Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(AUTONOMOUS)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ROLL NO : ………………………………………………………
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Aim:
To design single phase half wave controlled converter with resistive-
inductive load and verify the output waveforms by assembling the circuit.
Apparatus required:
1. Single phase half wave controlled converter kit
2. Patch chords
3. CRO
4. Voltmeter (0-30V)
Circuit diagram:
G1
1
R
Pulse generator
24V AC supply
Vo
Vs
2
Connection Procedure:
Experimental procedure:
1. Switch on the CRO
2. Switch on the kit
3. Note down the peak value of AC input voltage Vm,triggering
From this point onwards the thyristor starts blocking the supply
voltage and the load voltage remains zero until the thyristor is turned ON
again in the next cycle. It is to be noted that the value of β depends on the
load parameters. Therefore, unlike the resistive load the average and RMS
output voltage depends on the load parameters. Since the thyristors does not
conduct over the entire input supply cycle this mode of operation is called the
“discontinuous conduction mode”.
closed from expression for i will be required. The value of β in terms of the
0
Tabular form:
S.No Triggering Angle Calculated output Measured
voltage output voltage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Result:
Thus the single phase half wave controlled converter is designed and
the output waveforms are plotted.
Aim:
To design single phase fully controlled converter with resistive-
inductive load and verify the output waveforms by assembling the circuit.
Apparatus required:
1. Single phase fully controlled converter kit
2. Patch chords
3. CRO
4. Voltmeter (0-30V)
Circuit diagram:
K1
G1 K3 G3
T1
Is A1 T3 R
A3
V0
Vm
sinwt(24V L
Ac supply) K4 G4 K2 T2
T4 G2
A2
A4
G4 G1
G2
Pulse Generator
G3
Connection Procedure:
From the circuit diagram of Fig (a) it is clear that for any load current
to flow at least one thyristor from the top group (T , T ) and one thyristor
1 3
from the bottom group (T , T ) must conduct. It can also be argued that
2 4
For example whenever T and T are in the forward blocking state and
3 4
a gate pulse is applied to them, they turn ON and at the same time a
negative voltage is applied across T and T commutating them immediately.
1 2
Similar argument holds for T and T . For the same reason T T or T T can
1 2 1 4 2 3
all thyristors remain off. In this mode the load current remains zero.
negative i.e, over the negative half cycle of the input supply voltage.
Similarly T and T can be fired only over the positive half cycle of the input
1 2
supply. The voltage across the devices when none of the thyristors conduct
depends on the off state impedance of each device. The values listed in Fig
(b) assume identical devices.
Under normal operating condition of the converter the load current
may or may not remain zero over some interval of the input voltage cycle. If
i is always greater than zero then the converter is said to be operating in the
0
Tabular form:
S.No Triggering Angle Calculated Measured
output voltage output voltage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Result:
Thus the single phase fully controlled converter is designed and the
output waveforms are plotted.
Aim:
To control the speed of a 3- phase slip ring induction motor using
Rotor resistance inverter Module and study the motor performance under No
load and Load condition.
Apparatus required:
S.NO Name of the Apparatus Range Type Qty
1. Voltmeter 0-200V MI 1
2. Ammeter 0-10A MI 1
3. Inverter module 3,5HP, 200V,10A - 1
Circuit Diagram:
R Y B A
Ex.
R
3 Phase L
Auto V O
Transformer
A
D
R Y B
Stator R=200
ohms/2A
Ex.
R
Rotor
L
V O
A
D
Theory:
The synchronous speed of a 3 phase induction motor can be changed
either by changing the frequency, a) variable frequency source must be
available or by changing the no of poles where there must be provision to do
so, on the winding of the motors. The speed control can also be achieved by
variation of an external rotor resistance method.
Procedure:
1. Fuse rating is taken as 5% of full load current.
2. The range of all meters selected according to the rating of the
motor.
Under NO Load:
1. Circuit connections are made as shown in figure.
2. Keeping the frequency control knob of the inverter in the minimum
position, the TPSTS is closed.
3. The inverter is operated over the full range available and the
speed, voltage, frequency and current are recorded for every 5Hz
increase in the frequency.
