Referensi Bab

13
Trauma Spina
Fraktur Atlantoaksial
Aebi, M. “Surgical Treatment of Upper, Middle and Lower Cervical Injuries and Non-
Unions by Anterior Procedures”. Eur Spine J. 14 Okt 2009.
Al Eissa, S. dkk. “Airway Compromise Secondary to Upper Cervical Spine Injury”. J
Trauma. Okt 2009;67(4):692-6.
Anderson, L.D. dan D’’Alonzo RT. “Fractures of the Odontoid Process of the Axis”. J
Bone Joint Surg Am. Des 1974;56(8):1663-74.
Brooks, A.L. dan Jenkins E.B. “Atlanto-Axial Arthrodesis by the Wedge Compression
Method”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Apr 1978;60(3):279-84.
Bucholz, R.W. dan Burkhead W.Z. “The Pathological Anatomy of Fatal Atlanto-Occipital
Dislocations”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Mar 1979;61(2):248-50.
Budin, E. dan Sondheimer F. “Lateral Spread of the Atlas without Fracture”. Radiology.
Des 1966;87(6):1095-8.
Elgafy, H. dkk. “Treatment of Displaced Type II Odontoid Fractures in Elderly
Patients”. Am J Orthop. Agust 2009;38(8):410-6.
Gallie, W.E. “Fractures and Dislocations of the Cervical Spine”. Am J Surg. 1939;46(3):495-9.
Jefferson, G. “Fracture of Atlas Vertebra. Report of Four Cases and A Review of Those
Previously Recorded”. Br J Surg. 1920;7:407-22.
Johnson, R.M. dkk. “Cervical Orthoses. A Study Comparing Their Effectiveness
In Restricting Cervical Motion In Normal Subjects. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Apr
1977;59(3):332-9.
Levine, A.M. dan Edwards C.C. “Fractures of the Atlas”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jun
1991;73(5):680-91.
Levine, A.M. dan Edwards C.C. “Treatment of Injuries in the C1–C2 Complex”. Orthop
Clin North Am. Jan 1986;17(1):31-4.
McAfee, P.C. 1991. “Jefferson’s Fracture”. Adult Spine: Principles and Practice Editor:
Frymoyer J.W. dkk. Edisi ke-2. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
NN. “Management of Combination Fractures of the Atlas and Axis in Adults”. Neurosurgery.
Mar 2002;50(3 suppl):S140-7.

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North American Spine Society. “Spinal Cord Injury”. http://www.spine.org/fsp/prob_

action-injury-cord.cfm, 13 November 2006.
Platzer, P. dkk. “Plate Fixation of Odontoid Fractures without C1–C2 Arthrodesis: Practice
of A Novel Surgical Technique for Stabilization of Odontoid Fractures, Including
the Opportunity to Extend the Fixation to C3”. Neurosurgery. Apr 2009;64(4):726-
33; discussion 733.
Richter, M. dkk. “Posterior Atlantoaxial Fixation: Biomechanical in Vitro Comparison of
Six Different Techniques”. Spine. Agust 15 2002;27(16):1724-32.
Sherk, H.H. dan Nicholson J.T. “Fractures of the Atlas”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jul
1970;52(5):1017-24.
White, A.A. dan Panjabi M.M. 1990. “Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine”. Edisi ke-
2. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
White, A.A.3rd. dan Panjabi M.M. “The Clinical Biomechanics of the Occipitoatlantoaxial
Complex.” Orthop Clin North Am. Okt 1978;9(4):867-78.

Fraktur C3–C7
Allen, B.L. dkk. “A Mechanistic Classification of Closed, Indirect Fractures and
Dislocations of the Lower Cervical Spine”. Spine. 1982;7:1-27.
Apple, D.F. 2002. “Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation”. Editor: Garfin S.R. dan Vaccaro
A.R. “Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Spine. Vol 2. American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons.
Fehlings, M.G. dan Sekhon L.H.S. 2002. “Restoration of Spinal Cord Function”. Editor:
Garfin S.R. dan Vaccaro A.R. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Spine. Vol 2. American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
Levine, A.M. 1998. “Facet Fractures and Dislocations”. Editor: Lampert R. Spine Trauma.
WB Saunders.
Marco, R.A. dkk. “Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures Treated with Posterior Decompression
and Pedicle Screw Instrumentation Supplemented with Balloon-Assisted
Vertebroplasty and Calcium Phosphate Reconstruction. Surgical Technique”. J Bone
Joint Surg Am. Mar 2010;92 Suppl 1 Pt 1:67-76.
Milligram, M.A. dan Rand N. “Cervical Spine Anatomy”. Spine State of the Art Reviews.
2000;14(3):521-532.
Platzer, P. dkk. “Delayed or Missed Diagnosis of Cervical Spine Injuries”. J Trauma. Jul
2006;61(1):150-5.
Rang, M. 2000. “Spine Fractures and Traumatic Paraplegia’. The Story of Orthopaedics.
Toh, E. dkk. “Surgical Treatment for Injuries of the Middle and Lower Cervical Spine”. Int
Orthop. Feb 2006;30(1):54-8.
Uhrenholt, L. dkk. “Pathoanatomy of the Lower Cervical Spine Facet Joints in Motor
Vehicle Crash Fatalities”. J Forensic Leg Med. Jul 2009;16(5):253-60.
Vaccaro, A.R. dkk. 1999. “The Lower Cervical Spine in Spinal Cord Injury”. Spine State
of the Art Reviews.

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Fraktur Dislokasi Vertebra Toraks

