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    Africans and Native Americans

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    195 Ansichten15 Seiten

    Africans and Native Americans

    Hochgeladen von

    agonza70
    Africans and Native Americans

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    von 15
    Africans and Native Americans The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples Jack D. Forbes University of Minos Press Urns and Chie in Books etn, 193 (©1983 y he Boal of ren of the Unineriy of ini ‘Manaitred i he United Stes of Ames Theo pintado tet pe ‘Shay of Cong Coline Pen Dae Ra nd Ne onthe soto of Rat ola jk DF eat a cea ‘Ede op ce Jat nd. ‘saves A statin otf Bh tena aS Contents Acknowledgements * OP Wns ~ 1 77 Affons and Americas: Inter-Continnat Contacts Across the Aan, eo 1500 6 The Inensication of Const: Translate Shvery and Interaction, afer 1500 2% Negro, Bick and Moor: The Evolution of These Terms as Applied to Nave Americans and Othe 6 4 Lom, Pardes an Masia: Clasitfing Brown Peoples 93 5 The Muito Concept: Origin an Inia Use iat PartAfficans and Par-Amerians a Malate 151 ‘The Clasifcaton of Native Americans as Mulatoes in Angl-North America 0 [- Mustees,Half-Brede and Zambos a 9 Native Americans ss Pardos and People of Color 239 ‘Aftcan-American Contacts and the Modern Re-Peoplng of the Americas" 265 Notes m Bibliography 315 Index 335 Acknowledgements {wish o hank te fel and staff ofthe Ezasms Universiteit Roterdam for honoring me wth the Tinbergen Chae for 1983~# and for grasouly asin ‘me my work Sir, Iho thank the fact and sa ofthe Fst of Social Anthropology, Oxford Universi, for weloming me as a Visting Scholar dering 1986~7 and for helpings many saicant ways. Some ofthe ‘arly chapters were lz prepared wile Iwas 2 Fulbright Viking Professor Comparative American Stes at he Univesity of Warwick ori the United Sats (athe Unser of California, Dav) T nish t thank individually Dr B, G. Rivre of the Insitute of Socal Anthropology for his scolar sistance and Sally Sutton fr her ping. At Erasmas University 1 wish to thank the sa in he Jurische Facute who have assisted me with typing ~ Joke Martins, Marion Ammeslaan and Ada Verschoor, and Dean Profesar Dr D. J. Rilov and Wim de Jone of the Faculte for providing esearch asian, Pah Tady and Carole Hine of ‘Aled Behavioral Science and Nancy MeLaghin and Janet Kenic of Ambroplony, University of Calfonia, Dai, albo shouldbe mentioned for ‘yping prt ofthe manusci. Final T wish o thank A'S.C. A, Mule for her ‘atch assistance and Dr Donald C. Cuter for his valuable bel Tish acknowledge that portions of this work have appeared previously in the Fra of Ets Sad, wl. 10 (1982), pp 46-66 ("he Evauton of the Maino Concepts in the sxe journal, ot 12 (1988, pp 17-61 (Musto sn Peale of Color: the meio inden Quarter ol (1983), pp. 57-83 {Mastees, Half Breeds and Zambos...) and in Exlraion in Ein Stadia, ‘0.7 (1984), pp. 11-23 (The Use ofthe Terns "Negro" and "Black"... is my desire w dedicate this study to Professor L- H.C: Hulsman ofthe rasmus Universit Roerdam, Jack D. Forbes Introduction Thovsands of volumes have been writen abou the historical and soca ‘ton eng beween Esropeane and the Nave Peoples of the Amer Ind bemcen Esropeans a Aan, bt patos between Nave Amencans and. Afcans habe been sane, (The ene Aio-Natve American Ctra eciaige and contact experiencia + fascinating and sinieant Subject, but one agely obscured by a focs upon European acy and European clonal reins with ‘peripheral subject people ‘Affine and Americans must uw bested together witht thee clasions hay having tobe obscured bythe separations established through the work of Scholar fctsing essential pon some aspect of European expansion and ‘slots. (itis especialy important not her, the very beginning ofthis sty that ‘ie relations donot begin oly nthe Amezas: On the contrary they abo tae place in rope andi Attia and perhaps Pack ‘Canta in Europe ean be seen as significant beac both the Aca and Native American ancesty there as tended to be absorbed into the general European soi, and