4. Then inverter control knob is brought to minimum position and the
TPSTS is opened.
5. The graphs of f Vs V, f Vs N, f Vs stator current are plotted.
R = r (t/2) m
Where, Rotor= effective radius of brake drum.
Model graph:
PROCEDURE:
1. Power circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram
.connect three phase input to the three phase auto transformer or
directly to the three phase load. The output of the autotransformer
terminals are connected to the respective R,Y & B stator terminals of
three phase wound rotor induction motor .The rotor terminals of the
three phase wound rotor induction motor is connected to the three
phase input of respective R,Y & B terminals of three phase wound rotor
induction motor power circuit consists of diode rectifier and a load
resistance
2. Connect the rheostat load ammeter and voltmeter to suitable points
3. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct
before switching on the equipments
4. Keeping auto transformer at minimum position switch on the rectifier
circuit to rotor using three phase MCB
5. Now switch on three phase mains supply
6. Increase the autotransformer voltage slowly for suitable value such
that motor rotates
7. Note down voltage V and current I in the meters
8. Calculate resistance R =V/I
9. do experiment for different resistance values by varying rheostat and
note down corresponding rpm
10. Plot a graph of load resistance against speed
Tabulation
Results:
Aim:
To control the speed of the 1HP DC motor using Thryistorised Drive for
Closed Loop control.
Apparatus:
Theory:
Circuit Diagram:
(0-2A)
A
T1 T2
Ra
1HP DC
shunt
230V AC 1 T1 5 (0-30V)
Supply Vs DF V La
Motor
4 8 A
Field
D1 F FF
D2 Eb
AA
R
D1 D3
1 5
360
230V AC T1 RR ohms/1.2A
Supply Vs
4 8
D4 D2
When the load is inductive and T1 is triggered first it will conduct with
D1 to pass current through load. When the supply voltage is negative, load
emf will drive current through T1D2. This is an exponentially decreasing
current .When the new negative half cycle begins T1 is in conduction and it
would keep on conducting with D1 as if triggered at wt=0 .In this case load
may not receive the DC power. To ensure proper operation at the beginning
of positive half cycle T2 has to be turned off and similarly T1 should be turned
off when negative half cycle begins .This is achieved by the freewheeling
diode.
This conversion has better power factor due to free wheeling diode.
For R-L load with freewheeling diode the average output voltage can
be found from
Procedure:-
Connect DC motor and armature terminals to respective points
in the power circuit and speed sensor to feedback terminals
socket. Connect the voltmeter and ammeter to the respective
points
Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram
Check the connections and conform the connections made are
correct before switching on mains supply
Keeping all the knobs at minimum positions
Keeping PID switches ON ( down ward) position
Switch on the field supply to the motor
Switch on the firing controller POWER supply switch
Switch on the power circuit .Single phase auto transformer may
be used set the voltage slowly or to avoid sudden surge of
current
Set the rpm to suitable value through the KNOB SET PRM ( Say
1000 rpm
Using P,I,D Knobs adjust the running rpm to set rpm by varying
P gain , I timing ,D gain
Load the motor up to 3-4A load .Note down the speed for
different loads. Observe the current and voltage waveforms
using CPO
Slowly reduce the load set rpm to minimum value ,reduce
autotransformer voltage, switch Off MCB , Switch off the
triggering circuit ,switch off field supply and remove the
connections
TABULATION:
No Load: S1=0 S2=0
S.No Set RPM No Load Voltage No Load Current Speed in RPM
(VL) (IL)
With Load
Load in Grams Load Voltage Load Current
S.No Speed in RPM
S1 S2 (VL) (IL)
Results:
Aim:
To Control the speed of the PMDC motor using thyristorised converter
with P, PI and PID controller.