Amin, A. dan Saifuddin A. “Fractures and Dislocations of the Cervicothoracic Junction”. J
Spinal Disord Tech. Des 2005;18(6):499-505.
Browner, B.D. dkk. 1998. Skeletal Trauma: Fractures, Dislocations, Ligamentous Injuries.
WB Saunders.
Denis, F. “The Three Column Spine and Its Significance in the Classification of Acute
Thoracolumbar Spinal Injuries”. Spine. 1983;8:817-831.
Holdsworth, F. “Fractures, Dislocations, and Fracture-Dislocations of the Spine”. J Bone
Joint Surg Am. Des 1970;52(8):1534-51.
McCullen, G. dkk. “Thoracic and Lumbar Trauma: Rationale for Selecting the Appropriate
Fusion Technnique”. Orthop Clin North Am. Okt 1998;29(4):813-28.
Moller, A. dkk. “Nonoperatively Treated Burst Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar
Spine in Adults: A 23- to 41-Year Follow-Up”. Spine J. Nov-Des 2007;7(6):701-7.
Rechtine, G.R. “Nonsurgical Treatment of Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures”. Instr Course
Lect. 1999;48:413-6.
Sasso, R.C. dkk. “Anterior-Only Stabilization of Three-Column Thoracolumbar Injuries”. J
Spinal Disord Tech. Feb 2005;18 Suppl:S7-14.
Scholl, B.M. dkk. “Short Segment Fixation of Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures”. Orthopedics.
Agust 2006;29(8):703-8.
Shen, W.J. dkk. “Nonoperative Treatment versus Posterior Fixation for Thoracolumbar Junction
Burst Fractures without Neurologic Deficit”. Spine. 1 Mei 2001;26(9):1038-45.
Singh, R. dkk. ‘Injuries Significantly Associated with Thoracic Spine Fractures: A Case-
Control Study”. Emerg Med Australas. Okt 2009;21(5):419-23.
Stadhouder, A. dkk. “Nonoperative Treatment of Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Fractures:
A Prospective Randomized Study of Different Treatment Options”. J Orthop Trauma.
Sep 2009;23(8):588-94.
Zdeblick, T.A. dkk. “Anterior Spinal Fixators. A Biomechanical In Vitro Study”. Spine.
15 Mar 1993;18(4):513-7.

Fraktur Dislokasi Vertebra Lumbal

Al-Khalifa, F.K. dkk. “Patterns of Collapse in Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures”. J Spinal
Disord Tech. Okt 2005;18(5):410-2.
Blanco, J.F. dkk. “Conservative Management of Burst Fractures of the Fifth Lumbar
Vertebra”. J Spinal Disord Tech. Jun 2005;18(3):229-31.
Dai, L.Y. ‘Remodeling of the Spinal Canal After Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures”. Clin
Orthop. Jan 2001;(382):119-23.
Hiwatashi, A. dkk. “Kyphoplasty versus Vertebroplasty to Increase Vertebral Body Height:
A Cadaveric Study”. Radiology. Des 2005;237(3):1115-9.
Karaikovic, E.E. dan Pacheco HO. “Treatment Options for Thoracolumbar Spine
Fractures”. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. Mei 2005;5(2):20-6.

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 R-110 Buku Ajar Gangguan Muskuloskeletal

Knop, C. dkk. “Late Results of Thoracolumbar Fractures After Posterior Instrumentation

and Transpedicular Bone Grafting”. Spine. 1 Jan 2001;26(1):88-99.
Marczynski, W. dkk. “Fractures of Thoracic and Lumbar Spine; Treatment and Follow
Up”. Ann Transplant. 1999;4(3-4):46-8.
Pradhan, B.B. dkk. “Kyphoplasty Reduction of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression
Fractures: Correction of Local Kyphosis versus Overall Sagittal Alignment”. Spine.
15 Feb 2006;31(4):435-41.
Sanderson, P.L. dkk. “Short Segment Fixation of Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures without
Fusion”. Eur Spine J. 1999;8(6):495-500.
Tezeren, G. dan Kuru I. “Posterior Fixation of Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture: Short-
Segment Pedicle Fixation versus Long-Segment Instrumentation”. J Spinal Disord
Tech. Des 2005;18(6):485-8.
Woolard, A. dan Oussedik S. “Injuries to the Lumbar Spine: Identification and
Management’. Hosp Med. Jul 2005;66(7):384-8.

Trauma Panggul
Fraktur Sakrum Koksigis
American College of Surgeon’s Committee on Trauma. “Advanced Trauma Life Support
(Course for Physicians)”. Chicago, Ill: 1993.
Denis, F. dkk. “Sacral Fractures: An Important Problem. Retrospective Analysis of 236
Cases”. Clin Orthop. Feb 1988;227:67-81.
Gotis-Graham, I. dkk. “Sacral Insufficiency Fractures in the Elderly”. J Bone Joint Surg
Br. Nov 1994;76(6):882-6.
Lange, R. dkk. “Efficacy of the Anterior Approach for Fixation of Sacroiliac Dislocations
and Fracture-Dislocations”. J Orthop Trauma. 1990;4:220-221.
Nelson, D.W. dan Duwelius PJ. “CT-Guided Fixation of Sacral Fractures and Sacroiliac
Joint Disruptions”. Radiology. Agust 1991;180(2):527-32.
Schweitzer, D. dkk. “Closed Reduction and Iliosacral Percutaneous Fixation of Unstable
Pelvic Ring Fractures”. Injury. Agust 2008;39(8):869-74.
Webb, L.X. dkk. “Continuous EMG Monitoring for Placement of Percutaneous Iliosacral
Screws”. Orthop Trans. 1996;20:134.

Fraktur Pelvis
Bucholtz, R.W. dan Peters P. 1988. “Assessment of Pelvic Stability”. Editor: Bassett
F.H. Instructional Course Lectures. Rosemont, Ill: The American Academy of Orthopaedic
Surgeons.
Burgess, A. dan Jones A. 1996. “Fractures of the Pelvic Ring”. Editor: Rockwood C.Jr.
dkk. Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven.

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Dunn, A.W. dan Morris H.D. “Fractures and Dislocations of the Pelvis”. J Bone Joint Surg
Am. Des 1968;50(8):1639-48.
Holm, C.L. “Treatment of Pelvic Fractures and Dislocations. Skeletal Traction and the
Dual Pelvic Traction Sling”. Clin Orthop. Nov-Des 1973;97:97-107.
Huittinen, V.M. dan Slätis P. “Nerve Injury in Double Vertical Pelvic Fractures”. Acta Chir
Scand. 1972;138(6):571-5.
Peltier, L.F. “Complications Associated with Fractures of the Pelvis”. J Bone Joint Surg
Am. Jul 1965;47:1060-9.
Pennal, G.F. dkk. “Pelvic Disruption: Assessment and Classification”. Clin Orthop. Sep
1980;(151):12-21.
Reilly, M.C. dkk. “Neurologic Injuries in Pelvic Ring Fractures”. Clin Orthop. Agust
1996;(329):28-36.
Rice, P.L.Jr. dan Rudolph M. “Pelvic Fractures”. Emerg Med Clin North Am. Agust
2007;25(3):795-802, x.
Roy-Camille, R. dkk. “Transverse Fracture of the Upper Sacrum. Suicidal Jumper’’s
Fracture”. Spine. Nov 1985;10(9):838-45.
Schield, D.K. dkk. “Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Pelvic Ring Fractures”. J Orthop
Trauma. 1991;5(2):226.
Simonian, P.T. dkk. “Internal Fixation of the Unstable Anterior Pelvic Ring: A
Biomechanical Comparison of Standard Plating Techniques and the Retrograde
Medullary Superior Pubic Ramus Screw”. J Orthop Trauma. Des 1994;8(6):476-82.
Switzer, J.A. dkk. “Comminuted Fractures of the Iliac Wing”. J Orthop Trauma. Mei
2000;14(4):270-6.
Tucker, M.C. dkk. “Simple Anterior Pelvic External Fixation”. J Trauma. Des
2000;49(6):989-94.
Watnik, N.F. dkk. “Urologic Injuries in Pelvic Ring Disruptions”. Clin Orthop. Agust
1996;(329):37-45.