whatever eal earl developments have oscar hne"non become pat of modern Esrpean care, The ict of oe Enropean peoples upon European socks Gresty win Enopehias ot, 2 of et, been fll explored and, ofcourse there is sow alge new group of tive American and poope of Aan backround in Europ ‘Contacts inthe Amerie have ben ied o some extent Dut much work remains wo be done. Contacts Aa have been studied very Ie, "The Ineo relay anal bt ead American presence in. Aca fom | sues they 1500s ard yw rove eal ea for fi = Seat, sine oe woul eet fod Nate American cull influences in ‘gn sucha Angole- Zar nd Ghans=-Gsines-Cape Verde peel “tris ofcourse, iteresing to note atone Arcana wer already exp io American cultural infuenes before lesng Ais. The cates trough by Aicans to the Americas may already have been induenced, especialy by Braslan ‘Native Americans, “The extent of such cura ‘xchange. wi tvouly have to be worked tin cart eld resarh in Angola, Ghana, ‘Guinea, Cabo Verde, and eter places aswel asin archival eects. Soca, th Kae tome be wie] ‘This study has 2 mode and to primarily deal with src of basi sues or questions which have to Be eaahed before procaeding to 4 deed suas ofthe precise nature of ‘Afzan-Amerscan relatos. Raymond Willams in Koon (1970), has shown ‘the importance of confronting the sve of meaning a fundamental aspect of Scholarship | propose apply his example othe bai rms which inform our 7 z. ca tre fers which are part edevliped under ° ‘colonials ai racism. fag, hen fst worLng with my own Powhatan-Reaspe people of Virginia; Maryland, Delaware, and trrounding ares T discovered thatthe meaning of rail terms was 2 controversial ste earned that terms such a “mulato'and colored’ were used, or had been used, in Vigna in a gute differen way fom thle usage in most books fnluting modem dictonares. [also discovered tha nary questions were not ‘hawersle within the conta othe ter, nich ant do you alla person | mixed American, Esropean and Afrean ances” Noone provided any answer, because, it scems the American inure wih the Afcan was generally Subodinnted to fecus upon (r 2 ascnatin wth only the hack neus: “The modem dcsonans ll sated that mst wat thee of ars white or someone of mined Wack and white ances, But where ld tat eave ‘Bose who were albo part Tndian? Th any cate, discovered that Nave American descendants had bee legally efned a lattes in Virgina in 1705, without having any Afcan ances ‘Thus Tune that the dictionaries mere rong and tht there wat ottawa ‘iden from view bythe ay ost authors bad sete about the soutern United Sats about slavery, and about colored people. liter dcvered also that the same thing as ue as regards the Caries, Baal, nd much of the res ofthe Ameritas “The unrasling of miccomcepons almost anspor 1 concepions, it would seem, and ths & nowhere more ove than In Tea of race reltons. So before one can sriounyreconstrct Back Afrcan= Naive Ameriean comacts, dae must clear avay + TOC of mises, mistakes lansing ou of he very nature of discourse ina racst-coloial stings well 5. mistakes arsing from the assumption thatthe Curent meanings signed to A the reader wil ae there hardly 4 ral term which has a clear ad conssem meaning ener ned spe). For example, the tere Tin” ‘ny has been applied o many peoples cluding he Indians of Sou Aas ‘ella all groupe found inthe “West Indes (he Americas) and the "East Indies Fins, Chinese, panes, ei). The rem "cgi! hasbeen applied to Blick African the odin of nda, Native Americans, Japanese, and saves te ans Ba ht eed a of hee nd ro hein een yn soni aot pple wh he rm f ck arntancArne ser ta a ely wh he aan ht tte Aan Ancrcns vant he Anessa pt Amen Idan, ist oesay cops arenon of ceil orate ciel ie cg ayaa pine Sees ee Sig oth te fe ce mpm abi mn Ged many modem wits, whether popu o slay, br sph sine tar hy old tan sen ween est enue enters wib ny el canon Sean For pli hn bes Nase evry ars dco oe 1 10 wld ofthese el gun oso mat of 83 ore ior aoe pe BSD wud bet sano cle eet ors Nore, ao en ase at ms sch re eae care cn tad usps et ao is ee state Mt fr ito he ‘ay prometwhe e,ben ery lax in hire 9 