FORMULAE SHEET FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING END TERM PAPER

Concrete Stresses in flexural

a) Extreme fiber stress in compression = 0.60𝑓𝑐𝑖′ ; b) Extreme fiber stress in tension as except as permitted in (c)
=3√𝑓𝑐𝑖′ ; Extreme fiber stress in tension at ends of simply supported members = 6 √𝑓𝑐𝑖′

Prestressing Steel Stresses

Tensile Stresses in Prestressing Tendons shall not exceed the following:
a) Due to tendon jacking force = 0.94𝑓𝑝𝑦
b) Immediately after Prestress transfer = 0.82𝑓𝑝𝑦 but not greater than 0.74𝑓𝑝𝑢
c) Post-tensioning tendons, at anchorage and couplers, immediately after tendons anchorage 0.70𝑓𝑝𝑢

Design of Prestressed Members:

𝑓𝑐𝑖 =0.60𝑓𝑐𝑖′ ; 𝑓𝑡𝑖 = 3√𝑓𝑐𝑖′ − 6 √𝑓𝑐𝑖′ ; 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 0.45𝑓𝑐′ − 0.60𝑓𝑐′ ; 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡𝑠 =6 √𝑓𝑐′ − 12√𝑓𝑐′

Effective Stresses after losses Service Load Final Stresses Section Moduli
𝑃 𝑒𝑐 𝑀
𝑓 𝑡 = − 𝐴𝑒 (1 − 𝑟2𝑡 ) − 𝑆 𝐷𝑡 ≤ 𝑓𝑡 ;
𝑃 𝑒𝑐 𝑀
𝑓 𝑡 = − 𝐴𝑒 (1 − 𝑟2𝑡 ) − 𝑆 𝑡𝑇 ≤ 𝑓𝑐 ; (1 − 𝛾)𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝑆𝐷 + 𝑀𝐿
𝑐 𝑐 𝑆𝑡 ≥
𝑃𝑒 𝑒𝑐𝑏 𝑀𝐷 𝑃𝑒 𝑒𝑐𝑏 𝑀𝑇 𝛾𝑓𝑡𝑖 − 𝑓𝑐
𝑓𝑏 = − (1 + 2 ) + ≤ 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑏 = − (1 + 2 ) + ≤ 𝑓𝑡 (1 − 𝛾)𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝑆𝐷 + 𝑀𝐿
𝐴𝑐 𝑟 𝑆𝑏 𝐴𝑐 𝑟 𝑆𝑏 𝑆𝑏 ≥
𝑓𝑡 − 𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑖
𝑆 𝑀𝐷 𝑐𝑡
𝑒𝑐 = (𝑓𝑡𝑖 − 𝑓𝑐𝑖− ) 𝑃𝑡 + ; 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑓𝑐𝑖− 𝐴𝑐 ; 𝑓𝑐𝑖− = 𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖 = 𝑓𝑡𝑖 − (𝑓𝑡𝑖 − 𝑓𝑐𝑖 )
𝑖 𝑃𝑖 ℎ
𝑀𝐷 +𝑀𝑆𝐷 +𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐷 +𝑀𝑆𝐷 +𝑀𝐿 𝑆
𝑆𝑡 ≥ ; 𝑆𝑏 ≥ ; 𝑒𝑐 = (𝑓𝑡𝑖 − 𝑓𝑐𝑖− ) 𝑃𝑡 ;
𝛾𝑓𝑡𝑖 −𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑡 −𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑖 𝑖
𝑡 𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐 𝑀𝑐 𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐 𝑀𝑐
𝑓 = −𝐴 + (𝐼 ) − ; 𝑓𝑏 = − 𝐴 − ( 𝐼 ) +
𝑐 𝑔 𝐼𝑔 𝑐 𝑔 𝐼𝑔

𝑃 𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑀
𝑓 𝑡 = − 𝐴 𝑖 (1 − 𝑟2
) − 𝑆 𝐷𝑡
𝑐
𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐𝑏 𝑀𝐷
𝑓𝑏 = − (1 + 2 ) +
𝐴𝑐 𝑟 𝑆𝑏
𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑓𝑡 = − (1 − 2 )
𝐴𝑐 𝑟
𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐𝑏
𝑓𝑏 = − (1 + 2 )
𝐴𝑐 𝑟

UBC-97
3
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼 0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑅𝑇
𝑊; 𝑉= 𝑅
𝑊; V = 0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑊 ; V= 𝑅
𝑊 ; T = 𝐶𝑡 (ℎ𝑛 )4 ; V = 𝐹𝑡 + ∑𝑛𝜄=1 𝐹𝑖
(𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 )𝑊𝑥 ℎ𝑥
𝐹𝑥 =
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 ℎ𝑖
𝐹𝑡 = 0.07𝑇𝑉

Structural Dynamics
𝐾1 + 𝐾2 − 𝑚1 𝜔2 −𝐾2
Free vibration of Shear Building =0
−𝐾2 𝐾2 − 𝑚2 𝜔2

𝑎𝑖𝑗
Normalized Factor = 𝜑𝑖𝑗 =
√(∑𝑛 2
𝑘=1 𝑚𝑘 𝑎𝑘𝑗 )