Fraktur Asetabulum
Boraiah, S. dkk. “Open Reduction Internal Fixation and Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
of Selected Acetabular Fractures”. J Orthop Trauma. Apr 2009;23(4):243-8.
Bucholz, R.W. dkk. “Injury to the Acetabular Triradiate Physeal Cartilage”. J Bone Joint
Surg Am. Apr 1982;64(4):600-9.
Dakin, G.J. dkk. “Acetabular Fracture Patterns: Associations with Motor Vehicle Crash
Information”. J Trauma. Des 1999;47(6):1063-71.
Dean, D.B. dan Moed B.R. “Late Salvage of Failed Open Reduction and Internal
Fixation of Posterior Wall Fractures of the Acetabulum”. J Orthop Trauma. Mar
2009;23(3):180-5.
Ganorkar, S. dkk. “Implant Selection and Placement in Acetabular Fractures”. Indian J
Orthopaedics. 2002;36(1):29-30.

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Letournel, E. “Acetabulum Fractures: Classification and Management”. Clin Orthop. Sep

1980;(151):81-106.
Matta, J. “Operative Indications and Choice of Surgical Approach for Fractures of the
Acetabulum”. Tech Orthop. 1986;1:13-22.
Mehin, R. dkk. “A Biomechanical Study of Conventional Acetabular Internal Fracture
Fixation versus Locking Plate Fixation”. Can J Surg. Jun 2009;52(3):221-8.
Porter, S.E. dkk. “Acetabular Fracture Patterns and Their Associated Injuries”. J Orthop
Trauma. Mar 2008;22(3):165-70.
Thacker, M. “Post-Operative Management of Acetabular Fractures”. Indian J Orthopaedics.
2002;36(1):29-30.
Weber, M. dkk. “Total Hip Arthroplasty After Operative Treatment of An Acetabular
Fracture”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Sep 1998;80(9):1295-305.

Fraktur Kepala dan Leher Femur

Devas, M.B. “Stress Fractures of the Femoral Neck”. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Nov
1965;47(4):728-38.
Ernst, J. “Stress Fracture of the Neck of the Femur”. J Trauma. Jan 1964;53:71-83.
Lehman, R.A. dan Shah SA. “Tension-Sided Femoral Neck Stress Fracture in A Skeletally
Immature Patient. A Case Report”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jun 2004;86-A(6):1292-5.
Niva, M.H. dkk. “Fatigue Injuries of the Femur”. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Okt
2005;87(10):1385-90.

Trauma Paha
Fraktur Intertrokhanter Femur
Anglen, J.O. dan Weinstein J.N. “Nail or Plate Fixation of Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures:
Changing Pattern of Practice. A Review of the American Board of Orthopaedic
Surgery Database”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Apr 2008;90(4):700-7.
Crenshaw, A.H. 1991. Campbell’s Operative Orthopedics. Vol 2. Edisi ke-8. Philadelphia,
Pa: Mosby Inc.
Lichtblau, S. “The Unstable Intertrochanteric Hip Fracture”. Orthopedics. Agust
2008;31(8):792-7.
Rockwood, C.A. dkk. 1991. “Fractures”. Vol 2. Edisi ke-3. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
Sidhu, A.S. dkk. “Total Hip Replacement as Primary Treatment of Unstable
Intertrochanteric Fractures in Elderly Patients”. Int Orthop. 11 Jun 2009.

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Subtrokhanter femur
Craig, N.J. dan Maffulli N. “Subtrochanteric Fractures: Current Management
Options”. Disabil Rehabil. 30 Sep–15 Okt 2005;27(18-19):1181-90.
Massoud, E.I. “Fixation of Subtrochanteric Fractures: Does A Technical Optimization of
the Dynamic Hip Screw Application Improve the Results?”. Strategies Trauma Limb
Reconstr. Okt 2009;4(2):65-71.
Rockwood, C.A. dkk. 2001. Rockwood, Green, and Wilkins Handbook of Fractures. Edisi
ke-5. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Saarenpää, I. dkk. “Treatment of Subtrochanteric Fractures. A Comparison of the Gamma
Nail and the Dynamic Hip Screw: Short-Term Outcome in 58 Patients”. Int Orthop.
Feb 2007;31(1):65-70.
Senter, B. dkk. “Operative Stabilization of Subtrochanteric Fractures of the Femur”. J
Orthop Trauma. 1990;4(4):399-405.
Wiss, D.A. dan Brien W.W. “Subtrochanteric Fractures of the Femur. Results of Treatment
by Interlocking Nailing”. Clin Orthop. Okt 1992;(283):231-6.

Fraktur Batang Femur

Braten, M. dkk. “11 Femoral Fractures with Vascular Injury: Good Outcome with Early
Vascular Repair and Internal Fixation”. Acta Orthop Scand. Apr 1996;67(2):161-4.
DiChristina, D.G. dkk. “Femur Fractures with Femoral or Popliteal Artery Injuries in
Blunt Trauma”. J Orthop Trauma. Des 1994;8(6):494-503.
Evans, F.G. dkk. “The Role of Tensile Stress in the Mechanism of Femoral Fractures”. J
Bone Joint Surg Am. 1951;333:485-501.
Lieurance, R. dkk. “Blood Loss and Transfusion in patients with isolated femur fractures. J
Orthop Trauma. 1992;6(2):175-9.
Mohr, V.D. dkk. “External Fixation of Open Femoral Shaft Fractures”. J Trauma. Apr
1995;38(4):648-52.
Robertson, P. dkk. “Open Fractures of the Tibia and Femur in Children”. J Pediatr Orthop.
Sep-Okt 1996;16(5):621-6.
Sartoretti, C. dkk. “Comorbid Conditions in Old Patients with Femur Fractures”. J
Trauma. Okt 1997;43(4):570-7.
Starr, A.J. dkk. “Treatment of Femur Fracture with Associated Vascular Injury”. J Trauma.
Jan 1996;40(1):17-21.
Wolinsky, P. dkk. “Controversies in Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures”. Instr
Course Lect. 2002;51:291-303.

