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First Edition, 2013
ISBN: ___________
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over them.
7
MATRIX OF CONTENTS
Quarter 1
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC’S) Across Environment and Market
Lesson 1: Entrepreneurship And Personal
Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC’S)
Introduction
Learning Competencies/Objectives
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment
Reading Resources And Instructional Activities
What to know?
What started businesses?
Need-Based Business Opportunities
Supply Of Raw Materials Is Abundant In The Locality
What Makes Up A Successful Entrepreneur?
Characteristics Of Successful Entrepreneurs
Lifestyle Of Successful Entrepreneurs
The Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC’S) Of
Successful Entrepreneurs
What to process?
What to reflect and understand?
What to transfer?
Summative Assessment
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
References
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (Pec’s)
Across Market And Environment
Lesson 2: Understanding The Market And EnvironmentOf Businesses
Introduction
Learning Competencies/Objectives
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
What to know?
8
Common Characteristics of a Business Market
The Legal Forms of Business
The Different Industries in the Country Today
Checking the Needs, Wants, and Demands of the Market Through Environment
Scanning Process
Determining the 4M’S of Production
The Importance of Acquiring a Start-up Capital
Factors in Selecting the Best Business Location
Hiring and Training Personnel
Registration of a New Business
Practicing Simple Record Keeping
What to process?
What to reflect and understand?
Supplementary Reading: The SWOT
What to reflect and understand?
What to transfer?
Supplementary Reading: The Business Plan
Summative Assessment
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
References
Quarter 2
Conducting Pre - agricultural Farm Operations
Lesson 3: Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and
SimpleEquipment for Agricultural Farm
Operations
Introduction
Learning Competencies/Objectives
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
What to know?
Hand Tools
Farm Implements
Farm Equipment
Other Materials, Tools, and Equipment
9
Conduct beginnning inventory of tools, implements, and simple equipment
Pre-operative Check-up of Farm Tools, Implements, andEquipment
What to process?
What to reflect and understand?
What to transfer
Summative Assessment
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
References
Quarter 3
Conducting Pre-Agricultural Farm Operations
Lesson 4: Preparing and Maintaining Farm Tools, Implements, Simple Equipment, and
Facilities
Introduction
Learning Competencies/Objectives
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
What to know?
Safety Precautions in Handling Farm Facilities
Types of Hazard
Risk Management
Principles of HACCP
Types of Maintenance
5M’s in Maintenance
Maintenance Schedules and Checklists
Safety Rules in Maintaining Tools
Practice 5S
What to process?
What to reflect and understand?
What to transfer?
Summative Assessment
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
References
10
Quarter 4
Conducting Pre-Agricultural Farm Operations
Lesson 5: Securing Farm Tools, Implements, Simple Equipment, and Facilities
Introduction
Learning Competencies/Objectives
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment
What to know?
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
Maintaining Farm Facility
How to Clean Your Tools
Simple Repair and Modification of Tools and Implements
Installation of Preventive Structure
Prepare Farm Facilities and Equipment for Storage
Storage of Hazardous Products
What to process?
What to reflect and understand?
What to transfer?
Summative Assessment
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
References
11
AFA – AGRICULTURALCROP PRODUCTION GRADE 9 TEACHER’S
GUIDE
K-12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
TRAINING REGULATION-BASED TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
AGRI-CROP PRODUCTION
(SPECIALIZATION)
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your answer on this
manual.
5. A set of skills that entrepreneurs must possess to take control of the challenges
in business is known as
A. Personal business capacities
B. Personally preferred competencies
C. Professional enterprise competencies
D. Personal entrepreneurial competencies
9. When entrepreneurs face a significant obstacle with a well planned action, they
have Personal Entrepreneurial Competency known as
A. Initiative C. Persuasion
B. Persistence D. Risk-taking
10. Luis is good in convincing his customers that his product is not only of best
quality but also safe to use. Many of his customers bought and even return to
buy more of the product because they want to share it to their friends. What
personal entrepreneurial competency does Luis has?
A. Persuasion
B. Goal setting
C. Self-confidence
D. Demand for efficiency and quality
14
Activity #1: KNOWLEDGE
This activity must be conducted by the students because this is a prerequisite of the
succeeding activities.
Directions: Before immersing ourselves into the exciting discussion about setting up and
running a business in the most sustainable ways, we will first do inspiration-drawing
activity through the conduct of casual interviews with entrepreneurs in the community.
Look for a partner in doing this. Identify 3 retailers, 3 service providers, and 1 producer.
Use the template below for the interview and in tracking the answers of the selected
entrepreneur-respondents. Discuss the responses with your partner and present to your
class a brief analysis/report of the interview.
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Interview Producer
Service Comments
Guides Retailers (commercial
Providers
scale)
Students’ guide For For example, Producer of Our reactions
questions to be example, Plant Rental Vegetables, to
used but not Fruit and Services, Fruits,Seedlings entrepreneurs
limited to the Vegetables Landscaping of Fruit Trees, responses
following: Vendors, Services, Ornamental
Ornamental Landscape and Flowering
Plants Maintenance Plants,
Retailers Services
Why did you
choose this
business?
How did you
start it?
What are the
challenges you
met?
How did you
counter all
those
challenges?
Did you
experience
losses? How
did you respond
to losses?
Can you share
some strategies
in keeping
15
customers?
What personal
qualities help
this business
flourish up to
now?
Are you afraid
of your
competitors?
Why?
Can you give
us some pieces
of entrep-based
advice?
NOTE: Tell your students to keep their output. They will need this in the next
activities.
TEACHER’S TALKING POINTS:
You will discuss this to the class preferably with the use of a digital technology or in its
absence a class facilitation using 4A’s will be used. In your activity phase, please
encourage students to utilize reusable papers. Always put in your mind that a teacher
starts a class with the end in mind; inspire the students
16
Aside from secured volume of quantity,this opportunity is cheaper as when the
entrepreneur outsource production
produ inputs from other places.
17
Be a risk-taker with alternative courses of action on
hand. Business risks are always there however,
4 Courage one’s readiness to face, reduce or eliminate it
depends on how brave you can be.
Elizabeth Bowen (1899 - 1973) an Irish novelist and short-story writer, wrote,
“The best that an individual can do is to concentrate on what he or she can do, in the
course of a burning effort to do it better”.
According to Valdez, et. al, the following are the common lifestyle features of an
entrepreneur:
19
It is one of the highest lifestyle considerations that
entrepreneurs must adapt. Although inspired by their freedom
A sense of freedom
to lead and control all elements of the business, they must
and control
exercise careful in choosing the right course of actions and
decisions to take.
20
different Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies or PEC’s, a set of skills that
entrepreneurs must possess to take control of the challenges in business. PEC’s are
the key abilities of entrepreneurs’ success in business.
