Row, 1967. us] 0320) gu |) de wa (MW) Mathews and Watker, ‘Mathematical Methods of Physis, Benjamin, ea ca wan rbot we | aa tea | 103 (WW) Whittaker and Watson, Modern Analysis, Cambridge Pees, 1980. | ‘ peale ea (MF) Morse and Feshbach, Methods of Theoretical Physics, McGraw-Hill, leads = 1953, 7 Sturm-Liouville theory = A, p. 424449; DK, 286-288; MW, Ch. 9; MF, p. | : non | s Diecast Equations snglr points, ete. — A, p. 387-408; DK, p29 u G MB, p. 523-576, and p. 667674; WW, p. 194-210, . a Mypegeomerie fantlons = Dk 903-308; MR, p41; WW, 281-20, 5 hy Legendre functions — A, Ch. 12; MF, p. 593-600 and p. 1325~1328;MW, Ch, iB “WW, p. 3552965, (abo ‘Waion, Beas Functions, Canbidye Pres | 5 : Vowmnsh Des! Funeton, Benham, + sho sonprtenive bode te > “ a} cay eal) | 1 58 { ry 3 Conformal mepping and the we of complex vcbles for two dimensional | Wy si9 , potential problems: i a Jeans, p,261=286. | "yy 2 Maxwell, Vol, 1, chapter Xt, eo a w Mone abd Fess, Va 1p. 443-483; Vol2p 1215-122, Ds om ‘goo! litle mathematic book on the sje L.Bleberbachy“Confomal | » 6a ' Mapping", Chelsea Publ. Co.,N.Y. 1964, i 6 [33 |. smite e415 to-4.31 (p 79-108) good dicusons with abundant w ot | os - exanpe (Sythe, “State aed Dyan etsy) S |e let Reem teat Conformal transformations: 2 suo} 38 645 94 3 3 ‘H, Kober, Dictionary of Conformal representations, Dover, 1957 — 200 | ' 3 oo as] on his | bites of examples often fam aerodynamic, bat ith nary anlar one ~ an | 340 69 7 ws i from electrostatics, ¢.g.p. 117; Schwar-Christollel transformations are | aa | aut se | oe a | iss treated in Prt IV, p, 141168, with numerous examples. | iw) he | 5 role wa | ba E, Durand, Electosttique et Magnctostatque, Masion, Pais, 953-Ch. X 2 |Delta (Dirac) functions: Lighthill, MJ. “Introduction to Fourier Analysis and Generalized Function” Mathematical cigorous treatment. PAM, Dirac, “The Principles of Quantum Mechanics” 3rd ed, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1947, p. 60, |. Halperin and L, Schwartz, “Introduction to the Theory of Distributions", University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1952. REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING at the end of each chapter in Jackson are also resources of reference on special topics. Landau and Liftshitz, “The Classical Theory of Fields” Landau and Liftshitz, “Electrodynamics of Continuous Media" Landay and Lifisita's books are very concise and cover physically significant theoretical topics backedup with cleat mathematical formalism, Lorrain and Corsion, "Electromagnetic Fields and Waves" (a good elementary {tex0) It gives clear physical concepts in simple language and mathematics. It is good for readers with weaker background in this subject. Panofsky and Philips, "Classical Electricity and Magnetism” ‘Smythe, “Static and Dynamic Electricity”. It is more mathematical and classical than Jackson's and is a good source of problems and illustrative examples, Sommerfeld, “Electrodynamics” Stratton, “Eleciromagnetle Theory”. The book used mks (rationalized) rather ‘than esu in Jackson's, It is a great lielp in solving problems and clarify some ‘concepts by reading explanations from another angle. Jackson, J.D., “Classical Electrodynamics (Ist ed.) Since over 90% of the problems in this work come from Ist ed, of Jackson's book, all notations and. Units follow the convention in the book and equations (quoted by the rnumber in the text) are referted to, so it Is an inevitable reference. The ‘naterals covered in “Classical Electrodynamics" especialy the 2nd edition are contemporary subjects in Electrodynamics, i INTRODUCTION Since certain branches of mathematics are more fluently used in classical electro- dynamics, a short list of the more often used functions and mathematics should be presented before we discuss the solutions of the problems, Vector and tensor analysis are prequsite because electric and magnetic fickis are vector fields which can be derived either from seala or vector potential. ‘The gradient, divergence, curl and Laplace's operator form the mathematical backbone of electricity and magnetism, The solutions of potential are usually ‘epresented by expansions in orthogonal of which coefficients of the expan- sion can be obtained by making use of the orthogonality properties, Fourier series expansion is one of the type. Suitable coordinates should be chosen for particular symmetry of the problem. Although it may be advantagcous to know ‘liptical coordinates and generalized coordinates, they do not appeat often in this book, Dirac delta function is often used to describe the location of discrete charge instead of charge distribution in integration, Complex plane for con formal mapping, residue integration In retarded solution due to finite velocity flight and short duration of the souree, and Green's functions are some of the special or general approaches to obtain potential. Classical Electrodynamics by Jackson gives a general discussion of mathematies whenever itis required, which 4s often sufficient to handle the problems. . ‘The emphasis of the summary is primarily on the methods in solving the problems. The first part discusses electrostatics and magnetostaics. The tech- ‘niques of solving electrostatic problems In ths book are:~ (1) Coulomb's law: It is a basic approach but is not convenient, Fagk EO= 2, ERB ofa we Dué to the vector quantity of F and E, most of the probleme are solved by the potenti concern. (2) otemas~ For electrostatic cae: ¥ x E = 0, hence the eet fei intensity E can be expresed in terms of potential = @ Potential Isa salar quant, 10 the superpsidon fs the saae sum of individual contribution ‘of each of the sources or charge Alstdbutions. Several methods are uied in ptental problems, such (9) Gauss law:~ It is 2 generat consdetation of a closed surface and charge dstrbution inside the enclosed volume. The iategal form of (Gauss iw iS4ndq;_ifq's are inside V, Fifa = : 0 ifno charge is enclosed. andthe