Fraktur Suprakondiler
Giles, J.B. dkk. “Supracondylar-Intercondylar Fractures of the Femur Treated with A
Supracondylar Plate and Lag Screw”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jul 1982;64(6):864-70.

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Johnson, E.E. “Combined Direct and Indirect Reduction of Comminuted Four-

Part Intraarticular T-Type Fractures of the Distal Femur”. Clin Orthop. Jun
1988;(231):154-62.
Moore, T.J. dkk. “Complications of Surgically Treated Supracondylar Fractures of the
Femur”. J Trauma. Apr 1987;27(4):402-6.
Pritchett, J.W. “Supracondylar Fractures of the Femur’. Clin Orthop. Apr 1984;(184):173-7.
Rabin, S.I. dkk. “Complications of Supracondylar Femur Fractures”. Loyola U Orthopaedic
J. 1995;4:30-38.
Rabin, S.I. dkk. “Use of the Cobra Plate in Severely Comminuted Intercondylar
Supracondylar Distal Femur Fractures”. Loyola U Orthopaedic J. 1997;6:32-37.
Shahcheraghi, G.H. dan Doroodchi H.R. “Supracondylar Fracture of the Femur: Closed
or Open Reduction?”. J Trauma. Apr 1993;34(4):499-502.
Shelbourne, K.D. dan Brueckmann F.R. “Rush-Pin Fixation of Supracondylar and
Intercondylar Fractures of the Femur”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Feb 1982;64(2):161-9.
Siliski, J.M. dkk. “Supracondylar-Intercondylar Fractures of the Femur. Treatment by
Internal Fixation”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jan 1989;71(1):95-104.
Tulloch, C.J. dan Calver R.F. “The Use of Zickel Supracondylar Nails in the Presence of
A Cemented Hip Prosthesis. Injury. Nov 1988;19(6):452-3.

Trauma Lutut
Fraktur Patela
Baran, O. dkk. “Anatomical and Biomechanical Evaluation of the Tension Band Technique
in Patellar Tractures”. Int Orthop. 11 Jul 2008.
Berg, E.E. “Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Displaced Transverse Patella Fractures
with Figure-Eight Wiring Through Parallel Cannulated Compression Screws”. J
Orthop Trauma. Nov 1997;11(8):573-6.
Burnett, R.S. dan Bourne R.B. “Periprosthetic Fractures of the Tibia and Patella in Total
Knee Arthroplasty”. Instr Course Lect. 2004;53:217-35.
Kosanovic, M. dkk. “Patella Fractures Associated with Injuries of the Knee Ligament”. Arch
Orthop Trauma Surg. 1998;117(1-2):108-9.
Pritchett, J.W. “Nonoperative Treatment of Widely Displaced Patella Fractures”. Am J
Knee Surg. Summer 1997;10(3):145-7; discussion 147-8.
Yang, K.H. dan Byun Y.S. “Separate Vertical Wiring for the Fixation of Comminuted
Fractures of the Inferior Pole of the Patella”. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Nov
2003;85(8):1155-60.

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 Referensi R-115

Trauma Kaki
Fraktur Plateau Tibia
Brunner, A. dkk. “Classification Systems for Tibial Plateau Fractures; Does Computed
Tomography Scanning Improve Their Reliability?”. Injury. 8 Sep 2009.
Kode, L. dkk. “Evaluation of Tibial Plateau Fractures: Efficacy of MR Imaging Compared
with CT”. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Jul 1994;163(1):141-7.
Mustonen, A.O. dkk. “MRI of Acute Meniscal Injury Associated with Tibial
Plateau Fractures: Prevalence, Type, and Location:. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Okt
2008;191(4):1002-9.
Mustonen, A.O. dkk. “Postoperative MDCT of Tibial Plateau Fractures”. AJR Am J
Roentgenol. Nov 2009;193(5):1354-60.
Redmond, J.M. dkk. “Detecting Vascular Injury in Lower-Extremity Orthopedic Trauma:
The Role of CT Angiography”. Orthopedics. Agust 2008;31(8).

Fraktur Tibia-Fibula
Brinker, M.R. dan Bailey D.E.Jr. “Fracture Healing in Tibia Fractures with An
Associated Vascular Injury”. J Trauma. Jan 1997;42(1):11-9.
Clifford, R.P. dkk. “Complications of External Fixation of Open Fractures of the
Tibia”. Injury. Mei 1987;18(3):174-6.
Coles, C.P. dan Gross M. “Closed Tibial Shaft Fractures: Management and Treatment
Complications. A Review of the Prospective Literature”. Can J Surg. Agust
2000;43(4):256-62.
Court-Brown, C.M. dan McBirnie J. “The Epidemiology of Tibial Fractures”. J Bone
Joint Surg Br. Mei 1995;77(3):417-21.
Court-Brown, C.M. dkk. “External Fixation for Type III Open Tibial Fractures”. J
Bone Joint Surg Br. Sep 1990;72(5):801-4.
Edwards, C.C. “Staged Reconstruction of Complex Open Tibial Fractures using
Hoffmann External Fixation. Clinical Decisions and Dilemmas”. Clin Orthop.
Sep 1983;(178):130-61.
Krieg, J.C. “Proximal Tibial Fractures: Current Treatment, Results, and Problems”.
Injury. Agust 2003;34 Suppl 1:A2-10.
Kyro, A. dkk. “Conservative Treatment of Tibial Fractures. Results in A Series of 163
Patients”. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1991;80(3):294-300.
Lange, R.H. dkk. “Open Tibial Fractures with Associated Vascular Injuries: Prognosis
for Limb Salvage”. J Trauma. Mar 1985;25(3):203-8.
Littenberg, B. dkk. “Closed Fractures of the Tibial Shaft. A Meta-Analysis of Three
Methods of Treatment”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Feb 1998;80(2):174-83.