PEC’s are clustered into three clusters according to its area of application:
Achievement Cluster
Demand for • Perform business tasks better, faster, cheaper, but do not put
Efficiency safety and quality aside
and Quality • Accomplish tasks by meeting or exceeding standards of
excellence
21
Planning Cluster
• Sets goals and objectives which are specific and must guarantee
Goal setting customer satisfaction
• Set calculated goals and objectives
Power Cluster
PROCESS/SKILLS
Read the instructions to your students. Discuss the matrix prior to the start of the
activity. Other instructions are embedded in the matrix.
This activity must be conducted by the students because this is a prerequisite of the
succeeding activities.
22
Activity #2:
This is a self examination activity. After knowing the different characteristics that an
entrepreneur must possess, examine yourself if you have these characteristics too.
Simply put check (/) if that particular characteristic is present in you or an x (X) if you do
not possess it. Comment on your own status by giving possible options that can help
you acquire it.
Do I have
this?
Realizations
Characteristics of an entrepreneur YE
NO (What are my options?)
S
(X)
(/)
1 Optimism
2 Self-confidence
3 Self-control
4 Courage
5 Commitment
6 Creativity
7 Well-defined values
8 High energy level
9 Leadership ability
10 Desire for responsibility
11 Decision-making skills
12 Desire for immediate feedback
13 Strong desire to achieve
14 Ability to learn from past failures
UNDERSTANDING
23
Tell the students to prepare a presentation and feedbacking will be allowed.
Activity #3:
Do I have Realizations
this? (If Yes how can I improve
Competencies of an entrepreneur this?)
YES NO
(If NO what will I do
(/) (X)
acquire it)
Opportunity Seeking and Initiative
Risk Taking
Demand for Efficiency and Quality
Persistence
Commitment to the Work Contract
Information Seeking
Goal setting
Systematic Planning and Monitoring
Persuasion and Networking
Independence and self-confidence
TRANSFER
The general directions as well as the embedded ones must be carefully discussed.
Tell the students to prepare a presentation and feedbacking will be allowed.
Students are required to conduct an End-Of-The-Activities Report for archiving as well
as future reference.
24
Activity #4:
Let us match the result of our Activity #1 with the standard characteristics, lifestyle, and
skills of our interviewees. Do you think that their businesses will be sustained? Support
your answer and present it to the class. Use the results gathered in Activity #2 and
Activity #3 to help you analyze and forecast the sustainability of their businesses. Other
instructions are embedded in the matrix.
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Producer
Service
Retailers (commercial
Providers
Personal Entrepreneurial scale)
REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN ACTIVITY
Competencies (PEC’s)
#1. Check if the Respondents above possess
the PEC’s enumerated in the first column.
Put check (/) if observed and x(X) in not
observed
Opportunity Seeking and Initiative
Risk Taking
Demand for Efficiency and Quality
Persistence
Commitment to the Work Contract
Information Seeking
Goal setting
Systematic Planning and Monitoring
Persuasion and Networking
Independence and self-confidence
GENERAL ANALYSIS
25
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Producer
Service
Retailers (commercial
Providers
scale)
Lifestyles of Entrepreneurs REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN ACTIVITY
#1. Check if the Respondents above possess
the lifestyle features enumerated in the first
column. Put check (/) if observed and x(X) if
not observed
A sense of freedom and control
Flexibility of time
Energy and stamina
Family support
Professional support
GENERAL ANALYSIS
Sustainability of business
(Do you think the entrepreneur-
respondent can sustain their
businesses? Enumerate your
justifications)
Recommendations
(Give recommendations, as options 1 and 2, for
Entrepreneur-
the sustainability of the respondents
Respondent
entrepreneurial activities)
Option 1 Option 2
Retailer
Service Providers
Producer (Commercial
Scale)
26
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
References:
http://www.businessdictionary.com
Albarico J.M., Celarta C.B, Fernando E., and Valdez E.S. 2011.
Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications, Co.,
BagongPook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
end of lesson 1
27
_____________FIRST QUARTER _____________
DEVELOPING PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PEC’s)
ACROSS MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT
__________Lesson 2FIRSTQUARTER
2FIRSTQUARTER __________
DEVELOPING PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES
COMPETENCIES (PEC’s)
ACROSS MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT
This is a specialization
ion course which leads to HORTICULTURAL CROP
PRODUCITON (Training Regulation based). It covers the Grade 9 Technology and
Livelihood Education (TLE) studentsought to possess namely: 1. Develop Personal
Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC’s) across Market and Environment,2. Prepare farm
tools, implements
ements and simple equipment for Horticultural farm operations, 3.Perform
simple repair and modification of tools, implement, and equipment, 4. Observe safety
precautions in Horticultural Farm Operations, 5. Maintain farm facilities, 6.
HORTICULTURE leading to NC II Qualification consisting of the core competencies in
which students must achieve in conducting pre
pre-horticultural
horticultural farm operations.
28
CONTENT STANDARD LEARNING
COMPETENCIES/OBJECTIVES
The learner demonstrates understanding 1. Determine the common
of Market and Environment across characteristics of a business market
Horticultural products and services 2. Identify the legal forms of business
PERFORMANCE STANDARD 3. Describe the different industries in
the country today
4. Map and analyze the opportunities
The learner independently generates a offered by the industries in the
business idea related to Horticulture community
based on the analysis of environment and 5. Check the needs, wants. and
market in Horticulture demands of the market through
environmental scanning process
6. determine the 4M’s of production
7. Discuss the importance of acquiring
a start-up capital
8. Make a business plan
9. Apply the standards in selecting the
best business location
10. Assess the internal and external
environment of the business through
Strength, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and Threats method
of business assessment
11. Practice simple record keeping
Introduction
Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment:
This Pre-Diagnostic Assessment must be conducted after the brief introduction of the
29
lesson and before the discussion of the talking points.
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your answer on this
manual.
The highlighted choice is the key answer.
8. Place the indicators found inside the box at the right into the third column of the
matrix at the left. Group the indicators correctly.
A. Competitors analysis
Group Part Of Business Plan
B. Product description
A Production C. Maintenance and repair
Plan _________ D. Promotional strategies
E. Sources of equipment
B Marketing F. Terms and conditions of purchase
Plan _________
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the box?
A. C
.
Group Part Of Business Plan Group Part Of Business Plan
30
B. D.
This activity must be conducted by the students because this is a pre-requisite of the
succeeding activities. Tell your students to keep their output.
Activity #1:
31
absence a class facilitation using 4A’s will be used. In your activity phase, please
encourage students to utilize reusable papers. Always put in your mind that a teacher
starts a class with the end in mind; inspire the students
There are many established and emerging industries in the country. Having
mapped all of those in the community will give a would-be entrepreneur a chance to
examine what entrepreneurial opportunities it would bring to the community. Once these
Courtesy to
opportunities are identified, entrepreneurs will lay down their plan of actions and then
start the business activities.
