Brian Streit

Math 2451

Section 5.2 Selected Solutions

5. Let f be continuous on [a; b] and g continuous on [c; d]. Then h(x; y) =

f (x)g(y) is continuous on [a; b] [c; d]. By Fubini’s theorem,

ZZ Zd Zb Zb Zd
h(x; y)dA = h(x; y)dxdy = h(x; y)dydx:
R c a a c

But
0 b 1
Zd Zb Zd Zb Zd Z
h(x; y)dxdy = f (x)g(y)dxdy = g(y) @ f (x)dxA dy
c a c a c a

because g(y) is constant in x. Then

0 b 1 0 b 10 d 1
Zd Z Z Z
g(y) @ f (x)dxA dy = @ f (x)dxA @ g(y)dy A
c a a c

Zb
because f (x)dx is constant in y. So
a
0 b 10 d 1
Zd Zb Z Z
h(x; y)dxdy = @ f (x)dxA @ g(y)dy A ;
c a a c

as desired.

8. Let f be continuous on R = [a; b] [c; d]; for a < x < b; c < y < d, de…ne
Zx Zy
F (x; y) = f (u; v)dvdu:
a c

By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus we have

Zy
f (u; v)dv = G(u; y) G(u; c)
c

1
 @
where @y G(u; y) = f (u; y). Therefore,

Zx Zy Zx
F (x; y) = f (u; v)dvdu = (G(u; y) G(u; c)) du
a c a

Again, by the FTOC, we have

Zx
@F @
= (G(u; y) G(u; c)) du = G(x; y) G(a; y) + G(a; y) G(a; c)
@x @x
a
= G(x; y) G(a; c):
2
@ F @
So that applying FTOC a third time, we obtain @y@x = @y (G(x; y) G(a; c)) =
f (x; y) since G(a; c) is constant in y: Since f is continuous on R, we may apply
Fubini’s theorem and change the order of integration. We obtain
Zx Zy Zy Zx
F (x; y) = f (u; v)dvdu = f (u; v)dudv:
a c c a

Zx
We now argue as before except …rst applying the FTOC to f (u; v)du and
a
2 2 2
@ F @ F @ F
working our way out to obtain @x@y = f (x; y). We conclude @x@y = @y@x .
This shows how one may deduce equality of mixed partials assuming Fubini’s
Theorem has been proved.

10. Since cosh xy is continuous and bounded on R = [0; 1] [0; 1], we see
that cosh xy is integrable over R. By Fubini’s Theorem

ZZ Z1 Z1
cosh xydA = cosh xydydx:
R 0 0

We compute
Z1
sinh xy 1 sinh x
cosh xydy = jy=0 = :
x x
0
sinh x
Since x is not de…ned at x = 0, sinh
x
x
is not continuous at x = 0. However,
we recall from single variable calculus, if

Z1
sinh x
lim dx
!0+ x
2

2
exists and is …nite then
Z1 Z1
sinh x sinh x
dx = lim+ dx:
x !0 x
0

ZZ Z1
sinh x
Since cosh xydA exists, we are guaranteed the existence of lim x dx.
!0+
R
Z1
sinh x
We compute x dx using the power series expansion of ex . Since
0

ex e x
sinh x =
2
and
1
X
x xk
e =
k!
k=0

we see that
1
X x2k+1
sinh x =
(2k + 1)!
k=0
so
1
sinh x X x2k
=
x (2k + 1)!
k=0

We observe that each term in the power series expansion is positive so

Z1 Z1 X
1 Z1 X
n
sinh x x2k x2k
dx = dx dx
x (2k + 1)! (2k + 1)!
0 0 k=0 0 k=0
n Z
X
1
X n
x2k x2k+1
= dx = 2 j10
(2k + 1)! (2k + 1) (2k!)
k=0 0 k=0

Xn
1
= 2 = Sn 0:
k=0
(2k + 1) (2k!)

Since Sn is positive, bounded, and increasing, it must converge and

ZZ
cosh xydA = lim Sn ;
n!1
R

as desired.

3
 11. We want to show, using a substitution involving the tangent function,
that
Z1 Z1 2 Z1 Z1 2
x y2 x y2
2 dydx = and 2 dxdy = :
(x2 + y 2 ) 4 (x2 + y 2 ) 4
0 0 0 0

We let y = x tan so that

1 1
Z1 tan
Z (x)
x2
y 2 x2 x2 tan2 x sec2
2 dy = 2 d
(x2 + y 2 ) x2 + x2 tan2
0 0
1 1
tan
Z (x)
1 1 tan2
= d
x sec2
0

But
1 tan2 = 2 sec2
so
1 tan2 2 sec2
= = 2 cos2 1 = cos 2 :
sec2 sec2
Then
1 1 1 1
tan
Z (x) tan
Z (x)
1 tan2 sin 2 tan 1 ( x1 )
d = cos 2 d = j :
sec2 2 0
0 0

But
1 sin tan tan
sin 2 = cos sin = cos2 = =
2 cos sec2 1 + tan2
so
1 1 1
sin 2 tan 1 ( x1 ) tan tan x x x
j = = = :
2 0 1 + tan tan 1 1 2
1+ 1
x2
1 + x2
x
This gives us
0 1 1 1
Z1 Z1 2 2 Z1 tan
Z (x) 2 Z1
x y 1B 1 tan C dx
2 dydx =
x
@
sec2
d A dx =
1 + x2
:
(x2 + y2 )
0 0 0 0 0

Letting x = tan gives us

Z1 Z4
dx
= d = :
1 + x2 4
0 0

4
Now we let x = y tan so that
1 1
Z1 tan
Z (y)
x2 y2 y 2 tan2 y 2 y sec2
2 dx = 2 d
(x2 + y 2 ) y 2 tan2 + y 2
0 0
1 1
tan
Z (y)
1 tan2 1
= d :
y sec2
0

We observe that if x = y then

1 1 1 1
Z (y)
tan tan
Z (x)
1 tan2 1 1 1 tan2
d = d
y sec2 x sec2
0 0

so
Z1 Z1
x2 y2
2 dxdy =
4
:
(x2 + y 2 )
0 0

x2 y 2
This does not contradict Fubini’s Theorem since (x2 +y 2 )2
is unbounded at the
origin.

12. Let f be continuous, f 0 on the rectangle R = [a; b] [c; d] and

ZZ
f dA = 0. Suppose towards a contradiction that f > 0 on R. Since R is
R
closed and bounded, f attains a minimum m > 0 on R. Since m f on R, by
monotonicity, we have
ZZ ZZ
mdA f dA:
R R

However, by linearity,
ZZ ZZ
mdA = m dA = mA(R) > 0
R R

since m > 0 and A(R) = (b a)(d c) > 0 is the area of R. Therefore

ZZ ZZ
0< f dA, a contradiction to our assumption that f dA = 0. We conclude
R R
that f = 0 on R.