Works Cited

Primary Sources

Articles of confederation and perpetual union between the states of New Hampshire,

Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Providence plantations, Connecticut, New York,

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South.

Williamsburg, Government Printing Office, 1777. Library of Congress, U.S.

Government, https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.17802600/?sp=2.%20Accessed

%201777. The Rare Book and Special Collections Division began when Thomas Jefferson

wanted to create a library for statesmen following the War of 1812. Jefferson sold his

book collection to Congress which formed the basis for the LOC. The Rare Book

Division is a collection of rare books, pamphlets, broadsides, and printed ephemera. This

document demonstrates many of the weakness of the prior government. The

Constitutional Convention convened to address problems which existed under the AOC.

Assembly Room of Independence Hall. National Park Service, www.nps.gov/inde/learn/

historyculture/places-independencehall-assemblyroom.htm. Accessed 10 June 2018. A

gathering of the Second Continental Congress. This gives a sense of an early

congressional hearing.

Beale, Joseph Boggs. Franklin at the Constitutional Convention 1787 by J. Teaching American

History, teachingamericanhistory.org/wp-content/themes/tah-main/images/

imported/convention/beale.jpg. Accessed 10 June 2018. This demonstrates a lack of

law and order, and the need for a judicial branch and an executive branch.
Doolittle, Amos. The Looking Glass for 1787. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/pictures/

item/2008661778/. This engraving illustrates many of the issues debated at the

Convnention.

Draft Report of Northwest Ordinance. Report no. us0049, Philadelphia, Committee of Congress,

Mar. 1784. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/

road-to-the-constitution.html#obj6. Accessed 27 May 2018. 


Library of Congress Manuscript Division has a large collection of print manuscripts

focused historical papers, presidential collections, cultural history, history of science, and

the archives of nongovernmental organizations. This documents the The Northwest

Ordinance was drafted in stages between 1784 and 1787 and prohibited slavery

throughout those territories and laid out process for how new states become members.

Drinker, Catherine, and Gilbert Stuart. James Madison. 1875. National Park Service,

www.nps.gov/people/james-madison.htm. Accessed 10 June 2018. Painting of James

Madison, only famous or influential people could afford to have portraits done at this

time. He wrote the Virginia Plan.

Engraving by an unknown artist, from Columbian Magazine, July 1787. 1778. National Park

Service, U.S. Government, www.google.com/search?q=pennsylvania+state+house

+1787+site:.gov&safe=strict&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3yoXltsnbAh

VCu1kKHd5UDIYQ_AUICygC&biw=1397&bih=710#imgrc=UlDIJjq4wjNj_M:. Accessed 10

June 2018.
Filson Map of 1784 · Virginia's Military District in Kentucky. Kentucky.gov, 1990. Kentucky

Secretary of State, Kentucky.gov, www.sos.ky.gov/admin/land/resources/Pages/

Geographic-Materials.aspx. Accessed 10 June 2018. Map.

Franklin, Benjamin. Join or Die. 2005. Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary, The Pennsylvania

Gazette, www.benfranklin300.org/imagebank_13_detail.htm. Accessed 19 June 2018.

Benjamin Franklin's Join or Die cartoon symbolizing unity.

---. [Proclamation by the State of Pennsylvania offering reward for Daniel Shays and 3 other

rebellion ringleaders. Philadelphia, Penna. Journal, 1787. Library of Congress,

www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3b25109/. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

contains catalog records and digital images held by the Prints & Photographs Division of

the Library of Congress. The Library of Congress offers public access to these materials

as a contribution to education and scholarship. This is a proclamation made by Benjamin

Franklin to apprehend Daniel Shay and three other rebels for instigating a violent

uprising against state tax collectors. This proclamation was in response to James

Bowdoin’s of Massachusetts request for assistance in establishing a reward for the

apprehension.

Hicks, Thomas, and Ralph Earl. Roger Sherman. 1866. National Park Service, www.nps.gov/

inde/learn/historyculture/compromise.htm. Accessed 10 June 2018. Painting of Roger

Sherman, devised the Great Compromise.