equivalent diferental fom i CCC VB =4ag "Fora simple problem, if a Gaussian surface is constructed according to physical geometry of the problem, then the problem Is solved. Otherwise, Gauss law gives Laplace's equation (¥* @ =0) of Polson’s equation (V* @ = —4 79), which serves as the starting point of most of the problems. The Laplace operator is geometry Aependent, The special functions associated with coordinate systems ¢ shown asthe following: () Cartesian Coordinates ---othogonal expansions of sine and cosine functions. (i) Cylindrical Coordinates -- Bessel function (1g) (Ui) Spherical Coordinates --- Legendre polynomial (Pp), associated Legendre polynomial (P), spherical harmonies (Ym) and spherial esse function Gy), LU x LUT n (b) -_Multipote expansion ---is the most often used method in electro: atic and electrodynamic problems, By ditect Taylor's series expan. y sion of the potential @, gives monopole (2), dipole (dipole moment and quadrupole (quadrupole moment and the higher terms in x’ or higher multipole moments, (©) Green's function G(R, ¥) — It is also a general method to obtain solution for potential, It is deduced from Green's theorem, SOP Oe xf My 28 as By replacing © (potential) for ¢ and G (Green's function) for y, then, FO =f 9G CRR Hs 7 $10 2.2922 02) 22099) aye Wo ae Green's function depends only %' (the displacement vector from the ” origin to, the charge distribution) and x (the displacement vector ye from the origin to the point of observation). Using the boundary mW v @) “ conditions to eliminate one of the terms in the square brakeets (Le, Dirichlet or Neumann boundary condition), itis equivalent to {he potential of unit charge and is symmetrical wth respect to ¥ and (that is interchanging X and Toes not alter the overall effect of the potential). Method of image — It simplifies the problem to a great extent, hhowever its application is limited to a simple geometries of the problems such asa charge and an infinte constant potential conduc ing plate; two parallel conducting plates, with charge in betwe charge und a sphere with constant potential or added charge ele, ‘The images (magnitudes and positions) simulate the same boundary conditions specified by the conducting plane, sphere etc. afte theit ‘removals, However the potential so calculated is good for the region where the aetual charge(s) isfure situsted and is bound by the con- ‘ducting plates; sphere etc, In the teatment beyond this region, care should be taken, This happens when diclectsie problems are in concern. The potential inside and outside of the dielectric medium ate intersting, Method of inversion ~ It is 4 particular ease of Schwarz transfor ‘mation, The more general Ueatment of using complex varlbles in conformal mapping originates from Green's funtion where F (XX) satisfies the Laplice's equation V"F = 0, For smann boundary condition, the F(R, 5) an be interpreted as external charge distribution Yo “satisfy the boundary ‘condition, ‘he method of image illustates that F (&, %) ean be replaced physically by image charges. On the other hand. for Dirichlet pro- Biem with conductor, he potential U (&, Z) due to the Induced surface charge distibution on the conductor, is given by F (2). For regular two dimensional geometry, this type of problems is more convenient to be solved by Iansfornation, because F 5) satisfies the Laplace's equation,In complex plane, z = x + jy = re! wad the equivalence of U is - W where W = U + jVBoth U and V ate real and ae called Conjugate An illustration is given In problem 2.12 by modifying an example form Symthe, Functions. The vitues of complex transformation i best demonstrated in Schwate ane - formation which permits te interioc of the polygon In plane tobe tramonmed Mw 2 Wy jav to the real axis of the 2, plane and their relation is given by the complex deriva: ae "Gx oe ee Wo au a ) oe Tay ay KB, oto Gofn)—1 : IW Is analytic, then Cauchy-Riemann equations must be satisfied. where K's a complex constant and an and By sre eal andy ay 4 ” BU av, au . ax ay} ox ay Zplane - ‘The families of curves U (x,y) = enistant and V. x, y) = constant are orthogonal ‘They can be interpreted as equipotentials and the lines of force in electrostatic problems. The introduction of transformation in the complex plane (conformal transformation) gives the freedom of alternation of the magnitude of angles and length (o reduce the problem to a trivially simple form. Conjugate functions are very useful in two dimensional problems, (for example Infinite parallel cylinders which can be expanded {o infinite radius so that they become planes; or shrink to zero radius thus becoming line charges), ‘The expression W for those problems can be written as wong whichis derived from more general expression We=¥ qin ex) {here 2s the position of the linear charge with charge density 0. The problem 's to consider the equipotentals generated by two equal and opposite linesr charge 0 = 1 at y =a and o =-1 at ¥ = a. The conjuate functions U and Vo ao Serome 22+ (yma coth U) = 2? exch? : and | (x=acot VF +y? =? cose!V : “ : { . vil - EL LERLwere rere reer Cae 1 For a particular case, one vertex at the origin, 2, = 2 = (re /®)n, this represents the problem of two seminfinite conducting planes intersecting at the org at an angle ¢. The conformal transformation unfolds the conducting planes to an angle % such that the problem becomes aa infiatie condctig plane at a given potential, The solution i tv ay aah = (ool) Z plane (x= cos #and y= rin), enh 23/20 by transformationsz, = 2 = el)" such that np = m2; Uy = const=y, = esin2g Vi = const =x; = eos2y N= 2/3; Uy S const =y, =12/3 sin 2/39 Vireo = yer? crag J plane Vi =x) = const Z plane U_ = const = rsin29 = (7605 9) (rsin §) = 99 (oa for equipotent) = y* const. U = const =12/3 sin 2/39 = G2 ty") (ay 22K) =k! V:G8 +y2) (x? = y? + 4K) 23K where K and K' are constants case For two parallel conducting surfaces with a separation 1 in between, itis re presented asa strip