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McQueen, M.M. dkk. “Acute Compartment Syndrome. Who is at Risk?”. J Bone Joint
Surg Br. Mar 2000;82(2):200-3.
Miller, N.C. dan Askew A.E. “Tibia Fractures. An Overview of Evaluation and
Treatment”. Orthop Nurs. Jul-Aug 2007;26(4):216-23; quiz 224-5.
Müller, M.E. dkk. “The Comprehensive Classification of Fractures of Long Bones”.
Berlin, Germany; Springer-Verlag; 1990.
Newton, E.J. dan Love J. “Emergency Department Management of Selected Orthopedic
Injuries”. Emerg Med Clin North Am. Agust 2007;25(3):763-93, ix-x.
Orthopaedic Trauma Association. Fracture and Dislocation Classification
Compendium - 2007 Orthopaedic Trauma Association/Classification, Database
& Outcomes Committee. Orthopaedic Trauma Association. http://www.ota.
org/compendium/compendium.html, 15 Mei 2009.
Ritsema, T.S. dkk. “The National Trend in Quality of Emergency Department Pain
Management for Long Bone Fractures”. Acad Emerg Med. Feb 2007;14(2):163-9.
Sproule, J.A. dkk. “Outcome after Surgery for Maisonneuve Fracture of the Fibula”.
Injury. Agust 2004;35(8):791-8.
Taylor, J.C. 1992. “Delayed Union and Non-Union of Fractures”. Campbell’s Operative
Orthopaedics. Editor: Crenshaw A.H. Edisi ke-8. St Louis, Mo: Mosby.
Tornetta, P.3rd. dkk. “Treatment of Grade-IIIb Open Tibial Fractures. A Prospective
Randomised Comparison of External Fixation and Non-Reamed Locked
Nailing”. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Jan 1994;76(1):13-9.

Fraktur Maleolus
Bucholz, R.W. dan Heckman J.D. 2001. “Fractures in Adults”. Rockwood and Green’s
Fractures in Adults. Edisi ke-5.
Chan, G.M. dan Yoshida D. “Fracture of the Lateral Process of the Talus Associated with
Snowboarding”. Ann Emerg Med. Jun 2003;41(6):854-8.
Cummings, R.J. dan Hahn G.A. “The Incisural Fracture”. Foot Ankle Int. Mar
2004;25(3):132-5.
Daffner, R.H. “Ankle Trauma”. Radiol Clin North Am. Mar 1990;28(2):395-421.
Greenfield, D.M. dan Eastell R. “Risk Factors for Ankle Fracture”. Osteoporos Int.
2001;12(2):97-103.
Koury, S.I. dkk. “Recognition and Management of Tillaux Fractures in Adolescents”. Pediatr
Emerg Care. Feb 1999;15(1):37-9.
McCrory, P. dan Bladin C. “Fractures of the Lateral Process of the Talus: A Clinical
Review. “Snowboarder’s ankle””. Clin J Sport Med. Apr 1996;6(2):124-8.
Mora, S. dkk. “The Role of Pulsatile Cold Compression in Edema Resolution Following
Ankle Fractures: A Randomized Clinical Trial”. Foot Ankle Int. Nov 2002;23(11):999-
1002.

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 Referensi R-117

Park, J.W. dkk. “Anterior Tibiofibular Ligament Avulsion Fracture in Weber Type B
Lateral Malleolar Fracture”. J Trauma. Apr 2002;52(4):655-9.
Tang, C.W. dkk. “Position of the Distal Fibular Fragment in Pronation and Supination
Ankle Fractures: A CT Evaluation”. Foot Ankle Int. Jul 2003;24(7):561-6.
Wexler, R.K. “The Injured Ankle”. Am Fam Physician. 1 Feb 1998;57(3):474-80. 

Fraktur Kalkaneus
Barei, D.P. dkk. “Fractures of the Calcaneus”. Orthop Clin North Am. Jan 2002;33(1):263-
85, x.
Benirschke, S.K. dan Sangeorzan B.J. “Extensive Intraarticular Fractures of the Foot.
Surgical Management of Calcaneal Fractures”. Clin Orthop. Jul 1993;128-34. 
Bohler, L. “Diagnosis, Pathology, and Treatment of Fractures of the Calcaneus”. J Bone
Joint Surg. 1931;13:75-89.
Bridgman, S.A. dkk. “Interventions for Treating Calcaneal Fractures”. Cochrane Database
Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001161.
Burdeaux, B.D. “Fractures of the Calcaneus: Open Reduction and Internal Fixation from the
Medial Side A 21-Year Prospective Study”. Foot Ankle Int. Nov 1997;18(11):685-92.
Cavadas, P.C. dan Landin L. “Management of Soft-Tissue Complications of the Lateral
Approach for Calcaneal Fractures”. Plast Reconstr Surg. Aug 2007;120(2):459-66;
discussion 467-9.
Cohen, M. “Calcaneal Fractures”. Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2001;2:1819-1863.
Crosby, L.A. dan Fitzgibbons T. “Intraarticular Calcaneal Fractures. Results of Closed
Treatment”. Clin Orthop. Mei 1993;47-54.
Essex-Lopresti, P. “The Mechanism, Reduction Technique, and Results in Fractures of
the Os Calcis, 1951-52”. Clin Orthop. Mei 1993;3-16.
Lindsay, W.R. dan Dewar F.P. “Fractures of the Os Calcis”. Am J Surg. Apr 1958;95(4):555-
76.
Reddy, V. dkk. “Calcaneus Malunion and Nonunion”. Foot Ankle Clin. Mar
2007;12(1):125-35.
Sanders, R. ‘Fractures and Fracture-Dislocations of the Calcaneus”. Surgery of the Foot
and Ankle. 1999;2:1422-1464.
Wells, C. “Fractures of the Heel Bones in Early and Prehistoric Times”. Practitioner. Agust
1976;217(1298):294-8.

Fraktur Dislokasi Tarsometatarsal

Chandran, P. dkk. “Management of Complex Open Fracture Injuries of the Midfoot with
External Fixation”. J Foot Ankle Surg. Sep-Okt 2006;45(5):308-15.
Cook, K.D. dkk. “Determining the Strongest Orientation for “Lisfranc’s Screw” in
Transverse Plane Tarsometatarsal Injuries: A Cadaveric Study”. J Foot Ankle Surg.
Jul-Agust 2009;48(4):427-31.