Courtesy to
The following are the key industries distributed all over the country. Some or may
be all of them are located in your locality:
1. Agribusiness
2. Cyber services
3. Health and Wellness
4. Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism
5. Mining
6. Construction
Courtesy
Courtesy to to
33
7. Banking and Finance
8. Manufacturing
9. Ownership Dwellings
and Real Estate
10. Transport and Logistics
11. Wholesale and Retail
Trade
12. Overseas Employment
13. Creative Industries
34
Courtesy to
Courtesy to
Courtesy to
Raw materials, whether local or outsourced, are processed into goods to be sold
to an identified market or segments of the market. This economic activity is referred to
as production.
Success in production is strictly determined with four (4) factors popularly known
as the 4M’s:
35
Courtesy to
6. THE IMPORTANCE OF ACQUIRING A START-UP CAPITAL
you do not have the cash on hand yet, you need to consider favorable sources. Would-
be entrepreneurs must carefully choose which capital source to take. Money lenders
which offer high interest are always not a good choice. The following are the possible
sources of the start-up capital for any types of businesses to be established:
Well-reputed lending institutions in the community can offer the following types of
loans according to term of repayment:
37
c. Accessibility to consumers and
transportation.
d. Consider zoning and local ordinances.
e. Availability of power and fuel sources.
f. Taxation, such as municipal tax policies, other local fees and rates.
Courtesy to
8. HIRING AND TRAINING PERSONNEL
New business must be registered in the name of legalities. Before you let your
well-planned business rocks the market, the following official processes must be
undertaken:
Courtesy to
a. Register your official business name in the Department of Trade and Industry
(DTI).
b. Apply for a Mayor’s Permit to operate the business and the Municipal
Business License of the business.
c. Register your business at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
The Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws are required for all corporations
and for partnership.
d. Register your business in the Bureau of Internal Revenue whereupon your
business will be assigned a Tax Identification Number (TIN).
e. Register your employees with the PhilHealth, PAG-IBIG, and Social Security
System (SSS). Registration in other agencies which provide welfare and other
38
benefits must also be consulted and legally
followed.
Courtesy to
10. PRACTICING SIMPLE RECORD KEEPING
Courtesy to
Generally, the benefits of recording system and the good records kept are the
following:
a. Easy monitoring of the success or failure of your business.
b. Information needed to make decisions is provided and accessible.
c. Information needed to take bank financing package is available.
d. References for budgeting are at hand.
39
e. Easy preparation of income tax return.
f. Easy computation of sales taxes.
g. Profit distribution is facilitated by organized record keeping.
40
PROCESS/SKILLS
This activity must be conducted by the students because this is a prerequisite of the
succeeding activities. Tell your students to keep their output.
Read the instructions to your students. Discuss the matrix prior to the start of the
activity. Other instructions are embedded in the matrix.
Activity #2:
Use the data in Activity #1 in this activity. Analyze and identify business opportunities as
well as challenges these data can offer to aspiring entrepreneurs.
Business Challenges to
Data to be
Dimension Data Opportunities Aspiring
gathered
Offered Entrepreneurs
Number of
Market
households
demographics
Number of Retailers
of various products
Number of
wholesalers of
various products
Number of
businesses
Number of
producers (specify
products)
Number of service-
based businesses
41
UNDERSTANDING
This activity must be conducted by the students because this is a prerequisite of the
succeeding activities. Tell your students to keep their output.
Activity #3:
Choose one business opportunity identified in column 4. Carefully study the potential of
that business idea. Use the SWOT guide below to accomplish this task. Present your
SWOT Sheet to the class for critiquing and feedbacking. Be sure to record feedbacks
given by the teacher and classmates.
Courtesy to
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
(These are internal positive qualities (These are negative indications that deters
of the business idea that offers the good future of the business idea
advantages and benefits to the probably contributory to business losses)
aspiring entrepreneurs)
42
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Enumerate all opportunities of the Enumerate all threats of the business here
business here
(These are external indications of
(These are externat indications that unfavorable situatons leading business to
offer chance for progress or problems and other difficulties that will put
advancement of the business) profits into risks)
Activity # 4:
Refer to your SWOT Sheet and make further analysis and this time the ultimate
task is make decision whether to pursue the proposed business idea or consider other
alternative businesses. There are two possible facets after the final decision will be
made. First, pursue the business because the SWOT reveals more positive indications
than negative ones or, second, disregard the business idea because there are more
negative indications. Consequently, try another business idea and subject it into the
same process of analysis.
Make a presentation of your task and be proud to inspire others that you now
have chosen a viable business idea chosen from the opportunities obtained from the
data generated by the simply community mapping we did.
43
TRANSFER
This is business planning. Make it simple and inspiring. Data to be assumed and used
shall be based on the prevailing price in the community.
Collect a copy of the business plan for presentation, i.e. gallery walk, during the
culmination activities. Invite community entrepreneurs to study the business plans
Activity #5:
Since you have chosen 1 viable business idea already, it is just-in-time to
develop an impressive Business Plan. Refer to the guide given below and read the
sample business plan provided. Your own plan must not be limited to few pages only,
as the example is presented. All data and information must be given in order to come up
with a completely sound and impressive business plan.
44
Below is a detailed guide in the development of a comprehensive business plan.
Below is a sample business plan of Ms. Karen Opinion. The 24-pages original
plan was shortened to present only the major parts below:
48
BUSINESS PLAN
Jean’s Garden
Contents (Note to the readers: The table of content is not presented here.)
This business aptly belongs to the agribusiness industry in the southern part of the
country.
A landscape area will add beauty to the surroundings. It will please everybody’s
eyes and encourages them to appreciate, love, and care for the beauty of the plants
growing in nature.
49
Executive Summary
The owner-entrepreneur is a plant hobbyist who wishes to see all types of plants
in her backyard. Her collection ranges from partial shade, outdoor and even plants in
very dry semi-arid parts of the world. Her family is into the challenging yet successful
breeding program of desert rose or Adenium sp. of single, double, and triple/multiple
petals.
Marketing Plan
The target market will include the small and large-scale commercial landscapers
of General Santos City and other nearby cities and municipalities.Walk-in customers like
tourists, homeowners, and plant collectors who will buy few pieces only are likewise
valued as important customers who can possibly create word of mouth about the
business to other enthusiasts.
Production Plan
50
Plants will be delivered by the producers/propagators to the store as soon as the
ordering processes is completed and finalized.
Financial Plan
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS
Jean’s Landscaping Plants Trading
Total Project Cost
Particulars Amount(PhP)
Fixed Asset:
Dipper 20.00
Pale 60.00
Watering hose 120.00
Subtotal: 200.00
Working Capital(1month)
Direct Materials 23,000.00
Direct Labor 3,000.00
Overhead Expenses 1,800.00
Operating Expenses 200.00
Subtotal: 28,000.00
Total Project Costs 28,200.00
Underlying Assumption:
1.) 360 pcs. of assorted ornamental and flowering plants are assumed to
be sold per month.
