Brian Streit

Math 2451

Section 8.5 Selected Solutions

2. Let F be a vector …eld on R3 . Suppose (x; t) is a ‡ow line of F starting

at x after time t and t : x 7! (x; t) for t …xed. If we let t vary then
@
t (x) = F ( t (x))
@t
since (x; t) is a ‡ow line of F for each t. Also, we have the formulas
Df @f @
Wt = t (W ) ; = + rf F; and J (x; t) = [div F ( t (x))]J (x; t)
Dt @t @t
where J (x; t) is the Jacobian matrix of t . Now, since Wt = t (W ), we may
apply a change of variables to obtain
ZZZ ZZZ
d d
f (x; y; z; t) dxdydz = f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t) dV
dt dt
Wt W

where we have assumed J (x; t) preserves orientation of our solid and is therefore
positive. But W does not depend on t so we may di¤erentiate under the integral
and then apply the product rule to obtain
ZZZ ZZZ
d @
f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t) dV = [f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t)]dV
dt @t
W W
ZZZ
@ @
= f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t) + f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t) dV:
@t @t
W

@ @ @ @
Now we write t (x) = ( (t) ; (t) ; (t)) so that @t t (x) = @t ; @t ; @t . We
apply the chain rule and one of our hypothesis to obtain
@ @
f( t (x) ; t) = f ( (t) ; (t) ; (t) ; t)
@t @t
@f @ @f @ @f @ @f
= + + +
@x @t @y @t @z @t @t
@f @f @f @f @ @ @
= ; ; ; ; ; ;1
@x @y @z @t @t @t @t
@f @
= rf ( t (x) ; t) ; ( (x) ; t) (x) ; 1
@t t @t t
@f
= rf ( t (x) ; t) F ( t (x)) + ( (x) ; t)
@t t

1
 @
Now we apply our hypothesis @t J (x; t) = [div F ( t (x))]J (x; t) and change
back to our original variables so that
ZZZ
d
f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t) dV
dt
W
ZZZ
@f
= frf ( t (x) ; t) F ( t (x)) + ( (x) ; t) + f ( t (x; t) ; t) [div F ( t (x))]gJ (x; t) dV
@t t
W
ZZZ
@f
= frf (x; y; z; t) F (x; y; z) + (x; y; z; t) + f (x; y; z; t) [div F (x; y; z)]gdV
@t
Wt
ZZZ
Df
= ( + f div F)dxdydz:
Dt
Wt

6. By the Transport Theorem

ZZZ ZZZ
d D
f dxdydz = ( f ) + f div V dxdydz.
dt Dt
Wt Wt

By the de…nition of the material derivative, namely

Dh @h
= + rh V,
Dt @t
wee see that it obeys a product rule with respect to h. Therefore, we get
ZZZ
Df D
[ + f( + div V)]dxdydz:
Dt Dt
Wt

By the law of conservation of mass,

@p D
+ rp V + div V = 0 or + div V = 0,
@t Dt
and substitution yields the desired result.
@ 1 2
7. a) We are assuming that v = r . Let = @t + 2 kvk . Then, using the
given identity, we obtain
@ 1 2 @
r = r + r kvk = v + (v r) v
@t 2 @t
since r r = 0. Now, by Euler’s equation
rp
r + = 0:

2
So, using the FTOC for line integrals, we obtain
Z Z
rp dp
0= r + ds = (p1 ) (p2 ) + ;
C C

as desired.
b) If @v
@t = 0 then
1 2
r = r kvk
2
and so
1 2
= kvk + c
2
for some constant c. Since is constant
Z Z
dp 1 1
= dp = (p (P1 ) p (P2 )) :
C C p

Thus
1 2 1 2 1
0= kvk (P1 ) kvk (P2 ) + (p (P1 ) p (P2 ))
2 2 p
and
1 2 p
kvk +
2
is the same for all points p.