of with 1 along the x axis in the 2 plane (interest at x = e or & at an angle B, = 0.) Under the transformation the stip is unfolded to the upper half plane in 2, plane. Set, = O and mp the pot of intersection at the origin , =O, then da/d2, = K @s)~¥ or2 King +Ky The radial lines 0 = constant are transformed to horizontal line ¥ = constant and the semi-ciecles with r, lines (lines of force) of lent 214; 5 (equipotential) = const, ate transformed to vertical 1, More examples are given in problem 2.13 and Case 3 Another important case is when B == and K = {inversion in which the conjugate function is fixed + I gives the expressions for Went so a0; With the potential P09) = 20 where a is the radius of the sphere of inversion (or eile of inversion). The ‘radius of inversion is determined by the given geometry of the problem. Mathe- ‘matically the results are the same as those from the problem that a charge placed ln front of a conducting sphere (by image method: r= a" fr, q° = ~I/ (rq) ], ‘but the physical nature of image method and inversion method is very different, xi CHAPTER 3 Introduction to Electrostaties Ml @) In static equilibrium, E inside a conductor must be zero. A Gaussian surface Js constructed just under the surface of the conductor E«0 ;9-B-0-4n9 ke g=O inside the Gaussian surface, (©) Construct a Gaussian surface inside the conductor just under the surface Since there is no cleciric eld inside the conductor. External field induces charges on the outer surface only and the electric field terminates at the outer surface, Boute™ 9 If there are charges inside the hollow canductor the charges would induce ‘equal and opposite charges on the intria sur ‘ace of the hollow conductor such that it encloses no net charges. There is no E eld inside the conductor, but the ‘excess charges of the same sign and quantity distributed on the outer surface, which produces electri field. The electric fic d does not depend on the disti- bution of charges inside the hollow conduc.or, but on the geometry of the hollow conductor. Fem ae -Byeeneca? ma € eS L he L ie yy. 1 Le 0 b pe v cat By 400 If AYE, then £, has tangential Component which means that the surfuce charges must be disturbed, This contradicts the static equilibrlum eon- dition. So'E, must be normal to the surface of the conductor, iz (@) Assuming we can consider each plate separately: z AE Fa gy= SX (evenly distributed on two surfaces) E, and Ey must be parallel or antiparallel and. normal to the conducting surfaces c . SION 1 Region I: Taking the direction of E, as t 7 positive, we can write L on EEE (upper sign is for same sign charges andthe lower, pp) AjandA, are amiparle. p= 95,2 S059 oe O)Resion oj» B= (Ee (aia 748) or a) (It snot a function of thickness nor separation between the plates. When ai =: =Q Semative mehoays (@) Translational invariance in (x,y) directions makes surface charge densities, constant in (x,y). Define densities on the four surfaces as shown in fig, with oft dao otto With p(x) = p(2) independent of x andy, the electrostatic potential © can only depend on z Hence there is only a component of electric fied, With a Gaussian volume as shown above, we have $8-nas= Pe Because ofthe dependence only upon z we find that this result does not. depend on the separation L, @x = aerofendsx (of'+ of) (0) As far as outside the slabs are concerned We can imagine L-+0 or rather, thatthe space between the slabs is filled with conductor. Then we have one slab of gly yxot thickness t=, + ty + L, with charge density gt on left face and o® on sight face, with gt 4 of = a, +03. If we put ot yo" the left field El and the right field ER are unequal, If we view the slab from behind the page, the role of left" and “right” axe interchanged (equivalent to 2 -+-2). This asymmetrical situation Is perfectly possible, for example, witha dilectricl slab, but fora conducting slab the charge will flow in sucha way as to make ot =o” (© Applying Gaus: aw, or by insepection, there is no dependence of any of the results on ty, ty oF L, a1 =Q . Wehave of =-ok, of =of = 24% (2) Special ease of oy therefor, of =f =0 of=a=Q, feu 2-0 ; 13 (1. (@) Conducting sephere e ] | © Bro rea | @) UBL = gi? roa @w) By, ana rea.(See when bud © 5229 comtintente) 1 2 constant > fe Thenforr a, Bh) «Q¢ey - | BG sAdas, ngs t 1 (b) Conducting sphere: GB Bnaee[fferartan srsse i ) Conducting NEL =.Qr/a? ' 9+ Speen eC sober, We EAR Arca 0 7 © SC, 5, Q=44Ce st 2a (ee g = LDL Bey 9m am GB betta oa fff ere annenasee : ype Gyrsa Fie Airketen so em (ee > ar forn= 42 gadnke E: e A s forn=-2 z. ! Dy Conducting rh Gr>t BQ: ? ee - where Q is the total charge in the sphere. pale , “Alternative method: i op “ Gauss’ Law, , FERS = 40s 90x (@) When r=0, has a singularity at : : . 0, - for a sphere of radius r and a sphere rand 10 We ifn) =~4 mq5(1) oot a spherically symmetric 9 (x) becomes 5 jn . Ieisinterpretéd as» point charges situates at =O - E()= tt fre a(r)ae eee with a magaitude of 4.14 4} . l 7 F JY Hall 9 have total charge Q and are confined to ¢ a all cats give G0 vor4e (0 5 E(r)= Qi? (r>a ()* Oe (r> a), By spherical cordate if ‘. “Se dL L w L bL bv L L L Bs Le 5 i e a - - i views de® a2 eter ete 88 Bag Mr aae®t 7 wk cE ono ‘The charge dtebution continous 7 except a0, Wiha rusimumn value aL ‘The charge density decay exponentially. The total orbital electronic charge Q =f e@av=-49 for ethae- ay Or f,e@ava-49 [re wa S00) na te. thee charg que and oppo othe ft elton rg ofthe som, tr = 0, which is the nucleus, TS (ee) (2) Two flat plates: 9 = 4 nod; AV=4 nod; Clk BW "ae (b) Two concentric spheres: The electric field between the conductors is 2-9, a) ay = 0-99 7 (€) Two concentric eylinders: By Gauss Je weseo: ave e eee ay IE (d)is left forthe reader. Toy dcosdsee0 dD # sect YV,, and ¥ ate potentials due to conductor No, 1 and No. 2 respectively. wis [ot edea {Yue ant a are - vie m2) Ves aN (2) a = wi (2) c= A per unit eng (4t0 (2) 7 (a) Fused charges on each conductor Q Here energy density W is used and the potenti difference is ealeuated from the general formulawe av VEL = dno san = fae ars ve fi ee=anae ‘The electrostatic energy: west fitte 1 2 Fe (4407 (Aer Fats «Lay (0 Spat pater cone tr 8)» 9 wet S Sp srt $2 (b-2) 6)" V= Q(b-a)(aby ; welLov inder capacitor, | [3] = 20 Cu cytiner epactor, tii 20 ay peat pate) 204 W (cytindsical cap) oe 7 tee TS (ry (2) Fixed charges on each conductor (i) Paralled plates: ‘Assume thatthe mechanical ores and the electrical force are balance aml weitds . 