Katsura (100pcs), Pandakaki (100pcs),
Bougainvillea (100pcs), Adenium( 60pcs)
51
3.) Operating hours per day is 8-9 hours from Mondays to Sundays and
30 days a month(P100/day paid for sales personnel).
Particulars Amount(PhP)
Sales:
Bougainvillea (P50.00@100pcs) 5,000.00
Katsura (P50.00@100pcs) 5,000.00
Pandakaki (P50.00@100pcs) 5,000.00
Adenium (single P250@20pcs) 5,000.00
(double P300@20pcs) 6,000.00
(triple P350@20pcs) 7,000.00
Total 33,000.00
Less Cost of Sales:
Direct Materials(Garden Inputs) 0
Bougainvillea (P25.00@100pcs) 2,500.00
Katsura (P20.00@100pcs) 2,000.00
Pandakaki (P25.00@100pcs) 2,500.00
Adenium (single P200@20pcs) 4,000.00
(double P250@20pcs) 5,000.00
(triple P300@20pcs) 7,000.00
23,000.00
Direct Labor
(P100.00/day x 30 days) 3,000.00
Overhead Expenses 1,800.00
Depreciation(FA/EUL) 66.67
Total 27,866.67
Gross Profit 5,133.33
Less Operating Expense 200.00
Net Income Before Tax 4,933.33
Return on Investment(Ave. Net
18%
Income/TPC)
Payback Period(TPC/Ave. Net Income+
Depreciation) 72 days or 2months and 12 days
Gross Profit Ratio(Gross Profit/Total
Sales) 15%
Net Margin(Net Income/Total Sales) 18%
52
G. Critical analysis
During rainy days rate of visit of walk-in customers is low consequently sales for
this period is equivalently low. However the booming real estate business in General
Santos City will commend higher demand in landscaping, thus, there will be more
orders of landscaping plants.
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
Now we know that the market and environment are the two major factors that
dictate any business activities. It is so diverse however this diversity offers numerous
opportunities for businesses.
Entrepreneurs play a very important role in the national growth and development.
Aside from tax payment to the government, an entrepreneur is responsible of the
human resources development. Employment, whether casual, probationary, and
permanent, offers workplace trainings which help employees’ personal and professional
growth.
53
Entrepreneurs must not only possess passion of the business but personally
learn the works of their employee as well. The benefit of this best practice is that
entrepreneurs will find it easier to track the operations of the business including its
profitability.
Finally, getting all these business prerequisites into the heart and mind of
entrepreneurs and together with adequate knowledge, skills and work values, their
businesses will be sustained.
end of
54
AFA – HORTI CROP PRODUCTION GRADE 9 TEACHING GUIDE
K-12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
TRAINING REGULATION-BASED TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION
HORTI-CROP PRODUCTION
(SPECIALIZATION)
55
accordance with the manufacturer’s manual.
• Conduct beginning inventory of tools,
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
implements, and simple equipment
• Basic pre-operative check up of tools,
The learner independently
prepares farm tools, implements, implements, and simple equipment
and simple equipment in
3. Segregate and treat tools with wear and
Agricultural Crop Production
operations in accordance with the corrosions according to maintenance plan
Manufacturer’s Manual.
and procedures.
Introduction
The lesson deals with the identification and classification of tools, implements
and simple equipment according to use. It also includes pre-operative check up of farm
tools, implements, and simple equipment for agricultural farm operations.
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment:
This Pre-Diagnostic Assessment must be conducted after the brief introduction of the
lesson and before the discussion of the talking points.
A. Directions:Choose the best answer by writing only the LETTER in your quiz
notebook.
The highlighted choice is the key answer.
1. Farm tools, implements and equipment are very important in agricultural crop
production because:
A. They make work faster
B. They make work easier
C. They save time and effort
D. All reasons above are correct
2. Use the appropriate tool for a specific task to attain quality performance. Which of
the following tools is least used for digging garden plots?
A. Bolo
B. Grub-hoe
C. Pick-mattock
D. Light hoe
3. Which of the following harvesting tools is seldom used in harvesting cucurbits and
solanaceous crops?
56
A. Harvesting knife
B. Harvesting scissors
C. Pruning shears
D. Scythe
4. It is a tool with one end flattened and the other pointed at a right angle toward its
handle.
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Pick mattock
D. Spade
5. Small seeded vegetable crops are usually pre-germinated to attain quality
seedlings. Which among the following methods of seedling production is NOT
applicable for planting in a wide production area?
A. Seed box
B. Seedling tray
C. Seedbed
D. Individual plastic bags
6. Which among the following are not classified as digging tools?
A. Shovel, spade
B. Bolo, knife
C. Pick mattock, grub-hoe
D. Crowbar, post hole digger
7. Farm equipment are used to facilitate initial tillage operation in a wide tract of land.
Which among the following equipment is used to perform the task stated above?
A. Tractor with disc plow
B. Tractor with disc harrow
C. Tractor with rotavator
D. Tractor with seed driller
8. It is a tool with tines used to loosen the soil, dig out root crops, and turn over
materials in a compost heap.
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Pick mattock
D. Tooth harrow
9. The inventory of tools, implements and simple equipment is conducted for the
following reasons except:
57
A. To find out lost items
B. To segregate and repair damaged tools
C. To check the items that are present
D. To determine available tools, implements, and equipment for use
10. Which among the following is not a cultivating tool?
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Hand trowel
D. Hand cultivator
KNOWLEDGE
Activity 1
Let’s find out how much you know about farm tools, implements, and simple
equipment. Some of you may be sons and daughters of farmers who have some
experience in farming. In this activity you will do simple recall or will give ideas on the
topics you will discuss with your Learning Barkada.
Divide the class into four groups with equal members to form four Learning
Barkadas. Select your leader and the rapporteur who will take down notes on
discussions/decisions your group will make.
The following topics will be picked by your leader for you to discuss.
1. How to differentiate farm tools, implements, and simple equipment from each
other?
2. How are tools classified? Give at least 3 examples under each classification that
you know.
3. What is an inventory? Prepare an inventory form for tools, implements, and
simple equipment for your school.
4. Why is a pre-operative check up of tools, implements, and simple equipment
necessary?
The availability of farm tools, implements, and simple equipment is one of the
important factors needed to make farm work easier, better, and faster. These make
tools, implements, and equipment play a very important role in successful agricultural
crop production operations. However, their availability alone does not guarantee
success in production if the farmer/owner does not know how to use them. For the
58
farmer/owner to perform agricultural operations successfully, he/she must have a good
working knowledge of tools, implements, and equipment prior to use.
NOTE: Tell your students to keep their thei output. They will need this in their
succeeding activities.
