T&P of Planning - KD - Notes

PART I
AREA A – PART IV
Promulgation of the
Syllabi for the Subjects
in the Architecture
Licensure Examination
THEORY & PRINCIPLES
OF PLANNING
AR. KATHERINE K. DAMASCO, UAP
©2016 | BATCH AQIL
THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
A. Rationale and Description 

1. Analysis of the concepts and techniques in the general planning process, urban and
regional planning, land use planning, and human settlements planning;
2. Understanding of the art and science of site planning with emphasis on ecological, socio-psychological, aesthetic, and functional basis of site planning.
B. Scope
1. General Principles of Planning 

a. Definitions and classification
b. History and scope of planning c. General planning process
2. Urban and Regional Planning and Urban Design a. History of the city and the region 
b. Theories of urban and regional planning c. Comprehensive planning
d. Land use planning 

e. Urban design 
f. Urbanization and urban social relationships
3. Housing and Human Settlements Planning a. Definition and classification
b. Housing policies and programs 

c. Housing finance, production, and practices
4. The Art and Science of Site Planning and Landscape Architecture 

a. Site analysis and site development 
b. Landscape design 
c. Primary considerations in site planning and development (physical and aesthetic, ecological, socio-psychological, management, and maintenance).
TEXT
RATIONALE & DESCRIPTION

1. Analysis of the concepts and techniques
in the general planning process, urban
and regional planning, land use planning,
and human settlements planning
2. Understanding of the art and science of
site planning with emphasis on
ecological, socio-psychological, aesthetic,
and functional basis of site planning.
A. Rationale and Description 

1. Analysis of the concepts and techniques in the general planning process, urban and regional planning, land use planning, and human settlements planning;
2. Understanding of the art and science of site planning with emphasis on ecological, socio-psychological, aesthetic, and functional basis of site planning.
TEXT
B. SCOPE
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
A. DEFINITIONS & CLASSIFICATION
B. HISTORY AND SCOPE OF PLANNING
C. GENERAL PLANNING PROCESS
2. URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN

A. HISTORY OF THE CITY AND THE REGION
B. THEORIES OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
C. COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
D. LAND USE PLANNING
E. URBAN DESIGN
F. URBANIZATION AND URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
B. Scope
1. General Principles of Planning 

a. Definitions and classification
b. History and scope of planning c. General planning process
2. Urban and Regional Planning and Urban Design
a. History of the city and the region 

b. Theories of urban and regional planning c. Comprehensive planning
d. Land use planning 

e. Urban design 
f. Urbanization and urban social relationships
TEXT
B. SCOPE
3. HOUSING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING
A. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
B. HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
C. HOUSING FINANCE, PRODUCTION, AND PRACTICES
4. THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE

ARCHITECTURE
A. SITE ANALYSIS AND SITE DEVELOPMENT
B. LANDSCAPE DESIGN
C. PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS IN SITE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT (PHYSICAL AND AESTHETIC, ECOLOGICAL,
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL, MANAGEMENT, AND MAINTENANCE).
B. Scope
3. Housing and Human Settlements Planning
a. Definition and classification
b. Housing policies and programs 

c. Housing finance, production, and practices
4. The Art and Science of Site Planning and Landscape Architecture 