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
(0-2A)
A
T1 T2
Ra
(0-30V)
230V AC 1 T1 5 PMDC
Supply Vs DF V La MOTOR
4 8
D1
D2 Eb
Theory:-
Rectifier converts AC supply to DC Supply with thyristor , variable DC
supply 0V to maximum can be obtained from a fixed AC source by triggering
(turning ON) SCR i.e by applying gate current to the SCR at any desired
instant when the SCR is applied with positive voltage to anode. Unlike diode,
SCR can block the forward voltage when gate current is not supplied .Hence
converters using SCR’s are termed as controlled rectifier .Normally for DC
power requirement such as in DC drives single phase full controlled rectifier
are used.
Single Phase Half Controlled Bridge with Motor Loads:
When the single phase semi-converter is connected with R-L / Motor
load a freewheeling diode must be connected across the load. During positive
half cycle T1 is forward biased & T1 is fired at wt = the load is connected to
the input supply through T1 and D1 during period wt .During the period
from wt(+), the input voltage is negative and free wheeling diode Df is
forward biased , DF conducts to provide the continuity of current in the
inductive load. The load current is transferred from T1 and D1 to DF &
thyristor T1 and D1 are turned off at wt = .During negative half cycle of
input voltage , thyristor T2 is forward biased , and the firing of T2 at wt = +
will reverse bias DF .the diode DF is turned off and the load connected to the
supply through T2 and D2.
When the load is inductive and T1 is triggered, first it will conduct with
D1 to pass current through load. When the supply voltage is negative , load
emf will drive current through T1D2 .This is an exponentially decreasing
current .when the new negative half cycle begins T1 is in conduction and it
would keep on conducting with D1 as if triggered at wt=0 . In this case load
cycle T2 has to be turned off and similarly T1 should be turned off when
negative half cycle begins .this is achieved by the freewheeling diode.
This conversion has better power factor due to free wheeling diode
For R-L load with freewheeling diode the average output voltage can be
found from
Vdc(av)=(1/) Vm Sin d
= Vm/(-Cos)
Vdc(av)= Vm/(1+Cos)
Procedure:
1. Connect PMDC motor to respective points in the power circuit and
speed sensor to feedback terminals socket. Connect the voltmeter and
ammeter to the respective points
2. Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram
3. Check the connections and confirm the connections made are correct
before switching on mains supply
4. Keeping all the knobs at minimum position
5. Keeping PID switches ON ( down ward) position
6. Switch on the POWER supply switch
7. Set the rpm to suitable value through the knob SET RPM(say 1000
rpm)
8. Using P, I , D knobs adjust the running rpm by varying P gain , I
timing , D gain
9. Load the motor up to 250 grams load in steps of 50 grams . Note
down the speed for different loads. Observe the current and voltage
waveforms using CRO
10.Slowly reduce the DC voltage to zero , switch off the unit and remove
the connections
Tabulation:
P Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
PI Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
PID Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
Results:-
Aim:
To Control the speed of the PMDC motor using P, PI and PID controller
with closed loop control.
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
(0-2A)
D S
A
G
Ra
D1 D3 Firing
(0-30V)
cicuit
1 T1 5
V PMDC
Vs DF La MOTOR
230V AC 4 8
Supply
Eb
D4 D2
Theory:-
Rectifier converts AC supply to DC Supply with thyristor , variable DC
supply 0V to maximum can be obtained from a fixed AC source by triggering
(turning ON) SCR i.e by applying gate current to the SCR at any desired
instant when the SCR is applied with positive voltage to anode. Unlike diode,
SCR can block the forward voltage when gate current is not supplied .Hence
converters using SCR’s are termed as controlled rectifier .Normally for DC
power requirement such as in DC drives single phase full controlled rectifier
are used.
Single Phase Half Controlled Bridge with Motor Loads:
When the single phase semi-converter is connected with R-L / Motor
load a freewheeling diode must be connected across the load. During positive
half cycle T1 is forward biased & T1 is fired at wt = the load is connected to
the input supply through T1 and D1 during period wt .During the period
from wt(+), the input voltage is negative and free wheeling diode Df is
forward biased , DF conducts to provide the continuity of current in the
inductive load. The load current is transferred from T1 and D1 to DF &
thyristor T1 and D1 are turned off at wt = .During negative half cycle of
input voltage , thyristor T2 is forward biased , and the firing of T2 at wt = +
will reverse bias DF .the diode DF is turned off and the load connected to the
supply through T2 and D2.