TEACHER’S TALKING POINTS POINTS:
You will discuss this to the class preferably with the use of a digital technology or in its
absence a class facilitation using 4A’s will be used. In your activity pha phase, please
encourage students to utilize reusable papers. Always put in your mind that a teacher
starts a class with the end in mind; inspire the students
Classifications of tools
According to Asuncion,
Asuncion et al. (1983), the
following are the farm tools classified
cla according to
use:
Digging tools
1. Crowbar (bareta)is
is used for digging big
holes and for digging out big stones tree
and stumps.
2. Pick-mattock (mattock)is
(mattock) used for
digging canals, breaking hard topsoil
(flattened blade), and digging up
stones and tree stumps (pointed
portion).
3. Grub-hoe(asarol)is
is used for breaking
hard topsoil and pulverizing soil
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4. Spade is used for removing trash or
soil, digging canals or ditches, and
mixing soil media.
5. Shovel (pala)is
is used in removing trash,
digging loose soil, moving soil from one
place to another, and for mixing soil
media.
6. Spading fork(tinidor)is
is used for
loosening
oosening the soil, digging out root
crops, and turning over the materials
in a compost heap.
Cutting Tools
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4. Knives are used for cutting
planting materials,
terials, harvesting,
harvesting and used
in performing other operations
in crop production.
Cultivating tools
4. Hand cultivator(pangbakulkul)
(pangbakulkul) is used
for cultivating the garden plot by
loosening the soil and removing weeds
growing around the plant.
61
Harvesting tools
1. Harvesting knives/scissors/pruning
shears are used for f harvesting
vegetables crops.
Carpentry tools
62
6. Chiselis
is used smoothen wooden
handle of garden tools and implements.
Measuring tools
1. Weighing balanceis used for weighing
Harvests and fertilizers.
2. Meter stickis
is used for measuring
garden plots and heights of plants.
Other materials
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3. Sprinklers are used for watering
Seedlings and other plants, such as
vegetables and ornamentals
ornamentals.
Farm Implements
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made of wood withmetal teeth and pulled
by a draft animal while disc harrow is made of metal mounted to a tractor.
Harrows are used for pulverizing the soil.
65
Rotavator
Farm Equipment
Farm equipment are machineries used in land preparation and transporting farm
inputs and products. To use this machineries a highly skilled operator is needed to
perform the task.
1. Hand tractor is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing the field for planting.
2. Four - wheel tractor is usedtopull a disc plow and a disc harrow in preparing amuch
wider area of land.
3. Water pumpis used to draw water from a source for use in irrigating the field.
An inventory is initially prepared to check the items that are present, available for use,
operational, and adequate for the training activities.
An inventory should be done at the beginning of the school year to provide a list of the
existing tools, implements, and equipment. It is important because you will find out how many
are serviceable and need repair. As a result, accidents can be prevented because
66
damagedtools will be brought to the farm shop for repair. Students must be aware of their
responsibilities as borrowers. They should replace lost tools and repair damaged tools.
Likewise, a yearend inventory is essential, to ensure that the tools, implements, and
equipment are still complete and in good condition ready for use in the next school year.
Below is a sample of an inventory record form.
Table 1. Sample Inventory Record
Imagine that the long, hot summer vacation has finally come to an end. It is the
beginning of the school year and you are ready to start working in your vegetable
gardens. But before you start, check the tools, implements, and equipment you plan to
use.
Dressed in your working clothes and armed with your personal protective
equipment (PPE), proceed to the shop to retrieve your tools so that you can start
clearing away the last remnants of the summer and begin breaking the soil for a new
year. Imagine your frustration when you see that the tools are covered with rust and dirt
from the last vacation. It seems that on this nice day, you will be spending more time
cleaning and repairing tools than actually using them.
67
PROCESS/SKILLS
Activity 2
In Activity 1, a group was assigned to give the classification of tools. After discussing this
topic, the group was requested to post their output in front of the students for the class to
assess. Find out how many correct ideas they have.
Now, after learning the different classifications of tools, all Learning Barkadas will
classify the tools in your tool room. List down all the tools under each classification. Present
your output to the class in 3 minutes. The Learning Barkada that will get the most number of
correct answers will be rated 5, 4, for the second highest, etc.
UNDERSTANDING
Activity 3
You have just learned the importance of having an inventory of tools. You have alsoseen
an example of an inventory record form. You already know the classifications of tools. This time,
each Learning Barkada will prepare an inventory of tools according to their classification.
Present your output in a short bond paper after encoding it.
TRANSFER
Activity 4
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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT MUST BE CONDUCTED
The diagnostic test material will be used for this purpose; however, teacher may
customize questions to expand the number of items provided that questions asked must
cover KNOWLEDGE, PROCESS/SKILLS, and UNDERSTANDING.
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
Tools, implements, and simple equipment facilitate work. As the user, bear in mind that
knowing safety precaution on the proper use of these tools lead to a safe and successful
endeavor. Before using any of the tools, implements and equipment, always check whether or
not they are still usable or serviceable. It is also good practice to always check with or refer to
the manual of operations as prescribed by the manufacturer. When necessary, seek the
assistance of a skilled operator.
Keep a record of tools, implements, and simple equipment so you know what tools are
stored in the tool room.
Tools that are defective should be segregated and fixed immediately to prevent
accidents.
69
AFA – AGRI CROP PRODUCTION GRADE 9 TEACHING GUIDE
K-12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
TRAINING REGULATION-BASED TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION
AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION
(SPECIALIZATION)
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
CONTENT STANDARD
70
regards to the maintenance
PERFORMANCE STANDARD activities
Introduction
This lesson deals with the maintenance of farm tools, implements, simple
equipment, and facilities. It also includes workplace hazards and environmental
implications associated with maintenance procedures.
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment:
A. Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the LETTER of the correct answer and write it in your quiz notebook.
1. Maintenance is work done regularly to keep our tools in good condition. Which of the
following is the first and foremost task in maintenance?
A. Inspect tools before using them
B. Clean tools every after use
C. Keep workplace clean and orderly
D. Use tools, implements, and equipment properly
2. The following are important reasons why we maintain our tools, implements, and
equipment except:
A. To properly dispose hazardous waste
B. To extend the life of tools, implements, and equipment
C. To attain aesthetic beauty of the workplace
D. To assure the operational readiness of the tools, implements, and equipment and
maximum return on investments
3. Which of the following is not a benefit from maintaining the facilities?
A. Ensure safe environment
B. Prolonged life of facilities
C. Reduced operational cost and production
D. Prompt delivery of services/products
4. The 5S with several philosophies are pre-requisites for any improvement program.
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Which of the following is not a philosophy of 5S?
A. Simplifies work environment
B. Effective workplace organization
C. Waste of time and effort
D. Reduces waste while improving quality and safety
5. A maintenance performed to prevent or find defects before they develop into a
breakdown refers to:
A. Corrective maintenance
B. Preventive maintenance
C. Emergency maintenance
D. Time-based maintenance
B. Sequencing
Directions: Arrange in order the four-step processes of risk management by assigning
number in every step.