Kaufmann,, Theodor. Effects of the Fugitive-Slave-Law. 1850. Library of Congress,

www.education.ne.gov/static/social_studies/CSSAP%20Modules/CSSAP%20First

%20Phase%20Modules/federalism/timeline.html. Accessed 10 June 2018. The slave

 trade was protected for 20 years after the Constitution was signed. However in support

of those who feared losing control over slaves, Congress enacted the Fugitive Slave Law

(subject of this etching).

Library of Congress. An Enslaved Father Sold Away From His Family. 1860. National Archives,

www.archives.gov/exhibits/documented-rights/exhibit/section1/detail/slave-father-

sold.html. Accessed 10 June 2018.

Madison, James. "From James Madison to George Washington, 16 April 1787." 16 Apr. 1787.

National Archives, U.S. Government, founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/

01-09-02-0208. Accessed 16 Apr. 1787. Letter. National Archives and Records

Administration (NARA) grants public access to government and historical

records. NARA maintains “legally authentic and authoritative copies of” acts of

Congress, presidential proclamations and executive orders, and federal regulations. This

letter sent before the convention by Madison and sent to Washington outlines the Virginia

Plan and is central to the formation of the U.S. Constitution as it lays the foundation for a

representative democracy comprised of three branches.

---. "Madison Debates." 9 July 1787. Avalon Project, avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/

debates_709.asp. Accessed 10 June 2018. This is a quote from Paterson relating to his

views on counting slaves in state representation.

---. "Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention: June 15, 1787." The Debates in the

Federal Convention of 1787, edited by Gaillard Hund and James Brown Scott, Oxford,

1920. Lillian Goldman Law Library, avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/debcont.asp.

Accessed 27 May 2018. The Avalon Project includes digital documents relevant to the
 fields of Law, History, Economics, Politics, Diplomacy and Government and links to

supporting documents referred to in the text. The Debates in the Federal Convention of

1787 framed the Constitution of the United States of America, is based on reports by

James Madison, a delegate from the state of Virginia. These notes give a daily account of

debates and votes taken as the delegates formed the Constitution. Notes from June 15th

outline the New Jersey Plan.

---. "The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 - MADISON Wednesday July 11. in

Convention." Farrand's Records, vol. 1, 1818. 4 vols. LOC, memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/

query/D?hlaw:2:./temp/~ammem_HWgM::. Accessed 27 May 2018. 


Max Farrand's The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 were published in 1911,

Farrand's work gathered the documentary records of the Constitutional Convention into

four volumes containing the materials necessary to study the workings of the

Constitutional Convention. These notes summarize the discussion on the issue of slavery

and whether to count slaves when looking at representation in the legislature.

---. "The Virginia Plan." 1787. National Archives, www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?

flash=false&doc=7. Accessed 10 June 2018. Documents the Virginia Plan.

Monroe, James. Letter to James Madison. 11 Sept. 1786. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/

resource/mjm.02_0719_0721/?st=gallery. Accessed 10 June 2018.

Paterson, William. "New Jersey Plan." 1787. Avalon Project, avalon.law.yale.edu/

18th_century/patexta.asp. Accessed 10 June 2018. Documents the New Jersey Plan

Recommendation to the Convention. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of State, 1819. Farrand's

Records. American Memory Farrand's Records, memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?

 ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(fr001156)):. Accessed 5 July 1787. 


Farrand's Records - "gathered the documentary records of the Constitutional Convention

into four volumes containing the materials necessary to study the workings of the

Constitutional Convention." This report was submitted by Elbridge Gerry of Connecticut

and forms the basis for the The Great Compromise. The committee recommended the

legislative branch be comprised of two branches, an upper house and a lower house. The

upper house would have equal representation for each state and the lower house

representatives would be elected proportional to population.

