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Anatomy & Physiology I

Instructor: Emily Buynevich


Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
(Notes taken from Marieb’s Human Anatomy & Physiology)

Vocabulary:
Anatomy- study of structure

Physiology- study of function

Types of Anatomy:
• Gross / macroscopic – visible to the eye
• Regional anatomy – referring to a specific body region
(Ex. Abdominal region)
• Systemic anatomy – referring to s specific body system
(Ex. Circulatory system)
• Surface anatomy – internal in relation to overlying skin
surface (Ex. Palpation of muscles or bones)
• Developmental anatomy – looks at stages of growth
(Ex. Embryology)
• Microscopic anatomy – not visible to the eye
o Cytology – study of cells
o Histology – study of tissues

Topics of Physiology:
-specializes in each body system (Ex. Renal physiology
specializes in kidney function, neurophysiology specializes in
explaining the workings of the nervous system)

Levels of Organization:
1. chemical
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organism

Necessary Life Functions:


1. maintain boundaries
2. movement
4. responsiveness / irritability
5. digestion
6. metabolism
7. excretion
8. reproduction
9. growth

Survival Needs:
1. nutrients
2. oxygen
3. water
4. body temperature regulation
5. atmospheric pressure

Define: homeostasis- maintaining a constant, internal


environment

Homeostatic control: receptor, control, effector


*see page 9 diagram in text
Negative Feedback:
Output shuts off the original stimulus
Ex: thermostat in a home, blood volume in the body through
the endocrine system

Positive feedback (cascades):


Enhancing of the original stimulus so the output gets
accelerated, like setting off a “waterfall” effect
Ex. Labor contractions through oxytocin

Directional terms: p.13 table


Regional terms: p.14 diagram

Body planes and sections:


Sagittal, midsagittal / median, parasagittal planes-
Sagittal – vertical division into right and left sections
Midsagittal / median - vertical division into right and left
halves
Parasagittal – vertical division offset from the midline

Frontal plane- division into anterior and posterior sections

Transverse / horizontal plane- division into superior and


inferior sections

Transverse section = same as cross section

Oblique section- cuts made diagonally

Body cavities:
1. Dorsal
includes:
- cranial, vertebral (spine)
2. Ventral
includes:
-thoracic: pleural, mediastinum, pericardial
-abdominopelvic

Membranes:
Serosa= lines cavity walls and surface of organs contained

Parietal vs. visceral:


Parietal – lines cavity walls
Visceral – lines organs within the cavity

Serous fluid- separates serous membranes to decrease


friction

Draw regions and quadrants in your notebook (9): use both


proper and more commonly used versions.
Regions: (these overlay a diagram of abdominopelvic
organs). See page 20 in the text.

Right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac

Right lumbar umbilical left lumbar


Right iliac / inguinal hypogastric left iliac / inguinal

Quadrants: see page 17 in text

Right upper Quadrant left upper quadrant


(RUQ) (LUQ)

Right lower quadrant left lower quadrant


(RLQ) (LLQ)

Other Body cavities:


1. oral and digestive
2. nasal
3. orbital
4. middle ear
5. synovial (joint)

**Body Systems
M uscular R espiratory
R eproductive I ntegumentary
N ervous D igestive
I mmune (lymphatic) E xcretory (urinary)
C ardiovascular S keletal
E ndocrine

Body Systems:
Body system Associated Main functions of system
Structures
1.integument Skin, hair, nails, sweat -External body covering
and oil glands -Protection
-Makes vitamin D
-Temperature regulation
2. skeletal Bones, cartilage, -Protection and support
ligaments, tendons -Framework for muscle movement
-Blood cells are formed within
-Stores minerals
3. muscular Skeletal, smooth, and -Movement
cardiac muscles -Maintains posture
-Produces heat
4. nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves -Control system of the body
-Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and
glands
5. endocrine Hypothalamus, pituitary, -Glands secrete hormones
thyroid, parathyroids, -Regulation of body systems and metabolism
adrenals, pancreas,
ovaries (f) and testes (m)
6. circulatory / Heart, blood vessels -Transports nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and
cardiovascular carbon dioxide via the blood in vessels.
-Blood pumped by the heart
7. lymphatic / immune White blood cells, -Returns tissue fluid back to blood
thymus, spleen, lymph -Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
nodes, lymph vessels -Houses white blood cells (WBCs), or
lymphocytes, involved in immunity
8. respiratory Nose, pharynx, larynx, -Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
trachea, bronchi, the air sacs of the lungs
bronchioles, lungs
9. digestive Mouth, pharynx, -Breaks down food into absorbable units that
esophagus, stomach, enter the blood for distribution to body cells
small and large -Indigestible food gets eliminated
intestines, rectum
10. urinary Kidneys, ureters, urinary -Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
bladder, urethra -Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base
balance of the blood
11. reproductive (m): testes, epididymis, (m):
vas deferens, urethra, -Production of offspring
penis -Testes produce sperm
(f): ovaries, Fallopian and male sex hormones
tubes, uterus, vagina (f):
-Production of offspring
-Ovaries produce eggs and female sex
hormones
-Sites for fertilization and development of fetus
-Mammary glands produce milk for newborn
nourishment

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