a. Site analysis and site development 
b. Landscape design 
c. Primary considerations in site planning and development (physical and aesthetic, ecological, socio-psychological, management, and maintenance).
URBAN PLANNING NOMENCLATURE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
DEFINITIONS
PLANNING
‣ the process of thinking about and
organizing the activities required to
achieve a desired goal.
‣ involves the creation and maintenance
of a plan, such as psychological
aspects that require conceptual skills.
‣ fundamental property of intelligent
behavior.
DEFINITIONS
SOCIAL PLANNING
‣ activities concerned with planning,
development, and management of social
services, facilities required by specific
population groups, community, town, city,
province, region, or nation.
▸ a PROCESS that helps communities identify
strengths and weaknesses and determine ways
to improve the quality of life in the community.
DEFINITIONS
ECONOMIC PLANNING
▸ Refers to those activities concerned with uplifting the
quality of life and income levels of the population
through assessment of advantages from economic
activities in either agriculture, industry, tourism,
services, etc.
▸ The process by which key economic decisions are
made or influenced by central governments. It
contrasts with the laissez-faire (french: “allow to do”)
approach that, in its purest form, eschews any attempt
to guide the economy, relying instead on market forces
to determine the speed, direction, and nature of
economic evolution.
Laissez-faire, (French: “allow to do”), policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society.
DEFINITIONS
PHYSICAL PLANNING
‣ the active process of organizing the
structures and function to ensure orderly
and effective sitting (or location) of land uses
‣ encompasses deliberate determination of
spatial patterns with an aim of achieving the
most optimum level of land utilization in a
sustainable manner.
▸ the rational use of land for development
purposes
DEFINITIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
‣ a decision-making process that
considers the environmental, social,
political, economic, and governance
factors that can affect development.
‣ Its goal is to manage the relationship
between natural systems and human
systems in the present and the future.
DEFINITIONS
URBAN PLANNING
‣ Design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the
physical form, economic functions, and social impacts of the
urban environment and on the location of different activities
within it.
‣ Because urban planning draws upon engineering,
architectural, and social and political concerns, it is variously a
technical profession, an endeavour involving political will and
public participation, and an academic discipline.
‣ Urban planning concerns itself with both the development of
open land (“greenfields sites”) and the revitalization of existing
parts of the city, thereby involving goal setting, data collection
and analysis, forecasting, design, strategic thinking, and public
consultation.
Increasingly, the technology of geographic information systems (GIS) has been used to map the existing urban system and to project the consequences of changes. In the late 20th century the term sustainable development came to represent an ideal outcome in the sum of all planning goals. As advocated by
the United Nations-sponsored World Commission on Environment and Development in Our Common Future (1987), sustainability refers to “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” While there is widespread consensus on
this general goal, most major planning decisions involve trade-offs between subsidiary objectives and thus frequently involve conflict.
DEFINITIONS
URBAN RENEWAL
‣ generally called urban regeneration or
regeneration in the United Kingdom, is a program
of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high
density urban land use.
‣ Urban renewal involves the relocation of
businesses, the demolition of structures, the
relocation of people, and the use of eminent
domain (government purchase of property for
public purpose) as a legal instrument to take
private property for city-initiated development
projects.
‣
Urban renewal projects are often undertaken to reclaim unused or downtrodden land within a city, land that could be valuable to its residents if redeveloped.
‣
Urban renewal has been seen by proponents as an economic engine and a reform mechanism, and by critics as a mechanism for control. It may enhance existing communities, and in some cases result in the demolition of neighborhoods.
‣
Many cities link the revitalization of the central business district and gentrification of residential neighborhoods to earlier urban renewal programs.
‣
Over time, urban renewal evolved into a policy based less on destruction and more on renovation and investment, and today is an integral part of many local governments, often combined with small and big business incentives.
DEFINITIONS
URBAN SPRAWL
‣ Urban sprawl is basically another word for urbanization.
‣ It refers to the migration of a population from populated
towns and cities to low density residential development
over more and more rural land.
‣ The end result is the spreading of a city and its suburbs
over more and more rural land.
‣ Urban renewal involves the relocation of businesses, the
demolition of structures, the relocation of people, and the
use of eminent domain (government purchase of
property for public purpose) as a legal instrument to take
private property for city-initiated development projects.
‣
‣
‣
DEFINITIONS
URBAN DECAY
‣ Urban decay (also known as urban rot and
urban blight) is the process whereby a
previously functioning city, or part of a city,
falls into disrepair and decrepitude. It may
feature deindustrialization, depopulation or
changing population, restructuring,
abandoned buildings, high local
unemployment, fragmented families,
political disenfranchisement, crime, and a
desolate, inhospitable city landscape.
‣
‣
‣
PRUITT–IGOE PUBLIC HOUSING, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI.
In the 1950s, this urban renewal project was built; it failed and was razed
in the 1970s.
DEFINITIONS
GENTRIFICATION
‣ It refers to shifts in an urban
community lifestyle and an increasing
share of wealthier residents and/or
businesses and increasing property
values. Gentrification may be viewed as
[3]
"correction" of blockbusting and urban