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Curtis, M.J. dkk. “Tarsometatarsal Joint Injuries in the Athlete”. Am J Sports Med. Jul-
Agust 1993;21(4):497-502.
Gaines, R.J. dkk. “Injury to the Tarsometatarsal Joint Complex during Fixation of Lisfranc
Fracture Dislocations: An Anatomic Study”. J Trauma. Apr 2009;66(4):1125-8.
Lee, C.A. dkk. “Stabilization of Lisfranc Joint Injuries: A Biomechanical Study”. Foot
Ankle Int. Mei 2004;25(5):365-70.
Lui, T.H. “Arthroscopic Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) Arthrodesis”. Knee Surg Sports
Traumatol Arthrosc. Mei 2007;15(5):671-5.
Myerson, M.S. dkk. “Fracture Dislocations of the Tarsometatarsal Joints: End Results
Correlated with Pathology and Treatment”. Foot Ankle. Apr 1986;6(5):225-42.
Nunley, J.A. dan Vertullo C.J.“Classification, Investigation, and Management of Midfoot Sprains:
Lisfranc Injuries in the Athlete”. Am J Sports Med. Nov-Des 2002;30(6):871-8.
Thordarson, D.B. dan Hurvitz G. “PLA Screw Fixation of Lisfranc Injuries”. Foot Ankle
Int. Nov 2002;23(11):1003-7. 
Wilson, D.W. “Injuries of the Tarso-Metatarsal Joints. Etiology, Classification and Results
of Treatment”. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Nov 1972;54(4):677-86.

Trauma Bahu
Fraktur Klavikula
Grassi, F.A. dkk. “Management of Midclavicular Fractures: Comparison between
Nonoperative Treatment and Open Intramedullary Fixation in 80 Patients”. J Trauma.
Jun 2001;50(6):1096-100.
Khan, L.A. dkk. “Fractures of the Clavicle”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Feb 2009;91(2):447-60.
Kim, W. dan McKee M.D. “Management of Acute Clavicle Fractures’. Orthop Clin North
Am. Okt 2008;39(4):491-505, vii.
Klein, S.M. dkk. “Results of Surgical Treatment for Unstable Distal Clavicular Fractures”. J
Shoulder Elbow Surg. 23 Mar 2010.
Lazarus, M.D. 2001. “Fractures of the Clavicle”. Rockwood and Green’s Fractures in Adults.
Editor: Bucholz R.W. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Lenza, M. dkk. “Conservative Interventions for Treating Middle Third Clavicle Fractures
in Adolescents and Adults”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 15 Apr 2009;CD007121.
McKoy, B.E. dkk. “Fractures about the Shoulder: Conservative Management”. Orthop
Clin North Am. Apr 2000;31(2):205-16. 
Mizue, F. dkk. “Surgical Treatment of Comminuted Fractures of the Distal Clavicle Using
Wolter Clavicular Plates”. J Nippon Med Sch. Feb 2000;67(1):32-4.
Nordqvist, A. dan Petersson C. “The Incidence of Fractures of the Clavicle”. Clin Orthop.
Mar 1994;(300):127-32. 
Pujalte, G.G. dan Housner J.A. “Management of Clavicle Fractures”. Curr Sports Med
Rep. Sep-Okt 2008;7(5):275-80. 

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 Referensi R-119

Simon, R.R. dan Koenigsknecht S.J. 2007. “Clavicle Fractures”. Emergency Orthopedics:
The Extremities. Edisi ke-5. McGraw-Hill.
Stanley, D. dkk. “The Mechanism of Clavicular Fracture. A Clinical and Biomechanical
Analysis”. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Mei 1988;70(3):461-4.
Webber, M.C. dan Haines J.F. “The Treatment of Lateral Clavicle Fractures’. Injury. Apr
2000;31(3):175-9. 

Fraktur Skapula
Baldwin, K.D. dkk. “Scapula Fractures: A Marker for Concomitant Injury? A Retrospective
Review of Data in the National Trauma Database”. J Trauma. Agust 2008;65(2):430-5.
McAdams, T.R. dkk. “The Role of Plain Films and Computed Tomography in the
Evaluation of Scapular Neck Fractures”. J Orthop Trauma. Jan 2002;16(1):7-11.
Simon, R. dan Koenigcknecht S. 1995. Emergency Orthopedics: The Extremities. New York:
Appleton and Lange.
Stephens, N.G. dkk. ‘Significance of Scapular Fracture in the Blunt-Trauma Patient”. Ann
Emerg Med. Okt 1995;26(4):439-42..
Veysi, V.T. dkk. “Multiple Trauma and Scapula Fractures: So What?”. J Trauma. Des
2003;55(6):1145-7.
Zlowodzki, M. dkk. “Treatment of Scapula Fractures: Systematic Review of 520 Fractures
in 22 Case Series”. J Orthop Trauma. Mar 2006;20(3):230-3.

Fraktur Humerus Proksimal

Bigliani, L.U. dan McCluskey G.M.3rd. “Prosthetic Replacement in Acute Fractures of
the Proximal Humerus”. Semin Arthroplasty. Okt 1990;1(2):129-37.
Brunner, F. dkk. “Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures
Using A Proximal Humeral Locked Plate: A Prospective Multicenter Analysis”. J
Orthop Trauma. Mar 2009;23(3):163-72.
Edelson, G. dkk. “Natural History of Complex Fractures of the Proximal Humerus
Using A Three-Dimensional Classification System”. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. Mei-Jun
2008;17(3):399-409.
Frankle, M. 1999. “Encore Surgical Technique Guide”. Encore Fracture System.
Hanson, B. dkk. “Functional Outcomes After Nonoperative Management of Fractures of
the Proximal Humerus”. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. Jul-Aug 2009;18(4):612-21.
Kontakis, G.M. dkk. “Early Management of Complex Proximal Humeral Fractures Using
the Aequalis Fracture Prosthesis: A Two- to Five-Year Follow-Up Report”. J Bone
Joint Surg Br. Okt 2009;91(10):1335-40.
Mighell, M. dkk. “Outcomes of Hemiarthroplasty for Fractures of the Proximal Humerus”.
American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons 2nd Biennial Proceedings; Miami, FL. Mei
2000;Paper 15:119.

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Monga, P. dkk. “Closed Reduction and External Fixation for Displaced Proximal Humeral
Fractures”. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). Agust 2009;17(2):142-5.
Neer, C.S.2nd. “Displaced Proximal Humeral Fractures. I. Classification and Evaluation”.
J Bone Joint Surg Am. Sep 1970;52(6):1077-89.