When the load is inductive and T1 is triggered, first it will conduct with
D1 to pass current through load. When the supply voltage is negative , load
emf will drive current through T1D2 .This is an exponentially decreasing
current .when the new negative half cycle begins T1 is in conduction and it
would keep on conducting with D1 as if triggered at wt=0 . In this case load
cycle T2 has to be turned off and similarly T1 should be turned off when
negative half cycle begins .this is achieved by the freewheeling diode.
This conversion has better power factor due to free wheeling diode
For R-L load with freewheeling diode the average output voltage can be
found from
Vdc(av)=(1/) Vm Sin d
= Vm/(-Cos)
Vdc(av)= Vm/(1+Cos)
Procedure:
1. Connect PMDC motor to respective points in the power circuit and
speed sensor to feedback terminals socket. Connect the voltmeter and
ammeter to the respective points
2. Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram
3. Check the connections and confirm the connections made are correct
before switching on mains supply
4. Keeping all the knobs at minimum position
5. Keeping PID switches ON ( down ward) position
6. Switch on the POWER supply switch
7. Set the rpm to suitable value through the knob SET RPM(say 1000
rpm)
8. Using P, I , D knobs adjust the running rpm by varying P gain , I
timing , D gain
9. Load the motor up to 250 grams load in steps of 50 grams . Note
down the speed for different loads. Observe the current and voltage
waveforms using CRO
10.Slowly reduce the DC voltage to zero , switch off the unit and remove
the connections
Tabulation:
P Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
PI Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
PID Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
Results:-
IGBT USING SINGLE 4 QUADRANT CHOPPER DRIVE FOR PMDC MOTOR WITH
SPEED MEASUREMENT AND CLOSED LOOP AND CONTROL
Expt No:
Date:
Aim:
To Control the speed of the PMDC motor for forward and Reverse with
P, PI and PID controller and closed loop control using IGBT single 4 quadrant
chopper drive.
Apparatus:
-IL
+IL
Theory:
D1
G1 D3 G3
D1 D3 CH3
CH1
PMDC MOTOR
1 5
(0-0.5)A
T1
Ra La + -
+ -
Vs Eb A
4 8
io=ia=IL IL
230V AC
Supply + -
V
VL
(0-30) V
G2
D2 D4 G4
D4 D2 CH2 CH4
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
PI Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
PID Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reverse Rotation
P Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
PI Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
PID Controller:
Set RPM =
S.No Load in Grams Load Voltage (VL)v Load Current IL A Speed in rpm
1.
2.
3.
4.
Results:-
Aim:
To construct a single phase cycloconverter circuit and to study
its performance.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Single Phase Cyclo Converter Power Circuit
T1 C1
G1
V 0 V
C2
T2
G2
MCB Ex.LOAD
T3 C3
G3
V 0 V
C4 T4
G4
V 0 V T1 C1
G1
C2
T2
Isolation
Transformer 230 G2
V/115 V-0 V-115 V Single Phase IM
T3 C3
G3
C4 T4
V 0 V
AC Input Supply G4
Tabular Column:
Frequency Division: 1 Frequency Division: 2
Firing Firing
Speed in Speed in
S.No Angle S.No Angle
RPM RPM
Result:
Aim:
To construct a three phase fully controlled full wave bridge rectifier
and to control speed of the DC motor.
Apparatus:
THEORY:
In the bridge rectifier all the three arms of SCR’s are connected as
control switches. This is called fully controlled bridge converter. Depending
on the delay angle, the output current can be either continuous or
discontinuous. In fully controlled rectifier the load voltage may be positive or
negative for inductive loads. The power circuit & the control circuits are
provided with the manual.
Circuit Diagram:
Three Phase Input Thyristorised Drive 3Hp DC Motor With Closed Loop Control
4 8
A
G4 G6 G2 Field
F FF
T4 T6 T2 Eb
1 5
T4 AA
4 8
Y/Y Connection
C4 C6 C2 A2
Ph
G1 T1 C1
D1 D3
G3 T3 C3 R
R 1 T1 5
G5 T5 C5 Vs
4 8
360
230V AC ohms/1.2A
Y G2 T2 C2 Supply RR
D4 D2
G4 T4 C4
B
G6 T6 C6
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect motor terminals (field & armature) to respective points in
the power circuit & speed sensor to feedback terminals socket.
2. Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. Use
3P auto transformer.
3. Connect 3 pin power cards from power unit (rectifier) to the mains
supply.
4. Switch on the field supply of the motor.
5. Keeping PID switches at ON position, keep all knobs at minimum
position now switch on the firing unit.
6. Switch on the three phase power input.
7. Switch on the Power Circuit through MCB.
8. Adjust the gains of PID knobs (say maximum).
9. Set the rpm through the knob slowly (say 900 rpm). By slowly
increasing auto transformer voltage.
10. Load the motor up to 3/4 Amp load. Note down the speed for
different loads.
11. Release the load slowly. Bring the set rpm knob to minimum
position slowly & all the knobs at minimum position.
12.Switch off power circuit by MCB, switch off firing circuit, and switch
off field supply & remove the connections.
TABULATION:
No Load: S1=0 S2=0
S.No Set RPM No Load Voltage No Load Current Speed in RPM
(VL) (IL)
With Load
Load in Grams Load Voltage Load Current
S.No Speed in RPM
S1 S2 (VL) (IL)
Results:
Aim:
To construct a three phase fed closed loop four quadrant chopper drive
circuit and to control the speed of the separately - excited DC motor.
Apparatus:
THEORY:
For this operating mode, CH1, CH2 and CH3 are kept off whereas CH4
is operated. When CH4 is turned on, positive armature current ia rises
through CH4, D2, ra, La, Ea. When CH4 is turned off, diodes D2, D3 begin to
conduct and motor acting as generator returns energy to dc source. This
leads to reverse regenerative-breaking operation of the dc separately excited
motor in fourth quadrant.
If the gain of the P controller is less then the error voltage (difference
between set & running) is more. If the gain is increased the error voltage is
reduced. The I controller further reduces the error. If the timing of I
controller is increased almost all the error is reduced. However the D
controller has negligible effect on overall system.
PROCEDURE:
Connect motor terminals (field & armature) to respective points in the
power circuit & speed sensor to feedback terminals socket.
Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram using
three phase auto transformer & three phase isolation transformer.
Keeping FM/RM at released position for forward rotation & pressed
position for reverse rotation of the motor.
Connect 3 pin power cards from power unit (rectifier) to the mains
supply.
Switch on the field supply of the motor.
Keeping auto transformer at minimum position, switch on the three
phase power input.
Switch on the Power Circuit through MCB.
Keeping PID ON switch on the firing unit.
Set the rpm through the knob (say 1000 rpm).
Adjust the auto transformer for suitable voltage, maximum 70%.
Adjust the gains of P, I, D knobs..
Load the motor up to 1 A load. Note down the speed for
different loads.
Remove the load, reduce the set speed knob to minimum position,
With Load
Load in Grams Load Voltage Load Current
S.No Speed in RPM
S1 S2 (VL) (IL)
Reverse Motoring:
No Load: S1=0 S2=0
S.No Set RPM No Load Voltage No Load Current Speed in RPM
(VL) (IL)
With Load
Load in Grams Load Voltage Load Current
S.No Speed in RPM
S1 S2 (VL) (IL)
Results:
R G1 G3
Three Phase Auto Transformer
1 T2 5
D1 D3
CH3
CH1
Three Phase Input
4 8
D1 D3 D5
Voltage Source
(0-200)V
+ - VL
V
Y 1 T3 5
3Hp DC SHUNT MOTOR
(0-0.5)A
4 8
Ra La + -
+ -
Eb A
D4 D6 D2
io=ia=IL IL
B 1 T4 5
F FF
4 8
G2
G4
D2 D4
Y/Y Connection Three Phase Rectifier CH2 CH4
Ph
D1 D3
R
1 T1 5
360
Vs 4 8 ohms/1.2A
RR
230V AC
Supply D4 D2
N
30V Regulated Power Supply