1 Bay is clectrostaic energy for separation x. Suppose x is decreased by dx (where E Iskept constant and volume decreases) = _ mn awe Bade lm ay Bae Energy lost by the field must go into work agznst the mechanical forces holding plates apart, - .l BmisZtA 220 _ ie dW= Fmdkx: oy Ade Fm! i x I Fel (2) Pact cylinders: From the rents of Problem (6) capam(X yy" aV= Q[48n(%)]} a i W = 5 C(avy’ =2.Q%In ($) Fefunit length =_2Q* (@ i chargefunt length) ()Fixed potential: 1 is the same as part (3). Since the argumentsis different, so the details are shown, (1) Paral plates AV=-ER Lavra. or x It the plates move closer by dx, Wag HRY COVER. AAs the volume decreases with x, the field increases as I/x2 and hence dW is actual ly increasing. The inereased charge ag =~ A (avy dx is being moved through AV. Hence the battery is doing work ai =sQ(av) = TA CaVytax® 2dWpyeluce xvwrrrrreee re SAS CONS = ey tent 26M, OMS iat rat Mp Wogan ra * Mpeg * Weta EW against Fon a (a a Wem rs (@y sbattution of & = vs ) 2a 4 lBimt = (Fel = (GW Paralel cylinders w= natn 758 = 4d me (Ey 02S QO cavy; Raves (4m Sy) * oes Mrs. @ x But work s done by battery by moving charge through circuit to increase Q on wires (cylinders) is charge/unit length 19 (rey Consider 0G) = Bees +10 Since charge free space is concerned the firs term vanishes, For the second term 9g Bon vena Boa s-nase [F- fox (By divergence theorem); GBs an9(x) ‘Buti given that a charge fe space is considered, therefore, the second term is zeae Saree woe Rite au ofthe (x) ERT sphere concerned += mean value of the potentiat Gaus theorem for infinitesimal area element da Andy Badeardg; (Bl= 4200 J e Ri Rad0 dd, At the center of da where the two curvatures intersect, n can be expressed in terms of Ry and Ry 38:~ ee (eat ‘The sear potent dt vlume E17) ad sce charge density is aan m2) ec) = 2x xe (1) BilloLikewise, the potential at x duc to a differen charge distribution 9, per unit volume and a, per unit surface area is Green's reciprocity theorem states that La aDenr fo Dorarfecs Hesrf ozo, a Multiply Eq(1) by % (3%) dx and integrate, We get, a SrOuDer Sf) UGE rey, fra Got) erae i (4) ‘Similarly, multiplying Eq(1) by 04 (x) da and integrating we get JOH oR d0= f/4OHUE gery + Sf LB seas (5) Eq(4) + Eq(5), we have SoCs, Berx+ foo are fi 2, Gres RW HLS BOPE « $A ro eeyae Since the primed varibles of the righthand side is dummy. we obtain Someone SOR ouRaa = fino A+ [eGo ua (6) Which is the verification of Green's reciprocity theorem (Eq(3)) Note: Ifthe electse eld is due solely to n charged conductors (Le, the charge ‘must reside on the surface so that g'sare equal 2er0), then Eq(3) reduces to Efe Cydae 8 fa Goan ” ‘where the subScript ion the integrabindicates thit the integration is over the il! ‘conductor only. But a conductor isan equipotential, “ne —_————__ then Eg(7) becomes Bytefovtxraa= 2 Jacireaos, o Eta = Ba, ‘where q stands forthe total charge on the "conductor. The physical meening of this is thatthe electric energy ofa system with part ofthe charge to produce Potential at cach point ofthe space in concer Interacting with the remaining charge willbe equivalent to that ithe charge that produces the potential ‘becomes the charge interaction andthe other as potential, haz C18) Proof of Thomson's theorem: us gi Sige ay ‘The variation of electrostatic energy sue de SEs tee A foe) 18s +f 2500 ‘The frst term vanishes for the inte ration over the surface bounded these charge surfaces is larges (€80~ 3, while S~e with r+) suase-oftedease offs [LNGy ey =059-9(1)5q -4250 “1.Qisconstant, therefore, 5 Q=0 es 5U=Q50 ‘Theextremumis BU=Q 3 E59,=0 Hence the theorem is proved. 13 (rts) ‘The energy U before the introduction of the insulated conductor ued iBrave +f 1E Pav 4 vinsiae Bry outide where Hand E° are electic fed inside and outside of the closed the condtiting surface. After inserting the conductor, the energy veers, By Gaus’ aw y « P=dyp since inserting sn isolated conductor does not ‘change the total charge the electric field outside isthe sume in both cases. ie pav- fee +t Bay thie Troe ofthe cortviet Br [U" must be greater than U', for Ui the energy calculated forall surfaces for ‘hich the energy is. minimum. But, es u-u"s 1 fiz Puy 5 ere Which is postive and definite therefore, U>U" 4, the energy is lowered by introducing the uncharge conductor into the closed volume, alternative method: Let surface charge density on S; be o (x) such that inthe absence ‘of S, the surface; is an equipotential. When S, isintroduced with no net charge, each surface included S,) ha an added charg density o, “4 such tat all surfaces are equipotentils again. The potential in space inthe absence of Sis (x) and in is presence is 9+ 50 (x) usd fidorex U+5U= 2 /19(9+50) Rex whee Vev-y, therefore, J, fivorens HLivo ron ‘The st erm vanishes becnuse by Greens identity LTE Tear5ews = [i959 POH +KO+ 80) OM as ou FLiteorens fretenex ae Siloererx + FIG) Fes sqe a) ar V(4)=-45(6 2), buts g=0 since there is no variation in the volume charge density and 8p vanishes the enclosed surface is large, ‘The frst two teem in Eq( is negative and definite therefore, the energy is lowered by introdueing the uncharge conductor into the volume, Tae Tay mia) = ha exp Lh (xt ty? a? Deena) = Tes ene [+ san oy? 124) | As a-+0, only the length element (dx) is relevant. ‘Thus, for general orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system with a oy (p= Com, (aw +a ve Ww anddudvaw and Ox TTT (UNWare defined as postive), we have ex) ty ep [oaks ATE GH Got 8) se asap OP ogg tye ENCE Then we use| 5 (0x) = 5(x) 8 (x=x) = UVWS (unr) 8 (v7) SQW) LIS (#13) (a) x)= -& (r =] © Q 9)* ge 5-8) Uniform surface charge density. _ Check: axfedax-Sia feud Gag © 2+ charge/nit length 1 ap "eee ny cee HERZ 569-0) © "Locate the disc in 2=0 plane at the origin. 