Fraktur Batang Humerus

Beaty, J.H. “Humeral Shaft Fractures”. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update. Rosemont, Ill:
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1999:278-86.
Crenshaw, A.H. 1998. “Shaft of Humerus”. Editor: Canale S.T. Campbell’s Operative
Orthopaedics. Edisi ke-9. St Louis, Mo: Mosby.
Green, E. dkk. “Risk Factors, Treatment, and Outcomes Associated with Nonunion of the
Midshaft Humerus Fracture”. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2005;14(2):64-72.
Hartsock, L.A. 1999. “Humeral Shaft Fractures”. Editor: Levine A.M. Orthopaedic
Knowledge Update, Trauma. Rosemont, Ill: American Academy of Orthopaedic
Surgeons.
Healy, W.L. dkk. “Nonunion of the Humeral Shaft”. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jun
1987;(219):206-13.
Lin, J. dkk. “Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fractures by Retrograde Locked Nailing”. Clin
Orthop Relat Res. Sep 1997;(342):147-55.
Persad, I.J. dan Kommu S. “U Cast or Functional Bracing Following Fractures of the Shaft
of Humerus”. Emerg Med J. Mei 2007;24(5):361.
Sarmiento, A. dkk. “Functional Bracing of Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus”. J Bone
Joint Surg Am. Jul 1977;59(5):596-601.
Shazar, N. dkk. “Treatment of Humeral Fractures by Closed Reduction and Retrograde
Intramedullary Ender Nails”. Orthopedics. Jun 1998;21(6):641-6.
Urist, M.R. dkk. “The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Delayed Union and Nonunion”. J
Bone Joint Surg. 1954;36A:931.
Zuckerman, J.D. dan Koval K.J. 1996. “Fractures of the Shaft of the humerus”. Rockwood
and Greens’ Fractures in Adults. Editor: Rockwood C.A. dkk. Edisi ke-4. Philadelphia,
Pa: Lippincott-Raven.

Trauma Siku
Fraktur Suprakondiler
Bashyal, R.K. dkk. “Complications After Pinning of Supracondylar Distal Humerus
Fractures”. J Pediatr Orthop. Okt-Nov 2009;29(7):704-8.
Evans, E.M. “Supracondylar-Y Fractures of the Humerus”. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Agust
1953;35-B(3):371-5.
Helfet, D.L. dan Hotchkiss R.N. “Internal Fixation of the Distal Humerus: A
Biomechanical Comparison of Methods”. J Orthop Trauma. 1990;4(3):260-4.

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Jupiter, J.B. dan Mehne D.K. “Fractures of the Distal Humerus”. Orthopedics. Jul
1992;15(7):825-33.
Kuntz, D.G.Jr. dan Baratz M.E. “Fractures of the Elbow”. Orthop Clin North Am. Jan
1999;30(1):37-61.
McKee, M.D. dkk. “Functional Outcome Following Surgical Treatment of Intra-Articular
Distal Humeral Fractures Through A Posterior Approach”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Des
2000;82-A(12):1701-7.
Mehne, D.K. dan Jupiter J.B. 1992. “Fractures of the Distal Humerus’. Editor: Browner
B.D. dkk. Skeletal Trauma. Volume 2. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders.
Muller, M.E. dkk. 1991. Manual of Internal Fixation: Techniques Recommended by the AO-
ASIF Group. Edisi ke-3. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Ring, D. dan Jupiter J.B. “Complex Fractures of the Distal Humerus and Their
Complications”. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. Jan-Feb 1999;8(1):85-97.
Skaggs, D.L. dkk. “Operative Treatment of Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in
Children. The Consequences of Pin Placement”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Mei 2001;83-
A(5):735-40.
Webb, L.X. “Distal Humeral Fractures in Adults”. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. Nov
1996;4(6):336-44.
Wilkins, K.E. dkk. 1996. “Fractures and Dislocations of the Elbow Region”.. dkk. Fractures
in Children. Editor: Rockwood C.A.Jr. Edisi ke-4. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-
Raven.

Fraktur Olekranon
Buijze, G. dan Kloen P. “Clinical Evaluation of Locking Compression Plate Fixation for
Comminuted Olecranon Fractures”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Okt 2009;91(10):2416-20.
McKeever, F.M. dan Buck R.M. “Fracture of the Olecranon Process of the Ulna: Treatment
by Excision of the Fragment and Repair of the Triceps Tendon”. JAMA. 1947;135:1-5.
Moed, B.R. dkk. “Fractures of the Olecranon: An In Vitro Study of Elbow Joint Stresses
After Tension-Band Wire Fixation versus Proximal Fracture Fragment Excision”. J
Trauma. Des 2002;53(6):1088-93.
Murphy, D.F. dkk. “Displaced Olecranon Fractures in Adults. Clinical Evaluation”. Clin
Orthop. Nov 1987;(224):215-23.
Newman, S.D. dkk. “Olecranon Fractures”. Injury. Jun 2009;40(6):575-81.
Rommens, P.M. dkk. “Functional Results After Operative Treatment of Olecranon
Fractures”. Acta Chir Belg. Apr 2004;104(2):191-7.
Rommens, P.M. dkk. “Olecranon Fractures in Adults: Factors Influencing Outcome”. Injury.
Nov 2004;35(11):1149-57.
Rush, L.V. dan Rush H.L. “A Reconstruction Operation for A Comminuted Fracture of
the Upper Third of the Ulna”. Am J Surg. 1937;38:332-3.
Sultan, S. dan Khan A.Z. “Management of Comminuted Fractures of the Olecranon by
Tension Band Wiring”. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. Jul-Sep 2003;15(3):27-9.

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Veillette, C.J. dan Steinmann S.P. “Olecranon Fractures”. Orthop Clin North Am. Apr
2008;39(2):229-36, vii.

Fraktur Radius
Davis, D.I. dan Baratz M. “Soft Tissue Complications of Distal Radius Fractures”. Hand
Clin. Mei 2010;26(2):229-35.
Henry, M.H. “Distal Radius Fractures: Current Concepts”. J Hand Surg [Am]. Sep
2008;33(7):1215-27.
Mehling, I. dkk. “Number and Locations of Screw Fixation for Volar Fixed-Angle
Plating of Distal Radius Fractures: Biomechanical Study”. J Hand Surg Am. Jun
2010;35(6):885-91.
Orbay, J.L. dan Fernandez D.L. “Volar Fixation for Dorsally Displaced Fractures of the
Distal Radius: A Preliminary Report”. J Hand Surg [Am]. Mar 2002;27(2):205-15.
Shin, E.K. dan Jupiter J.B. “Current Concepts in the Management of Distal Radius
Fractures”. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. Agust 2007;74(4):233-46.
Turner, R.G. dkk. “Complications of Distal Radius Fractures”. Orthop Clin North Am. Apr
2007;38(2):217-28, vi.