C. Identification
Directions: Identify the different examples of hazards by placing a check mark () under the
types of hazard in the table below.
72
6.Poor
posture
7.Improperly
aligned chairs
8.Flammable
materials
9.Radiation
10.Confined
spaces
KNOWLEDGE
Activity 1
In the past lesson, you were able to identify defective tools, implements, and simple
equipment. We agreed not to use defective tools to avoid accidents. We need to restore
these tools in order that we will have enough tools to use in the laboratory.
Have you ever met an accident before? Or have you seen someone involved in
an accident?
In our next lesson, we will be discussing hazards, risks or accidents in our
workplaces in relation to the maintenance of tools, implements, and simple equipment.
Again, go to your Learning Barkada and pick one topic for you to discuss.
1. What are hazards, risks, and accidents? What are the types of
hazards that you know?
2. What is Republic Act 9003? As students, what are your roles
to attain the objectives of the RA 9003?
3. What maintenance activities should you undertake to prolong
the life and effectiveness of your tools?
4. Enumerate materials needed in maintaining your tools,
implements, and simple equipment.
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Safety Precautions in Handling Farm Facilities
What is a hazard?
Hazard is anything in the workplace that has the potential to harm people. Hazards in
the workplace should be identified and the risk of the hazard causing an injury should be
assessed.
Types of Hazards
1. Safety hazards
These are the most common hazards in a workplace occuring at one time or
another. They include unsafe conditions that can result in injury, illness or death.
Examples:
• Spills on floors
• Working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any raised
area
• Unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts
• Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins and improper
wiring
• Confined spaces
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2. Biological hazards
These are associated with working with animals, people, or infectious plant
materials.
Examples:
• Insect bites
• Fungi/mold
• Bacteria and virus
• Plants
• Animal and bird droppings
• Blood and other body fluids
3. Physical hazards
These are factors within the environment that can harm the body without
necessarily touching it.
Examples:
• Extreme temperature – hot and cold
• Constant loud noise
• High exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays
• Radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing (microwaves and
radiowaves)
4. Ergonomic hazards. Theseoccur when the type of work, body positions and working
conditions put a strain on your body. These are the hardest to spot since you
don’t always immediately notice the strain on your body or the harm that these
hazards pose. Short term exposure may result in “sore muscles” and long-term
exposure can result in serious illness.
Examples:
• Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
• Frequent lifting
• Poor posture
• Awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
• Repeating the same movements over and over
• Vibration
• Having to use too much force, especially if done frequently
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5. Chemical hazards. Theseare present when a worker is exposed to any chemical
preparation in the workplace in any form (solid, liquid, gas). Chemicals can cause
illness, skin irritation or breathing problems.
Beware of:
• Pesticides
• Cleaning products, paints, acids, and solvents
• Flammable materials, like gasoline and explosive chemicals
• Vapors, like fumes that come from welding
• Gases, like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and helium
Risk management
77
Basic Principles of Hazard Analytical and Critical Control Point (HACCP)
Identify hazards and assess the risks associated with them at each
step in the commodity system. Describe possible control measures.
78
Maintaining Farm Tools, Equipment, and Facilities
According to Ladia et. al (2012), maintenance is work that is done regularly to keep
tools, equipment, and facilities in good condition and working order. We need to learn the
different kinds of maintenance in order to identify the activities and proper procedures in the
management of facilities as well as of the time, money and materials involved.
The proper use of training tools, equipment, and facilities is the first and foremost task in
maintenance. If used in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual, as this would evidently
extend the life of the tools, equipment, and facilities. The manual would indicate the part and the
way to maintain it. We must always refer to it for reference.
Types of Maintenance
1. Preventive maintenance – maintenance performed to prevent or find defects before they
develop into a breakdown.
2. Corrective maintenance – maintenance tasks initiated as a result of the observed condition of
an asset or system, before or after functional failure to correct a problem. It is performed to
repair, restore, replace or correct a failure.
3. Emergency maintenance– maintenance performed to put the item on hand immediately to
avoid serious consequences, such as loss of production, disrupted schedule, extensive
damage to assets, idle worker or forsafety reasons. This should be requested as soon as you
become aware of a problem.
Why Maintain?
• To extend the useful life of tools, equipment and facilities
• To assure the operational readiness of equipment and maximum possible return on
investments
• To properly discard hazardous waste
• To ensure the safety of the user
79
Factors to Consider when Maintaining Farm Tools, Equipment, and Facilities
1. Manpower
2. Money (financial resources)
3. Methods and system
4. Machines (facilities)
5. Materials and supplies
Maintenance Checklist – is a list of maintenance tasks typically derived through some analysis
of analysis, generated automatically as work orders at a predetermined frequency.
Practice 5 S
According to Ladia, et al. (2012), 5S is the name of a workplace organization
methodology that uses a list of five (5) Japanese words which are seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu,
and shitsuke.Translated into English, they all begin with the letter “S”. The list describes how
items are stored and how the new order is maintained.
81
Below are samples of maintenance schedule:
82
fallen leaves,
branches, debris and
clearing pathways of
obstructions.
2. Empty trash and Trainee X
compost cans.
3. Sanitize and Trainee X Every
disinfect houses Friday
between uses
4. Clean and check Trainee X
wash area:
• Walls/floors-
free from molds
and stains
• Drainage
system is
functional
• Water system is
functional; no
dripping faucets
or leaking pipes
• Free from rags
or other
unnecessary
objects
83
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
Equipment Type Hand Tractor
Equipment Code HTI00
Location Shop Building
Schedule for the Month of
ACTIVITIES Manpower Daily Every Weekly Every Monthly Remarks
th
other 15
day Day
2. Check Every
loose bolts Trainee/Trainer Monday
and
missing
parts
3. Check Trainee/ Every
fuel and Trainer Monday
water
4. Replace Trainee/Trainer As the
engine oil need
arise
5.Clean air Trainee/ End of
cleaner Trainer the
Month
6.Engine Engine End of
tune-up Technician the
Month
Special Instructions:
Trainer:
84
WORKSHOP INSPECTION CHECKLIST
Qualification HORTICULTURE NC II
Remarks:
Inspected by: Date:
Remarks:
85
WASTE SEGREGATION CHECKLIST
PROCESS/SKILLS
Activity 2
There is a saying which runs thus, “Work and work without play, makes Juan a
dull boy,” so this time, let us play. The tile of our game is “Act and Tell.” Actors will come
from each Learning Barkada, round robin.
Example:
LB 1 will do an action about maintenance of tools and members from other
LBs will guess the action. If the action not correctly identified, the score goes to the “Act”
group. But if it was identified correctly; the merit goes to the “Tell” group. The Tell group
which gave the correct answer will have the chance to act to be answered by the other
LBs. The number of correct items they got will be their score.
86
UNDERSTANDING
Activity 3
This time, you are not going to work by groups. This is an individual pursuit to
assess how much you have learned from the lessons.