9 (x)= 2,5(2)0(R-9) Horx>0 where 0 (x)= & oforx <0 @ ‘Check: ‘The simplest way so consider 5(2)*5 (rcos)= 150-2) ‘Thus the expression in (c) is transformed into 900)" Ser 00R-9)6(2)* De 46 (os eyacn-n a= fomex= fan fi dr od = Sef ae fideo) £2 rae = 5(coxd) OR 1)Using spherical polar co-ordinates with the 2 axis passing through q and q'- Since 9+ Is not a function of ¥, we obtain CHAPTER 2 Boundary - Value Problems in Electrostatics, I DE RAY 1 Q) (0) The poten st point 24) | . ae 4 | Subsite O= 1/2 andre, onthe conducting plane whee aT | 4 isthe radius on the plane with the ovina the cele a. @) becomes: where, = VIF HIE; 2 VETO TE | a ce a é O°" Fag ea AGa-E)t4ee a-(99)#-470 (b) By Coulomb's Law of force between its image. Induced Surface Charge density, a Fe Gy & Gié (©) The charge of the sing wtith a radius 9 from the origin ijust . | (@-2x942) Since the componetns that parallel to the conducting plane cancel one another, the force will be along the zdireetion only. ; _fMlO22 40). Pehrog co « Fe facet se deo. f (epod co « “18 +19(a) The work required 10 bring the charge from the point d to infinity By substitution, Eq (1) becomes 0)" 4 (appa renee) | TET” TTI CR CO ‘ This is true bot ® inside and outside of the grounded conducting sphere. ae /i2monnay = 209 ¢7 fe anogo ‘The electrostatic potential energy is negative, This is not the electrostatic potent . an Ta 2 ar coh lt energy ofthe system cage puss plane, the avon begat a inne ae located tthe poenist zero Ife had «conduct The solulon for is evack Treat only forthe replon => Obut not for <0, ¢ na Ica, ait is for q inside the sphere, this ives [r= a] == 4° We 2 = (4.803 x 107% ony? HOP ev and O aq” Gan xt0 » TI en erg =A Ge | Oe ae Pot = 36er. Which isthe expected result Ift'>a, asit would be for q outside the sphere, |r'= a= 4 ge eee ttn) wag! Thus, we see that by using the absolute value ip the integrand we et the ex: Pected result both for r'>a and for r'0 cp =C gnirx <0” ‘This result could be derived by inspection from the fact that half ofthe lines of {force from an isolated point harge cross any infinite plane surface that does not ass through the charge, Unless we can sum the series before integrating, we ean not compute the charge on just one plate since all the terms in out sum ate of the form ‘9/2 and there is no way in which the terms can be ordered s0 that the series converges in any conventional sense. If we palc the terms before summing, we could get the result —q for either plate and 2e70 for the other, * but this is clearly an legitimate conclusion. The situation is much worse than {in the case of (1), since if we rearrange the two series of (1) by picking the terms Jn an order such that the absolute value of the coefficient ofa in term involving x x'never decrease, the series will converge to the proper, unique value, But for the series after integration using (7) the series do not converge because na terms 80 to zero,"If we wish to determine the total charge on BOTH plates, the problem again gets easy. By Eq(7), the source point at x’ contributes the charge =q to the sum of the two integrals, besause for n=0 the numerator of the fist ‘etm in the braces has the sime sign in Eq(4) and in Eq(S). For all other image source points, ie. for all other n and for the second terms in each brace, the signs of the two terms are opposite and when the integrals over the two terms are added they are, by Eq(7), 2er0, Thus the sum becomes, otal =QyAQ_=-a 404040 ag 24 U2 (2) The Green's function COX Dirichlet’s problem which specifies, the boundary condition at the surface: Cox V"Oforx <0, Wis given that wt z=0 and 2 = % oF {i eylindrical coordinate is used, the Green's function so derived should not have F(K,x). O89)" ae + ; 29° TFT gg tow Tea Vahey gy TE ‘The second teem is the conteibution from the image acy an be blofgtege ta wage eye “m.(0) The integral expression for potential is stay 99.9.0" ae eee 0d ee) GP FED gg conpeanpar 7 60 (©)alongthe x ais Le, 9-0, #0622 J SL tages dg'te "VU hea The same problem discussed in chapter 3 section 3,12, the potenti i given as (0.2) taney (@)at a large distance (#7 +24 >> 32) 4 2 Te arab reaper 9 ‘Since ( p2+22)> a, the denominator of the integrand can bo expanded'as OC 9.9.2) 1 3) 97-2904 Tee Tae Team P Grea (1-G) 2a eo 4 1S(9 229: Geonght B (ga +n vit La saat at Meee ay Oagray aT 28 ‘The result (c) is modified by setting a2 >>a then the expansion is asthe following:~ ° ZI ev [teed tee Ce OVO Cosa Vigag wt) C=O While the result of the expansion in part (4) can be written along the z axis would bok» =O) wei. oe 2 ‘These two expressions agree, 3 (Theda chreson heuer of tess o°= 2 Bend ‘The xcongoent ofthe foc po nt we f= (240 "cu, hero th toll orc ating onthe hemisphere: a= Dea? fo? J+ coxosinains (8) addition with charge onthe sphere, the surface charge dently equal to masta o= LE, cow + ara? The force acting onthe hemisphere (along the z oe other components cancelled out by symmetry) is EL = 208 f* {2 62 coxssinndody tnd for the other hemisphere 2.26 (4. By image method we obtain the potential In the region between the 1wo parallel plates be 1EM(c-29/) cost ‘The frst term is due to the uniform parallel field alone while the second term is the potential due to the boss ‘The charge density on the boss 1 ae, A Fe Be loa” ag leo ‘The charge density on the parallel plates with zero potential eoanet Zt) % ay a 7 S -30- (©) The total charge on the boss: Q= [1 ana? sindods BE? fr 28a (0 se (6) Let us complete the image of the sphere. It becomes a conducting sphere of radius a and an infinite’ plane dividing the sphere into two hemispheres. Xt becomes 4 problem of four point charges of magnltue of q, ~sa/dan/d and —q, - : 8 a wat eae (FR = 21dcos0yF ; aq + 29 AFAR + BaPreoaU]AYT * HH FATT = a4 cc030 /8)> ‘The charge distribution 2¢ ae ar be Let?) 5 1 . 