cone i the snag ofa word's mse nl, cel ceo bt ‘teria comsay ohn cng pn Thus hve ea ed Ini ncn geen oer le eet ‘inact ies tdy cane ten dite fe ean ee Cru. And wh we tn esc on mesic cet ne ca ‘aay cya tr coh lute ar bat oe wad al ‘akc inxs gon thc of 10, rap mening eo the of IT Ando cust term ents massa ‘arom moor each ‘em in net wa te wore meas oy ut do ne how stwiemanin 100 An dd mcan spe eee “Emer tohxe un nd cm be eros ded oe ert en real cy sno sed ‘oveing gh Smt tne moe cect hora Sted si nota cn tor eae whch alloc deere 1 insbor, wecsnot one ngayon od torte one + mcg sont cnt We mst inte zy. egge We nay Sn ort ouch ay. When ne dacs ti cnt oS Pcs Dk it ep enayn 19 ae ain ‘un! td ad om Phd End taps Sng 2 ne? Swe spc ns eee se 981 oa 9, prt alban cede ey eto ma a {2c Wem eal ather deen an wha Sp star tiny hs wap of ea ‘ung the ume 1 Segue inthe United Sas cad srs : shout ‘lacks ating in British tes, What they fed ol heir ears was ‘hatin Bean today the tem “lace applied not only to Asean or West, din of whatever shade or mistre) but se to people fom I Bangladesh, Se Lanka, and cven 10 Latin Americans. (For example, a very lightsbinned Chilean ay refiges ving in Onfrd was supeised tobe refered to asa lack’ Her dark ais, Spanish accent, and immigrant stats had caused eet Become "isc tent some Fags contacts) have before me appeal to Drop All Charge sine lac Youth which rolers othe ares of sme Young Ans in Brad during the summer of (ost "This modern British sae which usage extends wel back ino cater ears) reflects very sidy the problem of suming that English tes such sack "hear, lator ‘colored’, can be interpreted easy when found i document of eater es. ‘When th Europeans fist established intensive contacts with Aca and part-Afcans, hey met people witha great variety of physical characteristics, This wat esac tre in the Iberian peninsula and Mediterancan area but Lnduteedy any ofthe Noor and Blckamoor’ who came to England ‘Shakespear's day were of orth Aican as well sub-Saharan background ‘nd from many distinct mons. Laer in the siteenth and seventeen Centuries, diversi wae also encountered, a when mast English vessel sling to the Cabean dropped anchor a the Cabo Verde Islands. One writer in 17 commented on the extreme variably of peal pes me there and he seat beauty of the mixed Cabo Verde wore ‘We ms rele, therefore, that atthe very beponng ofthe moder period racial ems as used by Tberians and as acquired bythe English were going to refer to par Afrcan peoples who might no nl ave the Features of te Gull ‘of Guinea (uariable tthe ar) ut alan every conceivable combination af | Sentral Aiea, Thero-Afian, AffoArabie and Aerican-Afean mites, \=S%and for our paps is iportant wo tess that many Aan fom the Sahel or “savanna belt (Hausa te), aswell as fom pars of East Ais, sorctimes resemble America Aican Byrds (uth various combinations of igh cheekbones, prominent aguine ones, semi-wary or “bushy” al, “orem exe shepe, ete). Why i ths porta? Simply because may par {| American, parcAtican person (with no European acest) sould easy be ‘Stsumed Under aval erm applcsle to "pur-bload Africans, and wool ‘ot in any cate, be especially ecogizable to most observers as being pat= ‘American The redaminan physical ype ofthe slves brought in from Afi say have been that of coastal West fica, but enough variably existed s that terms sucha 'Blackatoor, and back’ cannot prin be sumed tobe ‘ell for determining precise entice. ‘Many color terms sich at's, “warty” and “brown! are also quite ambiguous, as shoul be obvious, In 3.1756 st of mita-men in King and ‘Qucen.Coung, Virginia, for example, one finds, ip addon 10 fe~ ‘omplsioned persons, Thomas Delany 2s dar’, Benjamin Wilson 2 dark James Willmore "Brown, John Majoras ‘Brown, Jon Kemp as “warty! (bot with gt hai and feces), Jobn Evans as dar’ and Richard Riddles ‘dav Al'or most of these mtn were born in Virgin and several were unter, Were he ars Amerian or part-Alian? Cerny me cat ode thet race from such eaoereferents ne, Similar, in 1768, an advertisement appeared in New Jerey for ‘an apprentice ind named John