flight as many gentrified [4]
neighborhoods of the present were

once affluent neighborhoods of the past.
[5]
‣
Gentrification is typically the result of increased interest in a certain environment. Early "gentrifiers" may belong to low income artists or boheme communities, which increase the attractiveness and flair of a certain quarter.
‣
Further steps are increased investments in a community and the related infrastructure by real estate development businesses, local government, or community activists and resulting economic development, increased attraction of business and lower crime rates. In addition to these potential benefits,
gentrification can lead to population migration.
‣
In a community undergoing gentrification, the average income increases. Poorer pre-gentrification residents who are unable to pay increased rents or property taxes may find it necessary to relocate.
THE PLANNING PROCESS
Natural Factors That Affect The
Development And Growth Of Urban Areas
ANCIENT TIMES
Development And Growth Of
Urban Areas
CALAMITIES
Urban Areas
NATURAL
RESOURCES
Urban Areas
NATURAL
DEFENSES
LUXEMBOURG CAPPADOCIA
EUROPE TURKEY
Urban Areas
CLIMATES
CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL, IT IS HAPPENING
RIGHT NOW. IT IS THE MOST URGENT THREAT
FACING OUR ENTIRE SPECIES, AND WE NEED
TO WORK COLLECTIVELY TOGETHER AND
STOP PROCRASTINATING. WE NEED TO
SUPPORT LEADERS AROUND THE WORLD
WHO DO NOT SPEAK FOR THE BIG
POLLUTERS, BUT WHO SPEAK FOR ALL OF
HUMANITY, FOR THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
THE WORLD, FOR THE BILLIONS AND
BILLIONS OF UNDERPRIVILEGED PEOPLE OUT
THERE WHO WOULD BE MOST AFFECTED BY
THIS. FOR OUR CHILDREN’S CHILDREN, AND
FOR THOSE PEOPLE OUT THERE WHOSE
VOICES HAVE BEEN DROWNED OUT BY THE
POLITICS OF GREED… LET US NOT TAKE
THIS PLANET FOR GRANTED.
Leonardo Di Caprio
Innovations That Helped Develop The
Earliest Cities
ANCIENT TIMES
Innovations That Helped
Develop The Earliest Cities
RECTILINEAR
FARMING
Innovations That Helped
Develop The Earliest Cities
CIRCULAR &
RADIOCENTRIC FARMING
In Britain, the first great monuments were of earth. Starting around 3700 B.C.E., British farmers built causewayed enclosures, concentric circular ditches with narrow
passages allowing visitors to penetrate to the center. [CREDIT: Ian Dennis]
ANCIENT BAGHDAD
GÖBEKLI TEPE ARKAIN

TURKEY RUSSIA
‣ Arkaim is considered by some to be the most important and enigmatic archaeological site in northern Europe. The site is wrapped in controversy and is sometimes referred to as Russia’s Stonehenge.
‣ Gobekli Tepe, the oldest temple on earth. Stonehenge was built about 4000 years ago. Egypt's Pyramids started around 4700 years ago. Gobekli Tepe is 12,000 years old! Located in eastern Turkey, not far from the Euphrates.
SAUDI ARABIA
KANSAS JORDAN
Early Civilizations
RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

‣ The first great civilizations all grew up in river valleys.
‣
The oldest, 3500 to 2000 BCE, was along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East; the name given to that civilization, Mesopotamia, means "land between the rivers".
‣ The Nile valley in Egypt had been home to agricultural settlements as early as 5500 BCE, but the growth of Egypt as a civilization began around 3100 BCE.
‣ A third civilization grew up along the Indus River around 2600 BCE, in parts of what are now India and Pakistan.
‣ The fourth great river civilization emerged around 1700 BCE along the Yellow River in China, also known as the Huang-He River Civilization.
‣
Civilizations tended to grow up in river valleys for a number of reasons.
‣ The most obvious is access to a usually reliable source of water for agriculture and human needs.
‣ Plentiful water, and the enrichment of the soil due to annual flooding, made it possible to grow excess crops beyond what was needed to sustain an agricultural village.
‣ This allowed for some members of the community to engage in non-agricultural activities such as construction of buildings and cities (the root of the word "civilization"), metal working, trade, and social organization.[3][4]
Stretches Across Present Day