Fraktur Radius-Ulna
Anderson, L.D. dkk. 1991. “Fractures of the Shafts of the Radius and Ulna”. Rockwood
and Green’s Fractures in Adults. Edisi ke-3. New York: Lippincott-Raven.
Cramer, K.E. dkk. “Reduction of Forearm Fractures in Children Using Axillary Block
Anesthesia”. J Orthop Trauma. 1995;9(5):407-10.
Eastell, R. “Forearm Fracture”. Bone. Mar 1996;18(3 Suppl):203S-207S.
Handoll, H.H. dan Madhok R. “Closed Reduction Methods for Treating Distal Radial
Fractures in Adults”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;4.
Handoll, H.H. dan Madhok R. “Surgical Interventions for Treating Distal Radial Fractures
in Adults”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;4.
Simon, R.R. dkk. 2007. “Forearm”. Emergency Orthopedics: The Extremities. Edisi ke-5.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Younger, A.S. dkk. “Accurate Prediction of Outcome After Pediatric Forearm Fracture”. J
Pediatr Orthop. Mar-Apr 1994;14(2):200-6. 
Zautcke, J.L. 1999. “Forearm Injuries”.  Handbook of Orthopaedic Emergencies. Editor: Hart
R.G. dan Rittenberry T.J. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers.

Fraktur Monteggia
Anderson, L.E. dan Meyer F.N. 1991. “Fractures of the Shafts of the Radius and Ulna”.
Fractures in Adults. Editor: Rockwood, C.A. dkk. Volume 1. Edisi ke-3. Philadelphia,
Pa: JB Lippincott.

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 Referensi R-123

Bado, J.L. “The Monteggia Lesion”. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jan-Feb 1967;50:71-86.
Jupiter, J.B. dkk. “The Posterior Monteggia Lesion”. J Orthop Trauma. 1991;5(4):395-402.
Penrose, J.H. “The Monteggia Fracture with Posterior Dislocation of the Radial Head”. J
Bone Joint Surg. 1951;33B:65-73.
Reckling, F.W. “Unstable Fracture-Dislocation of the Forearm (Monteggia and Galeazzi
lesions)”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64:857.
Ring, D. dkk. “Monteggia Fractures in Children and Adults”. J Am Acad Orthop Surg.
Jul-Agust 1998;6(4):215-24.
Strauss, E.J. dkk. “The Posterior Monteggia Lesion with Associated Ulnohumeral
Instability”. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Jan 2006;88(1):84-9.

Fraktur Galeazzi
Eberl, R. dkk. “Galeazzi Lesions in Children and Adolescents: Treatment and Outcome”.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jul 2008;466(7):1705-9.
Giannoulis, F.S. dan Sotereanos D.G. “Galeazzi Fractures and Dislocations”. Hand Clin.
Mei 2007;23(2):153-63, v.
Kontakis, G.M. dkk. “The Natural History of A Mistreated Ipsilateral Galeazzi and
Monteggia Lesion: Report of A Case 39 Years Post-Injury”. Acta Orthop Belg. Agust
2008;74(4):546-9.
Kraus, B. dan Horne G. “Galeazzi Fractures”. J Trauma. Nov 1985;25(11):1093-5. 
Lendemans, S. dkk. “Dislocation Fractures of the Forearm. Galeazzi, Monteggia, and
Essex-Lopresti injuries”. Unfallchirurg. Des 2008;111(12):1005-14; quiz 1015-6.
Macintyre, N.R. dkk. “Treatment of Forearm Fractures”. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech.
Feb 2009;76(1):7-14.
Reckling, F.W. “Unstable Fracture-Dislocations of the Forearm (Monteggia and Galeazzi
lesions)”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jul 1982;64(6):857-63.

Fraktur Colles
Bishop, A.T. dan Beckenbaugh R.D. “Fracture of the Hamate Hook”. J Hand Surg Am.
Jan 1988;13(1):135-9.
Breitenseher, M.J. dkk. “Radiographically Occult Scaphoid Fractures: Value of MR
Imaging in Detection”. Radiology. Apr 1997;203(1):245-50.
Brown, D.E. dan Lichtman D.M. “Midcarpal Instability”. Hand Clin. Feb
1987;3(1):135-40.
Khan, S. dkk. “Closed Reduction of Distal Forearm Fractures by Pediatric Emergency
Physicians”. Acad Emerg Med. Nov 2010;17(11):1169-1174.
Plint, A.C. dkk. “A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Removable Splinting versus Casting
for Wrist Buckle Fractures in Children”. Pediatrics. Mar 2006;117(3):691-7.
Rockwood, C. dan Green D. 1996. Fractures in Adults. New York: Lippincott and Co.

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Simon, R. dan Coenigskecht S. 1982. “Orthopedics in Emergency Medicine”. Appleton-

Century and Kross Publishing.

Fraktur Smith
Henry, M.H. “Distal Radius Fractures: Current Concepts”. J Hand Surg [Am]. Sep
2008;33(7):1215-27. 
Kleinman, W.B. “Distal Radius Instability and Stiffness: Common Complications of
Distal Radius Fractures”. Hand Clin. Mei 2010;26(2):245-64.
Makhni, E.C. dkk. “Effect of Patient Age on the Radiographic Outcomes of Distal
Radius Fractures Subject to Nonoperative Treatment”. J Hand Surg [Am]. Okt
2008;33(8):1301-8.
Shin, E.K. dan Jupiter J.B. “Current Concepts in the Management of Distal Radius
Fractures. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. Agust 2007;74(4):233-46. 
Turner, R.G. dkk. “Complications of Distal Radius Fractures”. Orthop Clin North Am. Apr
2007;38(2):217-28, vi. 

Fraktur Metakarpal
Axelrod, T.S. “Metacarpal Fractures”. Hand Surgery Update 2. 1999:11-17.
Chin, S.H. dan Vedder N.B. “MOC-PSSM CME Article: Metacarpal Fractures”. Plast
Reconstr Surg. Jan 2008;121(1 Suppl):1-13.
Drelich, M. dan Godlewski P. “Metacarpal Fractures”. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 30 Jun
2004;6(3):331-5.
Fusetti, C. dkk. “Complications of Plate Fixation in Metacarpal Fractures”. J Trauma. Mar
2002;52(3):535-9.
Harris, A.R. dkk. “Metacarpal Neck Fractures: Results of Treatment with Traction
Reduction and Cast Immobilization”. Hand (N Y). Jun 2009;4(2):161-4. 
Jhass, S. “Fractures of the Metacarpals - A New Method of Reduction and Immobilization”. J
Bone Joint Surg. 1938;20 (1):178-186.
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