Select one of the topics listed below and develop it into a composition with 100
words only.
1. 5S and Me
2. Hazards and Me
3. Why do I maintain my tools
Activity 4
Every Learning Barkada will prepare a poster of safety precautions to be
displayed in the classroom.
TRANSFER
Activity 5
Let’s get physical. Each one of you go to the tool room and get a tool that needs
cleaning and/or simple repair. You may also bring your own tool for this activity. Apply
what you have learned about maintaining tools, implements, and simple equipment.
Before you start doing your task, assess your workplace. Identify the possible hazards
and do something about them to ensure your safety. While doing your task, observe
safety precautions to prevent untoward incidents from happening.
87
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
“An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure”: An adage which always
reminds us of our safety in everything we do.
Any place we go, any work we undertake, we are exposed to risks or hazards. To
avoid such, we must be extra careful of our actions and decisions. See to it that the
workplace meets the OHS standards.
Tools, implements, and equipment must be maintained and secured in their
proper places to be safely used next time.
REFERENCES:
Garcia, L.B., P.C. de Castro, R.G. Asuncion, Jr. A.J. Ganiron, E.B. Javier, E.D. Serrano, A.
B. Resureccion, and S.A. Yano. 1991. Safety Precautions When Working. In: Technology and
Home Economics II. First Edition. Instructional Materials Corporation (IMC), University of the
Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, 390 pp.
Ladia, L.A., P.V. Lucas and R.M. Mirasol. 2012. Maintaining Training Facilities. In: CBLM on
Trainers Methodology Level I. National TVET Trainers Academy, TESDA, Marikina City,
Philippines.
end of lesson 4
Preparing and Maintaining Farm Tools, Implements, Simple Equipment, and
Facilities
88
AFA – HORTI CROP PRODUCTION GRADE 9 TEACHING GUIDE
K-12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
TRAINING REGULATION-BASED TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
AGRICULTURALCROP PRODUCTION
(SPECIALIZATION)
89
LESSON 5. Securing Farm Tools, Implements, Equipment, and Facilities
Introduction
This lesson deals with the safety of farm tools, implements, simple equipment, and
farm facilities. It includes simple repair, installation of preventive structures, and
storage.
Learning Competencies/Objectives
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment:
This Pre-Diagnostic Assessment must be conducted after the brief introduction of the
lesson and before the discussion of the talking points.
Directions: Read the questions carefully and choose the LETTER of the correct
answer. Write the answer in your quiz notebook.
KNOWLEDGE
Below are some of the farm facilities in agri-crop production. Draw a square if the
91
facilities are familiar to you and a triangle if it is not, opposite each column. Put a (/) if
you know how to describe and (x) if you don’t in the next column.
Remarks
Farm Facility Can Can’t
Familiar Not familiar
describe describe
1. Storage barn
2. Shop building
3. Nursery
4. Vicinity fence
5. Greenhouse
A workshop provides a focal point at the farmstead for the repair and
maintenance of machines, implements and structures. It also provides a place where
tools can be stored in an orderly manner, a store for supplies and spare parts, and a
shelter where work can be carried out during inclement weather. A facility of this type
should be available on every farm. The size and design of a workshop, however, should
be commensurate with the size of the farm and the work to be done in the
shop.http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm Retrieved
1. Sufficient room for the largest machine that may need repair, including workspace
around it. If the machine is large, truss roof construction may be needed to provide the
required space without intermediate supports.
2. An entrance that is both wide enough and high enough for the largest equipment that the
shop has been designed to accommodate. If the building is enclosed with either solid walls
or wire netting, a second door is essential for safety in case of fire.
3. Some means of lifting and supporting heavy loads. When the roof span is 3m or less, a
92
timber beam is often adequate. For larger spans or very heavy loads a truss will be required.
Alternatively, a portable hoist can be used.
6. One or more fire extinguishers of a type suitable for fuel fires. Two or three buckets of dry
sand are a possible substitute or supplement for a fire extinguisher.
7. Storage cabinets for tools, supplies and spare parts. Sturdy doors can be locked for
security and also provide space to hang tools and display small supplies for easy access.
Simple garden tools are easy to repair. Spend a little time checking your garden tools for
things to fix and recycle.
1. Cut through the hose on either side of the bad section using a sharp knife.
2. Attach male and female hose couplings to the cut ends, following the directions that come
with the couplings. If the new hose fittings don't slide in easily, try softening the ends of the
hose in hot water or lubricating them with soap or cooking oil.
To fix a broken tooth of a rake or fork:
Bring this to the shop and weld the broken portion of the tools. Do the same with the
other tools and implements that need welding. For farm machineries that need repair,
93
contact expert mechanics to do the job.
To safeguard our agricultural crops and farm facilities from damage cause by strong
winds and typhoons, preventive structures should be installed beforehand. Examples of
preventive structures are windbreaks.
“Windbreaks could be linear plantings of trees and shrubs designed to enhance crop
production, protect people and livestock, and benefit soil and water conservation or buildings
situated along vegetable areas or plantations”.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr253 Retrieved
There are two types of windbreaks, living (natural) and non-living (artificial). Each
type serves to reduce wind, but there are economic tradeoffs associated with each. This
paper will focus on the advantages and disadvantages.
Living windbreaks are mostly composed of trees and shrubs, and in some cases
94
tall grasses. Artificial windbreaks are vertical structures made from a variety of materials
including metal and plastic cloth. One of the primary economic advantages of a living
windbreak is that it is a cheap and cost-effective technology due to low establishment
and maintenancecosts. The primary economic disadvantage is that a livingwindbreak
may take several years to develop; therefore, the economic benefit is not
immediate.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr253 ,
Let’s take a look at our facilities, such as the nursery shed, storage house, and farm
shops. Examine their physical conditions (roofing, sidings, or floorings). Can they survive any
disaster that may occur? Are the things inside safe? If not, what preventive structures should
you undertake?
Below is a table indicating the facilities, physical conditions, possible calamities or
disasters that may occur and the suggested preventive structures or contingency measures to
be undertaken.
Leaking roofing Storage barn Heavy rains Put water sealant (vulcaseal)
Unsafe windows Farm shop Thieves/burglars Put grills and heavy duty
and doors padlocks
Fires Provide fire hydrants
call fire department
Run off Construct drainage canal
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Dilapidated Vicinity fence Astray animal Reconstruct fence
After quite a long time, farming operations finally come to an end. At this time, we
have to check the tools, implements, and equipment we used and prepare them for
storage.
Implements, such as plows, harrows and cultivators, are little damaged by rust
when left outdoors. If they are properly cleaned prior to storage and metal surfaces,
particularly all threaded parts used for adjustments, are greased, then a little rust is not
likely to harm performance enough to justify the cost of a storage structure. A fenced
compound can offer adequate protection against theft during storage. Although
implements containing wooden parts are more susceptible to decay, those parts can
usually be replaced at low cost.