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Nepal, Sri Lanka, And Bhutan
INDUS RIVER
VALLEY
‣ The Indus River Valley civilization, which built the city of Mohenjo Daro (shown here), arose in what is now Pakistan about 4,500 years ago. Mohenjo Daro and its sister city, Harappa, each had some 40,000 residents at their peak in 2500 B.C.
‣ Indus and its floods destroyed the city multiple times with new settlements consequently built in their The city was finally abandoned for unknown reasons around 1800 BC and re-discovered only in 1922.
MOHENJO-DARO
THE LARGEST CITY OF THE INDUS VALLEY
‣ The Indus River Valley Civilization started about 2500 B.C.E. along the south-western part of the Indus River. The largest city was Mohenjo-Daro, in present day Pakistan, and settlements stretched all along the river.
‣ Indus River Valley had enriched, fertile soil due to the flooding of the Indus river; the river was also vital for irrigating the crops. People living near a river have the option of boat travel and possible trade with others that they may not be able to
reach by land.
‣
The Indus valley civilization is different from the civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China in that much of its history is unknown.
‣ Discovered in the 1920s, Harappan society remains a mystery because the Harappan system of writing has not yet been deciphered. I
‣
t was also larger than both Egypt and Mesopotamia, which is strange considering its apparent lack of both violence and a ruling class.
‣ There are no distinctive burial sites and there is not a lot of evidence to suggest a formal military.
‣
Historians, however, believe that the lack of knowledge about the ruling class and the military is mainly due to the inability to read Harappan writing.[7]
Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia)
TIGRIS & EUPHRATES RIVER

The Fertile Crescent is the region in the Middle East which curves, like a quarter-moon shape, from the Persian Gulf, through modern-day southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon,
Jordan, Israel and northern Egypt.
ERIDU DAMASCUS
THE OLDEST CONTINUALLY OCCUPIED CITY
THE OLDEST CITY
SINCE ABOUT 2000 BCE
BABYLON
THE LARGEST CITY
WITH 80,000 INHABITANTS
Cities Of Thebes &
Memphis (Egypt)
NILE RIVER
VALLEY
‣ Egypt also created irrigation systems from its local river, the Nile River, but it was different from the other civilizations because its irrigation system was more intricate than the others.
‣
The Egyptians would rotate legumes with cereal which would stop salt buildup from the fresh water and enhance the fertility of their fields.
‣ The Nile River also allowed easier travel among the civilization and eventually created two kingdoms at the north and south areas of the river until both were unified into one society by 3000 BCE.[6]
Site Of The Ruins And Tombs Of The City
Of Akhetaton (“Horizon Of Aton”) In Upper
Egypt, 44 Miles (71 Km) North Of Modern
Asyūt. On A Virgin Site On The East Bank
Of The Nile River, Akhenaton (Amenhotep
IV) Built The City About 1348 Bce As The
New Capital Of His Kingdom When He
Abandoned The Worship Of Amon And
Devoted Himself To That Of Aton. About
Four Years After Akhenaton’s Death (C.
1332), The Court Returned To Thebes, And
The City Was Abandoned.
TELL EL-
AMARNA
EGYPT
TELL EL-AMARNA
‣ An Example Of A
Typical Egyptian City
With The Following
CENTRAL AREAS
NORTH SUBURB
SOUTH CITY
CUSTOM’S HOUSE
WORKERS VILLAGE
9000 BCE TO 5000 BCE
NEOLITHIC CITIES
9000 to 5000 JERICHO
BC –  Early settlement in Israel
(9000 BC)
NEOLITHIC –  A well-organized community of
CITIES about 3000 people
–  Built around a reliable source
of fresh water
–  Only 3 hectares and enclosed
with a circular stone wall
–  Overrun around 6500 BC
–  Rectangular layouts followed
9000 –to ÇATALHÖYÜK
–  Early settlement in
5000 bc Turkey (7000 BC)
NEOLITHIC –  Largest Neolithic city

