Brian Streit

Math 2451

Section 6.3 Selected Solutions

2. To …nd the average value of f (x; y) = ex+y over the triangle, T , with
vertices (0; 0) ; (0; 1) ; and (1; 0). We see that the area of T is A (T ) = 12 and

ZZ Z1 1Z x Z1 Z1
x+y
e dA = e x+y
dydx = ex+y j1y=0x dx = (e ex ) dx = 1:
T 0 0 0 0

So the average value of f (x; y) over T is

ZZ
ex+y dA
T
[f ]av = = 2:
A(T )

4. We …nd the center of mass of the region D between y = 0 and y = x2

where 0 x 12 . The center of mass, (x; y) is given by
ZZ ZZ
x (x; y)dA y (x; y)dA
x = ZDZ ; and y = ZDZ
(x; y)dA (x; y)dA
D D

where (x; y) is the density function. Here no density is speci…ed so we assume

= 1. We compute
1 2
ZZ Z2 Zx
x (x; y)dA xdydx
x = ZDZ = 0 0
1 2
:
Z2 Zx
(x; y)dA
dydx
D
0 0

But
1 2 1 1
Z2 Zx Z2 Z2
2 1
xdydx = xyjx0 dx = x3 dx =
32
0 0 0 0

1
and
1 2 1
Z2 Zx Z2
1
dydx = x2 dx =
12
0 0 0
so
3
x= :
8
We see that
1 2 1
Z2 Zx Z2
1 1
ydydx = x4 dx =
2 320
0 0 0
so
3
y= :
80

5. Since the mass function is (x; y) = y 2 sin2 4x + 2 (grams per square

centimeter) and D is de…ned by 0 x 2 and 0 y (centimeters) then
the total mass of D is given by

ZZ Z2 Z
y 2 sin2 4x + 2 dA = y 2 sin2 4x + 2 dydx
D 0 0
02 10 1
Z Z Z2 Z
= @ 2
sin xdxA @ 2 A
y dy + 2 dydx:
0 0 0 0

But
Z2 Z Z 3
2
2 dydx = 4 ; y 2 dy =
3
0 0 0

and
Z2 Z2
2 1 cos 2x
sin xdx = =
2
0 0
so ZZ 4
y 2 sin2 4x + 2 dA = +4 2
grams:
3
D
4
2
We are told gold is worth $7 per gram so the plate is worth $7 3 +4
$503:64:

8. A not-so-elegant solution is given by applying a cylindrical change of

variables at the outset. In cylindrical coordinates x2 + y 2 = 2x is given by
r2 = 2r cos or r = 2 cos . We see that r = 2 cos and 2 2 traces out

2
 2
the circle (x 1) + y 2 = 1 in the xy plane. We …nd our solid W is described
in cylindrical coordinates as

r z r; 0 r 2 cos ; :
2 2
p
Since = x2 + y 2 = r in cylindrical coordinates and dV = rdzdrd , our
desired mass is given by
ZZZ Z 2
Z 2 cos Z r Z 2
Z 2 cos
dV = r2 dzdrd = r2 zjrz= r drd
W 2 0 r 2 0
Z Z 2 cos Z Z
2 1 2 2
= 2 r3 drd = r4 j20 cos d =8 cos4 d :
2 0 2 2 2

We compute
Z 2
Z 2
Z 2
2
I = cos 4
d = 1 sin cos 2
d = cos2 cos2 sin2 d
2 2 2
Z Z Z Z
2 2 2 1 + cos 2 2 sin2 2
= cos2 d cos2 sin2 d = d d
2 2 2
2 2
4
Z
sin 2 2 2 1 + cos 4 sin 4 2 3
= + j d = j =
2 4 2
2
8 2 8 32 2 8

2 sin2 2
since sin cos Z =Z sin 2
Z 2 implies sin cos
2
= 4 = 1+cos 4
8 . Therefore our
desired mass is dV = [8I = 3 :
W
A more elegant solution uses a clever change of variables. Since
2
x2 + y 2 = 2x , (x 1) + y 2 = 1;

we observe that our solid W is de…ned by

p p
x2 + y 2 z x2 + y 2
2
and (x; y) 2 D where D is de…ned by (x 1) + y 2 1. We …nd
ZZZ Z Z Z px2 +y2 p
dV = 2 2
p 2 2 x + y dzdA
W D x +y
ZZ p p 2 2 ZZ
x +y
= 2 2
(z x + y j p 2 2
)dA = 2 x2 + y 2 dA:
D z= x +y D

Now we apply a change of variable to …nd our desired mass. Let R = [0; 1]

3
 @(x;y)
[0; 2 ] so that if x = 1 + r cos and y = r sin then @(r; ) = r so

ZZ Z2 Z1
2 2 2 2
2 x +y dA = 2 (1 + r cos ) + (r sin ) rdrd
D
0 0
Z2 Z1
= 2 1 + 2r cos + r2 cos2 + r2 sin2 rdrd
0 0
Z2 Z1
= 2 1 + 2r cos + r2 rdrd
0 0
0 1 10 2 1
Z2 Z1 Z Z
= 2 r3 + rdrd + 2 @ 2r2 drA @ cos d A = 3 :
0 0 0 0

12. Since ZZZ

z
e dV
z B
[e ]av =
V (B)
z 4
is the average value of e over the unit ball B and V (B) = 3 we compute

ZZZ Z2 Z Z1
z cos ' 2
e dV = e sin 'd d'd
B 0 0 0
0 2 10 10 1
Z Z Z1
= @ d A@ e cos '
sin 'd'A @ 2
d A
0 0 0

cos ' 1 2 1
= (2 ) e j0 ( )= e :
3 3 e

Therefore
z 1 1
[e ]av = (e ):
2 e

14. The moment of inertia around the y-axis for the ball of radius R with

4
constant density is

ZZZ Z2 Z ZR
Iy = x +z2 2
dV = 2
sin2 ' cos2 + 2
cos2 ' 2
sin 'd d'd
B 0 0 0
0 R 10 2 1
Z Z Z
= @ 4
d A@ sin3 ' cos2 + sin ' cos2 ' d'd A
0 0 0
02 1
Z Z Z2 Z
= R5 @ cos2 d sin3 'd' + d sin ' cos2 'd'A :
5
0 0 0 0

We compute

Z2 Z2
2 1 + cos 2 sin 2 2
cos d = d = + j = :
2 2 4 0
0 0

Moreover,
Z Z Z
3 2
sin 'd' = 1 cos ' sin 'd' = sin ' sin ' cos2 ' d'
0 0 0
Z Z
= sin 'd' sin ' cos2 'd'
0 0

with
Z
sin 'd' = cos 'j0 = 2:
0

If we let u = cos ' then

Z Z1
2 1 31 2
sin ' cos 'd' = u2 du = u j 1= :
3 3
0 1

So
Z
2 4
sin3 'd' = 2 =
3 3
0

and
Z2 Z
4
cos 2
d sin3 'd' = :
3
0 0

5
Similarly,
Z2 Z
2 4
d sin ' cos2 'd' = (2 ) =
3 3
0 0

so that
4 4 8 5
Iy = R5 + = R :
5 3 3 15