There are numerous precautions that should be observed when storing machinery on the
farm. Precautions include:
• Buildings where machinery and power tools are stored should be located far enough
away from structures that house livestock and hay in case of fire.
• Fuel storage tanks should preferably be located below the ground, and a minimum of 40
96
feet from the nearest structure. Fuel cannot be stored in the same structure as
machinery or power tools.
• Electrical lines coming into the building should be high enough to allow equipment to
pass underneath.
• Electrical systems in machine sheds should be sufficient for the power tools and
equipment that will require the use of electric current.
• Electric outlets should be of the three-prong grounded type.
• Machinery storage buildings should not be used to store debris.
• Doors on machine sheds should be wide enough so machinery can safely pass through
without getting caught. It should be easy to pull or slide open doors and close them
freely in case of an emergency.
• Exits should be clearly marked.
• Doors should be lockable to keep out children and unwanted visitors.
• Floor surfaces should be level and smooth, free of bumps and protruding rocks.
• Equipment should be parked so there is enough space for a person to walk freely
around it.
• Buildings should have adequate ventilation for the starting or running of an engine within
the structure. (Note: engines should not be left running inside a building for a prolonged
period of time unless the exhaust is being properly vented externally).
• All tools and accessory equipment should be kept picked up and stored in their proper
place, e.g., air hoses, oil cans, spare tires, jacks.
• Keys should always be removed from all equipment or machinery to prevent children or
unauthorized people from starting them.
• Do not allow nonemployees inside the machine shed. Children should never be allowed
to play around or inside the machine shed or on farm machinery
itself.http://nasdonline.org/document/1049/d000844/farm-machinery-and-equipment-safety-part-i-
recognizing.html
97
Storage of Hazardous Products
Generally speaking, accidents that happen among children are due to the
carelessness of adults. Hazardous products are not kept in places where children could
not reach them. Unconsumed chemicals are kept in bottles of beverages and not
properly labeled.
• Highly flammable materials, such as engine fuel and oil, such as petrol, diesel, kerosene
and lubricating oils.
• Gases, such as butane, propane and acetylene. (Oxygen promotes the combustion of
other materials and must be handled carefully.)
• Paints containing flammable solvents, cellulose thinner or alcohol.
• Poisonous materials such as herbicides, insecticides, rat poison and sheep and cattle
dips.
• Acids and alkali such as detergents, cleaning liquids, lye and quicklime (CaO).
• Medicines, such as veterinary drugs and supplies. Some drugs may require refrigeration.
• Wood preservatives and corrosion inhibiting
paints.http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm retrieved April 13, 2014
We should take note that some chemicals are harmful to the skin; Therefore,
washing facilities should be available nearby for immediate use.
Greenhouses
Regarding the preparation of garden tools for long storage, you can adopt some of these
practical practices:
• Begin by gathering all hand tools and removing any dirt or rust with a wire brush,
steel wool, or light sandpaper.
• Sharpen the tools using a file that is made specifically for this task. Remember to
move the file in one direction only, and at a 45-degree angle Sand wooden
handles with sandpaper and follow up with a coat of paste wax or linseed oil if
necessary.
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• Spray all metal parts with a good coat of lubricating oil. This will prevent rust when your
tools are stored in your tool shed or garage.
• Store your tools in a high place above the ground and in a dry spot.
• Drain water hoses and hang them in the garage or in the workshop.
• Don’t forget about the lawnmower. If you don’t have the chance to use up the gas
before storing it, add a gas stabilizer to the fuel tank to prevent corrosion.
By following these few basic preparatory steps, you can ensure that on the
following year, you’ll be working in your garden instead of working on your garden
tools. With proper care of the farm tools, implements, and equipment, you can also
save yourself from buying new ones to replace them.
PROCESS/SKILLS
Activity 2
Conduct an interview on experienced crop producers in the locality on how they
secure and store their farm facilities. Make sure you answer the following questions:
1. What tools, implements, and equipment do farmers have to store?
2. How do they secure and store their tools, implements, and simple equipment.?
3. What preventive structures do these farmers have?
UNDERSTANDING
Visit the school nursery and greenhouse. Are these facilities secured?
Make a report of your findings and submit it to your teacher.
TRANSFER
Visit the shop of the school and take note of whether the tools, implements, and
equipment are properly arranged and stored. Check if the tools, implements, and
equipment are prepared for long storage since the school year is about to end. Report
your findings to your teacher.
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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT MUST BE CONDUCTED
The diagnostic test material will be used for this purpose, however, teacher may
customize questions to expand the number of items provided that questions asked must
cover KNOWLEDGE, PROCESS/SKILLS, and UNDERSTANDING.
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
The availability of tools, implements, simple equipment, and facilities is one of the important
factors to attain success in agricultural crop production. These materials are not easy to obtain
because they are expensive. Relative to this, these materials should be handled with extra care
to preserve their serviceability, effectiveness, and availability. These should be stored in safe
places but before they are stored they must be cleaned, sharpened, or oiled ready for long
storage.
References:
http://nasdonline.org/document/1049/d000844/farm-machinery-and-equipment-safety-
part-i-recognizing.html Retrieved April 13, 2014
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/txpmcot5584.p
df Retrieved April 13, 2014
end of lesson 5
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Business refers to any activity which entails the buying and selling of goods. The
manufacturing of products or providing services to a market.
Disaster refers to a calamity, such as a flood, tornado, fire, plane crash, etc., that
happens suddenly and causes damage to several properties
Entrepreneurs are those who initiate or finance business ideas. They are popularly
known as businessmen.
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opportunities and threats that may influence present and future plans of the
business.
Greenhouse is a structure in which seedlings are propagated before they are brought
to the nursery shed. In most greenhouses, the environmental condition is
controlled.
Hand tools are objects that are usually light and are used without the help of animals
and machines
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Manual handling refers to any activity that requires a person to use force to push, hold,
restrain, or carry an object.
Market refers to a group of people with economically important needs and demands.
The market opens entrepreneurial or business opportunities to everyone.
Nursery is a light structure where seedlings are cared for before being planted. It also
serves as a shed which provides shade for growers raising seedlings.
Prepare means to take the necessary action to put something into a state where it is fit
for use for a particular event or purpose.
Shop building refers to a building where hand tools are stored and repaired.
Storage barn is a building where agricultural chemicals and other materials are stored.
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Strengths in SWOT analysis, are the capital, knowledge, skill, or other advantages
that a firm has or can acquire over its competitors in meeting the needs of its
customers.
Sustainability of business is the ability to maintain or support business over the long
term.
Threats in SWOT analysis are negative indications that can cause a risk or become a
loss, expressed as an aggregate of risk, consequences of risk, and the likelihood
of the occurrence of the event.
Weaknesses in SWOT analysis refer to any negative indications that increase the risk
of a loss and failure.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
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