Poser, bom inthe Jess, about 5 fest 8 inches AE os creo, ped ih he stan, was as a Wi Tn any cat, the clonal and tate cours in she United States requenl had {Nor American schacolog EF, Greenman, has argued that se cooing he Nor anc wes’ ere he nd of he Pe vil aout 00 yeas) fer apple with aa andthe Deo ape ‘reas lm Newfound hat tne th ocean ws ied with Mstng {Sct te Seandinnan sod Labrador sacs, and om ezing of th se {Sal The same mtr seni t show many paris beeen Plsocene Feropean and Aeron eultue,bt say nets Aan compan. In Try ca, hs agus based ly on hypotetal Eopean ents {thar ihe Americ, movements nich wou have ha 0g on the 7 han fing oak them” md de as Casa, nhs moms Historia de ly Ia, cts eotap oT RTSOF EE many dead America and debs reaching he ors naas before 142. Ths edence wil be deed teow Heres cal ese pte hat he ores yin a aro weak cre But a xen, with help of wings rom he wet and nore sme ons oul ‘Rach he nnd fom the Ameren" Tbe Soul ai re song cent rs om the west const | ‘ar Ara towards Triad, Below that socer-curen smc ‘Norn. running canard rom South Ameria woe Calo Gunes, Then a ‘rong cues westward rm th to of oe ier Zaie (Congo) > the ord ofthe Aram, were inde, part fing the noes corre whch becomes the Gulfstream an par sngingvoutvards along the Sou Bl il tyre evade ange Aes, ‘eachingwutweatrn Aine, ee wbence heres norwerds tel he ‘Ere-Amaron cent. Thus, sie nor gre Gee sfc J Fundamental; wha: we sear vo great cca sives in he ocean, the beihern ccc runing a clckwae drama the southern Gein 2 countereckvze diction, wih 4 aaletcouner-curnt between, ‘ning nsw. the South Aan mercy mit he reached ed With couter-euen er, more ely sa the Das eo soubwest Ica furent Aan could iv ed ithe the sothem (stars) sing oie Noh Ane ee or he nother (so wexvai) swing of he South ‘dante ie, coming fom the Stra Leane- Senge reo othe Cong Angas open epee "Bou onc othe problems with the arent for cai tanec cessing that nthe moder peri sich sands eld, Berna, the Arey the Madi, the Cabo Verdes, Titan di Con, Ascension and {even S80 Tomé (off Nigeria and Cameroun) vere uninbbied aro Sbetmened ish, Nose, and Porguesescepatons. On the ther han Some ofthese ans re small rf rm jr cate, Bartme et Cons sates hat the Azores were the Hr Catenion by Sta in ‘is Gepeply and wbch ands were reese ise by the Carthaginians Alege there ed inthe Azores people who were of oor as oo, ht istosay, people fe clr of Nave American orice between ote nd thc The Canary ands were nh inthe sn cay by >: people who were aod ram meri Asad whose cltars soma Teunled thse of same Amesicns Moreowr, the persona names of the ‘an onaraesaved bythe Spanish havea diddy American ng aout ‘hem (hough such resemblances donot vay mean 4st day The ‘ana are semis ened a or browned peopl in he Ste rears. Theat hat the sands of Cabo Verde and Madeira were uninhabited inthe ih century des ined pone «problem for Aan sation £0 the imei cre that wil beacuse ater Now tines conser ‘ey evidence vlaing to he mare eps af Arrears ae ate Sen ey, wt Sass rn te At mat en “The Americans of the Carbbean resin were oustanding ngsors seamen, ar noe hy the Spelrds_and other Eupeane Chsopber “Gumus wa imprestod ese hy hie sil i sted, or ame at heir bat (re org) which hey al ema were es ae fren ngewe, wre ery large and lan, eying nts #0 4 mn ‘wo ormere ada pebaps a man’sbread in wth The American bots ete usin, anf ina storm hey happend caps, the sling tuned ‘hem bac ver whe sinning ine theo wth gored for tha popu." Andece Hemaldceroondet (em Clunbus) thatthe Ameren nag nh cana wih ception agian pes wh 60 {0 men inthe ah who ns te etn 150 gues more, They mee stl hese (cape wane deta wh ‘2086 Keon 8 est ren, aero s sie ee)" ‘Columb nd the Layo people Bans werent onl very wcll auined wi Ca canals ava vince) bra Kee ‘haem Cob wae en dane whe maaan odes Meco Swi Aner sce ete ne een nea cals {ont whth wu 95 palms lon i i150 porns cab ating and ‘avg Othr wet cen wih wre of pet wrkarshi and feat, bang ‘Spey aed Asoc malo sen bigness yo mn ST snd od ug ATLA Cas aed hr nd oa, ase dey

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