1 } an GFF takes” GFE - 2adeosoy The total charge Q: Wi gsinddd = -q{} - 0 ado malt Nore | Eee “Ble .‘The magnitude and the, postion ofthe image charge are shown inthe Fig (3) is image is also a line charge. Let the potential due tothe line charge be 6, The total poentisl 6), B24 812-2 (rip eta 9} oe, AU the surface of the eylinder there are certain conditions rust he satisfied ie. (1) O->R and 97 >> R) and a dipole term ‘The surface charge density: For Rib=4 ft totie pevou pole. snilt 6, athesufne be 2 Ink wen tbe pen = 1G laa) 22 tn RR VERO TTR Tob VPtR -TiReod | a G (ux) =2 En i t By Ditichiet’s condition and 9(x)= O i, thee is no charge inthe eylinder, acne won tar edo -obed a on TEs 33.urrd oor ¢ -2(0% =) DG + DF aabeoad 8 al ‘Taking unit length of the cylinder, dx’ =bd@ and the angle O is the angle between the point charge and the point where the potential is calculated. In ‘general the charge may not be along one of the axis then © would be (@ ~ 6") ‘where O'is the angle subtended from the axis tothe lie joining the charge. Then wwe can show tee 0(6,0)= 7 roen ween" » Using the result in pat (a), we ean waite on Mi fre __ OAV PaO? Da Mena FBEADbreos(O=O) * De ay A+ OF -DbreoslOnO) Ms fe_@ =A) 0 tel eRe Furs Cab =D} From the integration table we have: tx sears _atanx2-+b © at bsinx vant tater tye! BL ® nln tant tan’ Rey oan’ ad () For the first term: (applying ( 1 )) , Ma@te?) sao an 4 (eee aIHAO™) sae Boy 2 et OL ea 012-20 1 Bat e t+ Yano pen) Me anes (OEP) e0U0/2 be 1 (OP) tand/2 = Ibe ay Oa tae be tan "Lett be tan 6/2 and tan(a/2 -0/2)= coi0/2* If A)? +A) Le een ge OOD mn (b? =) =(b? FP + abF? -2be(d? +P YIU] 1 cos 21 cos therefore, (©) Calculate the surface charge density on each half of the eylin surface isnot closed, Suppose the whole surfuce of potential is @ then VO(r,0)=4 70 where o is the surface charge density, Fortlfor thesurace [94,00 * 20 YieVa 4 Ma gues + an 2 " G 2b cow) ag veen= 5 “35.When 0 is in the interval ~m/2+0 <0 <#/2-00,then cosO=+,0 's inserted because ofthe fact that the two halves are separated by a small ‘ap. This helps the physical interpretation of the problem, For if @ = x/2or =m/2,0 {s infinite, That is meaningless. The distribution dépends on the separation asthe boundary conditions, When the angle isin the interval m/2 +40 <0 <3 x/2-0 0, the charge distribution is negative. (@) IF the potential in the region is bound by the cylinder and inifinity, let us telnvestigate the general expression P= FL sca aen. $9039 28.45 In general the fest term is not zero sinc lee the space concerned Includes some charge HO L9H 07G (KRIK + L (2 =v? )ua" . DOR ae L007 SE cor) The electrostatic potential everywhere in space: (inside the sphere (6.0.0) = constant =V 236. (li) when b< + <* we can replace the sphere by a point charge situated at the center of the sphere to replace the origin of sphere with a potential @ at the surface, © (60 .p) =Vole (evo) he - ‘The problem is equivalent to a sphere with ground potential and a point charge (q=Vb) at the center of the sphere. Under inversion, a sphere of zer0 potential becomes a sphere of zero potential #=0; 0°(0,0,8)=0; O16, 0,9)= K al cR or Let brace We obtain, A i a reavR rl 4 (The inversion ofa sphere withthe center of inversion inde the conducting sphere tsa sphere either inside the Inversion sphere or + sphere wih the gen Sphere (tally enclosed in tor pt in and prt out This wel if one wishes to change the boundary conditions of physical problem. We ean reduce 2 polnt charg ine «conducting pers fo jst conducting sper. 2.10 Given: the surface-charge density 0 K(a? = (k=const) diverges at ra; there is line charge around the edge of disc. Ifa charge Q is put on the dis, Qf odank 2" FQ Ge PY Rrra = mk $260 AUG 8) whence Q*2 ska from which k Q/(2 12), therefore 0 Q/(2aviF=#), Notice that the dise has been considered infniely thn (an onesided) so that the total charge is to be found by integrating over only one face ofthe dsc. ‘The potential inside the discs const, andi given by V=(# Q)/(2a) = constant on the dise To obtain an inverted surface at zero potential we subtract this value from the potential at all points; we have. “37r » y lula inthe plane 80" Co Tad a, ,Jotine dae Ir-n) 2a" On inversion, for a radius and center of inversion as shown in the Fi of the dise transforms into another circle with center at the edge Fone (RE eM? =12), and radius a = aR?/la? ‘The potential transforms as 9 Foo, s0 that the region which was at zero potential, will stil be at dero potential, the region outside the transformed circlé wil be an equipotential, grounded surface, for example, a grounded conducting plate. Th into the dise wil have a potential ~ 2 . ARE ge eg aE en - Therefore, for r inside the inverted circle, By moving the center of inversion, r=O, specified by to, the vector to the center of the dise, we can obtain the potential of the infinite grounded conducting plane with a point charge (S82 a any poim insite.) (©) The surfaedensty wil transform acording 10 oo ra 0.9) {o obisn a nit positive point charge at the center, et (€) The more general problem of inversion of a disc is obtained by considering the center of inversion to be off the plane ofthe disc. The invese of the plane of ‘the disc is in our ease a sphere passing through the point o. Thus, the dise will be transformed into a portion of this sphere. The remainder of the sphere an be made to,be an equipotentsl, grounded surface by choosing an tppro- priate constant for @(e). An unit point charge will be obtained, asin ‘art (), in the hollow portion of the sphere: ‘392at (2.13) 16V addeuth ly, (e-2/2 ‘ 29 = A Sete A slg) sn 8,9) (0) The average potential of the walls =2V/6=0.333 V. At the center 2. a2, a2) (0/2, 2/2, 9/2) = 18M. BECDEME DEY toy Fn MAG) a 1 cosh(VE #2) 2 * Seosh(VTSaIa) * Teas TEA) ye ot x Fea AC RTD * Seesaw °° ‘The boundary conditions: ‘The first term=0.2143836, 2nd term= 0,0092821, 3rd term=0,0002835, 4th a) =O.8=V; ()283, 0#V; term 0,0002658, and the Sth term=0.0000281. The potential at the center 20333349 V, which else" tothe average poten If more term of the (3) x=O.and xea,%=0; (4) y=0 and yaa, =0. series are cummulated, we obtain the exact answer which is 1/3. We ut the Foul seis to ave the prob. And the expansion tha sss (0) The sure charge deny onthe sure 2a the above boundary conditions can be written as, at : OKI a) == “a5 FE yea (aya) =, & sn(yxsin(,y) [Am cosh(rmn(e-a/2))} 16V 348 pms f7mA(@2012)] Fm” fin cosh Crna) sin (qs (By YI where a, =maa, B,=09/b and Yq" VAT FRFTE andthe coeficiente 0, ‘nfo ty mio Se may vein (aa) Seryose rs 2 pul Vand re suey a fol V . ‘vs cot “ev, ‘Then we add two problems together, ie, 2) problem 2.11 with V= i (Vi + ‘nbn Amn €°88(Yqyq 8/2)sin(@,,x)sin(fhy) = FmincoshC, a7) Va) and b) »_4v . WEY) eamitrggay 18H snd ; Thus Aw = _t6v, ¥mncosh(ymn a/2) The potential + everywhere inside the cube 240.wT x xX i y y r 20 fn sinh(2a/2) sf, sing 9) Ava, AVp-V1) = 2 Bn sin Cyn 22) sna x00 ¥) Hence 9 an nt ‘The complete solution is thus Ry = laesch Ul ; Ry = Iaesch Ul and D=a(Leoth U, 1 leoth Us|) ‘The lower sign is shown in diagram A and the upper sig, in disgram B. The general expression for capacitance / length ¢= of(U; ~ Uy). e921 8 Ln cogsniaynaee¥y ional = y.ysthtamatera)) +8 Vd name fa) } ‘The value of the potential at the center of the cube is as before with v=¥ (VI+ v2), 212 (9.4) Problem: Determine the capacitance per unit length of two cylinders radii Ry and Re with their axes ata distance D and the respective potentials of the cylinders are U and Us : ‘The two dimensional conjugate functions: We ln ((@+jaV(2-ja)}= 2 cor (e/a) (1) 28 + (y-acoth U) =a exch? @ (x-aeot V) ty? =a? ese? V @ Bq (2) and (3) are equations for circles, The families of circles interseet ortho- gonally. Eq (2) indicates equipotentials and Eq (3), line of force, The expression fon the right hand side is the radius. With the axes of the cylinders are on the y axis, we have 24. ‘The problem is solved if the expression U, =U, is obtained as a function of Ry Ry and D. (Ieoth Uy 1 Leoth Us)? eos Uy cosh Uy | Tsinh U, sinh Uy T 2 Ry? 252( £08 (Us # Ue) Fins = ¥(Lcosh U; # + leosh Uy? +222 Tsiah Uy sinh Ry? + Ry? £2RLR cosh (Uy -Us) DP RE -RE Uy -Us = cou “te DERERE, U; CoRR = feosh?(eDEZRE-RE Co foot ey ee 23) With the aid of a Schwarz transformation, find the potential and field distri- Dutions atthe fringes of two semi-infinite parallel plates ata distance inbetween, “43.Solution on page 10, the discussion shows the potential and field of two infinite parallel plates. In that illustration we consider that the two plates meet at infin- lty and 80. For two semi-infinite plates (diagram A) it seems that there are a lot of simularities, but the Schwarz transformation is much different. ere ‘The lines of force in the case of two infinite parallel plates are confined in between the two plates, but in the case of two semiininte plates, the lines of force originate (terminate) on both surfaces ofeach plate. This means that we want to -map the complete x plane to the upper half 2 plane. The Itick is to insert a fictitious vertex to complete the quadrangle, however the space of interest isthe complement of the quadrangle AKBG. If K and G are extended {o infinity, then AK.will be equivalent tothe acg: AG, to afg;BK, bdg and DG, beg. With this lint; "B, * Ba * By * 2m and B =O.) Hence from Eq(14), we have, are [eat Awa, =+1,Bay=1, K+a;=0 and Gray =e such thatthe whole z plane is transformed to the upper 2, plane equiporentiat WO « ccinat ir Racer 09M "Celta 1D Baga EO recta JEM aay ok feng ZA} K oA Zea 21:Z=0+j0 ey Tr FO; R=KD aswel cont Kurtis) wee: xtet, £ tenz,- 12h y in Z plane: (in 2 plane: Ved /m = const) 9 E (26-1 a9) forjlryl<1 + Since r,3sin 26, >1: .1f sin2@, isthe dominated term, yad daany, (on the outs wutaces of the plate) ‘Similar analysis can be made for the expression of line of force (in2 plarer constant). The result ofthe transformation is shown in diagram D. Equipotentiat Line of force ore “4524 With the aid of a Schwarz tranformation, find the potential and field distibut- fons in the region between two right angle conducting wedges shown in the figure. oy Solution 4In diagram B, inside the quadrangle isthe interested space with P and R extend ed to infinity. In doing so this figure becomes the given Figuié in the problem diagram: in the problem) By Schwarz tranformation, PQRS is expanded to the upper half 2 plane. ; 44 Sr kMe-ay" wi tie Pr=Bs=0; t= Zs y= a) = 0; ay By FO pag oh dz Ke +12 ay HG-0) Gly -e=F Zak! AL ee, wk! (tL, + a eET Vari anlage =H" Inte, + VET=B) + joel ?ME eg" 46 ve Dayeee 4d nectizeono & Ure Ge)4K"s09p;x"«aK-3) Baten athy KD eK" sa4 22+) Gr) | xr = B)G+ ib) 7 é 22 QADGD (fo, VAT) jin LVEET) yo CDG >= 2S) (@) Find the.Green function for an electrostatic potential problem inthe half Space z>-0 with Neumann boundary conitions at 2°0 (and at infinity ) (©) If the eects field By at 2H0 is a constant Eo inside a circle ofradusa and ero outside, find an integral expression for the potential at an arbitrary polnt. (©) Find expressions for the potential andthe electri field on the ais ofthe circle as functions of 2, (€) Find an expression for the potential at large distance (analogous tothe result oF text problem 24(8)) (@) Neumann problem, to determine the Green function for an electrostatic Potential in the half space (z: 0). The Newman problem specified in Eq(1.46) with (@), = 0. oss 86y xe £38 cya where a, 2y 9 on 3ou = 9 ons je he tL where Z=6'! Onbex)* ier tee MERE Ca 8x) and T= ote) “47. ‘| | i | Gy Oatz=0 For x on s (the plane 240) we have 5 "SUES ETT Tey code eye B= we have Hapdet 18 28, a6 on = oforg> a ofor >a ineagy 2.6,0) oF aF-2 gy 'coNe-o) FT For the problem ofa disc with charge density Es of ¢, put $= 0 for convenience, . Kee Es ps . “ahve erred) _ VOTRE pa Put a 499" ree ay a= lsindependent 1 VETTE pcp mene var areE T _ ae (ea (pra yren Mdcora=t, dt= tina da therefore oz) f* & sda iy at NOE Try fia Terre This Is nt sigoieany better than the exigalintepel (©) Potential and field on the anis (Le. 9 =0).. 