Stapko, C. C. Gregory. William Paterson. 1793. Oyez, Legal Information Institute,

www.oyez.org/justices/william_paterson. Accessed 10 June 2018. One of the founders

who also introduced the New Jersey Plan, Justice Paterson.

Stuart, Gilbert. George Washington. Ca. 1798. National Library of Medicine, www.nlm.nih.gov/

exhibition/georgewashington/exhibition0.html. Accessed 10 June 2018. Painting of

George Washington. Only famous or influential people could have portraits at this time.

He officiated the Constitutional Convention.

"U. S. Constitution." 1787. National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/

constitution-transcript. Accessed 10 June 2018. Result of the Constitutional Convention

but now with 27 amendments.

Secondary Sources

Bowen, Catherine Drinker. Miracle At Philadelphia: The Story of the Constitutional Convention

May - September 1787. New York, Back Bay, 1986. This narrative account of the
 Constitutional Convention allows the reader to witness a dramatic moment in history

through actual events and adds a more human dimension to the political proceedings.

Collier, Christopher. Decision in Philadelphia. New York, Ballantine, 2007. 


Includes a complete copy of the Constitution and documents this important time with a

touch of levity. This is an engaging summary of the proceedings and is presented in a

way that is easy to understand.

"Constitution of the United States—A History A More Perfect Union: The Creation of the U.S.

Constitution." 1787. National Archivess, www.archives.gov/founding-docs/more-

perfect-union. Accessed 10 June 2018. This documents Roger Sherman's Great

Compromise.

"Garrison's Constitution The Covenant with Death and How It Was Made, Part 2." 2000.

National Archives, www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2000/winter/garrisons-

constitution-2.html. Accessed 10 June 2018. This references Madison's notes and relates

to Sherman's views on slavery and how to count votes for representation on the

legislative branch.

"Introduction to the Constitutional Convention." Youtube, 30 Oct. 2014, www.youtube.com/

watch?v=_JDF0WWW13A. Accessed 15 June 2018. Brief video introduction of the

Constitutional Convention, set in May 1787.

Madison, James. "Vices of the Political System of the United States." Apr. 1787. National

Archives, founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-09-02-0187. Accessed 10 June

2018. This quote is used to document some of Madison's views regarding slavery.
Mintz, Steven. "Historical Context: The Constitution and Slavery." Gilder Lehrman Institute of

American History, www.gilderlehrman.org/content/historical-context-constitution-

and-slavery. Accessed 27 May 2018. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

is a leading American history nonprofit organization dedicated to K–12 education while

also serving the general public. The Institute promotes an understanding of American

history through educational programs and resources. This article address some of the

concerns regarding slavery as related to the forming of our government and because

delegates failed to address this issue, the Constitution would be later challenged and

tested when the South secedes.

"Mount Vernon." The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret, edited by Mary V. Thompson,

www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/slavery/the-only-unavoidable-subject-of-

regret/. Accessed 10 June 2018. This includes a quote from George Washington relating

to his view on slavery.

"10 reasons why America’s first constitution failed." National Constitution Center, 17 Nov.

2017, constitutioncenter.org/blog/10-reasons-why-americas-first-constitution-failed.

Accessed 10 June 2018.

"Timeline of Federalism." Department of Education, www.education.ne.gov/static/

social_studies/CSSAP%20Modules/CSSAP%20First%20Phase%20Modules/federalism/

timeline.html. Accessed 10 June 2018. Map. Shows important events from when the

Constitution was devised until the Civil War.

Vile, John R. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of

America's Founding. ABC-Clio, 2018. 


 An excellent reference resource including letter, documents, portraits and covers the

personalities, politics, and events involved in drafting the U.S. Constitution. This

contains direct quotes, concise summaries and easy to understand interpretations of legal

documents.

Was the Constitution of 1789 Anti-Slavery or Pro-Slavery? 2018. History News Network, George

Washington University, historynewsnetwork.org/article/160650. Accessed 18 June

2018. Striking image used to illustrate slavery and the Constitution.