9(0,2)= Ee f* ge-28 ee. ghee EVIE 2 “Var Fa! (on the axis only) 48. For lage 2, (0,2) ~ Foa? (22): and_—_Ey(Q,2) > Eas? (222) ‘These appear tobe those ofa localized charge dstbution of total charge (Ea?/2). (@) Potential at large distances, but not on the z axis, Le. ( 9? +2%) >> a? qiedeq? 2p pew yte ay CPP ey Orbe aT? 27 Tom Vary oe [ts GEESE 3(2_9 g’cosp’ - 97)? ete, Thus Ey * org ot fag? 299 ‘cosp’- 97 Oo De erage sta i+ yr aro ares Fay SCT ay Ey 4 Gat atest) } aatee agree aCe ‘This has the same goneral appearance asthe result of the Diichlet problem, 2 For 9 0,we find Ugat get 11s easy to check that ee ee expansion of 02)* ELV TG oi) frompart(o. z Eat 0O.2)= Ero [Note that the Neumann problem has a Green 2>0. function that is even in 2! This means that the Neumann problem for 2 >0 with Ez specified jucface of at z=O+ is equivalent tothe problem of the poten eae tial in all space (2 >0 and z <0 ) |for a surface charge enity of 9°, 9 = ALP) on the Ee__ plane 2=0, asllustrated for our ae prob “lem shown in the diagram, “49J r oa a ri 246 (2.0 mint 2. coup-gye ty Mead y x z . WL Gp c0s-99 + arg Me Gy 2G +49) ‘Use aline charge with density 1° at 9” asimagefor T at 9°. r Potential is : onl-49 v 1 C9. (4-6°) #2 chat) +2 vIn 2 + constant _ a5 y » Ls Gs 86-09-45 cono-9)# = 28 cong 9) 7 where For gr-reo check that G gives zero sufficiently rupidly that there ro R= 9% 49-2 99 'cos(9-9") + eno contribution from’ "-ree surface. Compute 3G. and evaluate at i Rt apte o-t-2 9 9"c06-#9 or aand ge av yy pe z Pe, (6-9 )-a? +a geos(p ~ , | { 307 BE GUT BT Taag couse HEH? 49 cole 4-3? #2 eonle-4)} V1) Because of iogrithm we must have “1°==T_ in onder to have even the posibility ey . j of getting the surface =a 1 have zero potential. Thus, yaaa yr = rfl RZ + cons] ac 2a? g/g? 91-2979 “eos) eo ipa Gp)e Ffs (LPB eo) yf Now we consider €(2,(9-6°)) (1-27 /(9 ge0s) - 97, 9°(1 =28° (a9 eos) (1 9) 90s) y if “8 json eCaF y 79 Frcons-g) gig = p= Mea pense o id ‘To give the argument unity (without putting "= 9°) we choose XS and the appropriate constant ie. const =In ( 9“/a*). . Then, with T= 1 ‘The behavior us,1/@ means that lim, fda (x21 falls oftas R Y inorder to get the Green's function, el IF yer i ty gt qtemtee . a8 R-+e and gives no contribution to surface integral RA GG. 95 9,6 )=In [AS SATE cot -t (©) Capacitance of two eyinders: Take cylinder #1 as surface where ©*0. Then ) : a UWE 9-2 8 geons put charge Q on# 2 cylinder. ty TN eee , it 2 CEG tle oF, = Li, dads’ 00) GK.) 049 2 oe Tike ¢= 2 sth lowe apoxinton..nilrm ow te sue. i Note that fr either a or $=, Go, as required, Lt payepayen 1 paryg . — Check for 9-4 the dffemnetial ofthe Green function is SE aap FH" se0" Olax D= EP HCC 8: 9.99 o 97-38 )( 97 “al + atle- oP 1* + negligible dx 4n8(9-69 . Gon (LICE A pete g Pay (Stree 7 ena ie pend team ye which satisfy the B.C. explicitly. a 9-97 = 238 (1 -e0s) me 2492 - 29? a a ein. + £7 Int. ~, . © Gein (LL 87492 = 2a? 9/ 9cos] 9 Coan? "an fe Wl - co is For a7 >> age Grin CSP aay gay 97-297 9 cos) EE ad “StePATOL + (2) Derive Poisson's integral forthe two-dimensional problem of the potential siven on the surface ofa cylinder of radius a. ate gt p?-at g “cos - G(9.65 97.89 =In Core ga <2 B9 “cost -9) ac | 2 =) UTat+ 97-5 gc ‘The potential inside the cylinder is Oe weed Levee eset) wih 26, OF! 9 {rom the line above, this gives a9 ot 0 0099S With (a+b, 60) this is the answer to Problem 2.8 (a). To obtain 2.8 (d) we ‘ole that the normal derivative is opposite. We thus put (a? = 9?)-+( 9-22) Inthe above final result to get the answer forthe external problem, %) TPO) erage = be lee " i 8). LEON ty 9 tow NH ple YD FiVOX, hag Cor 3b vcou-a) ives Poisson's integral of Problem 2.8 (a). +52 24g. ‘Two flat thin conducting plates with straight edges and seminfinlte in extent are in the same plane with their edges a distance 2a apart, Both plates are at zero Potential. Above the plates at longer distance than ais uniform electric field Ep directed normally towards the plates, as indicated inthe sketch, () Treating the potential s two dimensinal, show that the Schwarz — Christoffel {transformation which maps this configuration in the z-plane into the upper half woplane with A at w=-e Bat w=l,Cat w=0, Dat w=0, Eat wal, and Fat weed ae 2 (ut im (6) From the boundaty conditions determine the potential 6(x.). (©) Determine the charge density —0(x) on the top and bottom of the plates. (6) In the gap (in the plane of the plates) find the normal and tangential com- ponents ofthe electric fed, (©) On the opposite sie from the applied field, determine the potential andthe electric fed far from the gap. Show that the magnitude ofthe eld falls off as the inverse square of the distance from the gap and determine the coefficient of Gey (9 Consider two line charges and -\. , located in the gap just above and below the plane of the plates. Let their separation be p/d, where p isa dipole ‘moment per unit length. Determine the potenti of the two line charges (in the absence of the plates) in the limit > efor fixed p. Compare the potental with he result of part (¢). What is the strength of the equivalent two-dimensional dipole that gives the same asymptotic field as the slot of width 2a with a ‘uniform field Ee above it? ‘Two flat thin conducting plates with straight edges and semlinfinite in extent are in the same plane with their edges a distance 2a apart, Both plates ae at ze:0 potential. A uniform electric field Eo is directed normally towards the plates, () Schwarz-Christoffel transformation, we begin with the identification of the points A... Fwith points in the w.plane: zplane A Bc D E F woplane: ~~ -l 0 0 Ho te -53-