–  13 hectares
CITIES –  10,000 people
–  An intricately assembled
complex without streets
–  Included shrines and
quarters for specialized
crafts, production of
paintings, textile, metal,
etc.
–  Rested on a new
rationale for the city at
that time- trade
9000 –to KHIROKITIA
5000 bc –  Early settlement in
Cyprus (5500 BC)
NEOLITHIC –  First documented
CITIES settlement with
streets
–  The main street
heading uphill was
narrow but had a
wider terminal,
which may have
been a social spot
3000 BCE TO 1 BCE
ANCIENT CITIES
Ancient Greece was a
civilization belonging to a
period of Greek history that
lasted from the Archaic
period of the 8th to 6th
centuries BC to the end of [
antiquity (c. 600 AD).

Immediately following this
period was the beginning of
the Early Middle Ages and the
Byzantine era.
ANCIENT
GREECE
The Acropolis of Athens is the best known acropolis in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as "The Acropolis" without qualification. The
Acropolis is a flat-topped rock which rises 512 feet above sea level in the city of Athens. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Kekrops or Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
The site was inhabited as far back as 3000 B.C.E., and by the year 1400 B.C.E. had become part of a powerful Mycenaean city. Legend recounts that in the year 510 B.C.E. an oracle from the priestess of Delphi decreed that the Acropolis should no
longer be inhabited by man and should remain the province of the gods forever more.
Under the city-state ruler Pericles, a golden era in Athens began in the fifth century B.C.E. Athens was transformed into one of the most spectacular cities in the world. Taxes from all the other city states of Ancient Greece created a monumental
home of the gods, including exquisite marble temples, which were embellished through the use of rich paintings, precious jewels, huge statues, and elaborate friezes. The centerpiece was the magnificent Parthenon, the temple of the virgin Athena
who, according to Greek legend, won the city in a contest against the god Poseidon, gave her name to Athens, and was subsequently revered by the people of ancient Greece.
The Acropolis of Athens is the best known acropolis in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as "The Acropolis" without qualification. The
Acropolis is a flat-topped rock which rises 512 feet above sea level in the city of Athens. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Kekrops or Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
The site was inhabited as far back as 3000 B.C.E., and by the year 1400 B.C.E. had become part of a powerful Mycenaean city. Legend recounts that in the year 510 B.C.E. an oracle from the priestess of Delphi decreed that the Acropolis should no
longer be inhabited by man and should remain the province of the gods forever more.
Under the city-state ruler Pericles, a golden era in Athens began in the fifth century B.C.E. Athens was transformed into one of the most spectacular cities in the world. Taxes from all the other city states of Ancient Greece created a monumental
home of the gods, including exquisite marble temples, which were embellished through the use of rich paintings, precious jewels, huge statues, and elaborate friezes. The centerpiece was the magnificent Parthenon, the temple of the virgin Athena
who, according to Greek legend, won the city in a contest against the god Poseidon, gave her name to Athens, and was subsequently revered by the people of ancient Greece.
Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization
that began on the Italian Peninsula as
early as the 8th century BC. Located
along the Mediterranean Sea and
centered on the city of Rome, it
expanded to become one of the
largest empires in the ancient world[1]
with an estimated 50 to 90 million

inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's
population ) and covering
[2][3][4]
6.5 million square kilometers

(2.5 million sq mi) during its height
between the first and second
centuries AD. [5][6][7]
ANCIENT ROME
EARLY EXAMPLES OF EFFORTS TOWARD
PLANNED URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Orderly Street
Systems That Are
Rectilinear And
Sometimes Radial.
EARLY EXAMPLES OF
EFFORTS TOWARD PLANNED
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Division Of A City
Into Specialized
Functional Quarters
EARLY EXAMPLES OF
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Development Of
Commanding Central
Sites For Palaces,
Temples, And Civic
Buildings
EARLY EXAMPLES OF
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Advanced Systems Of
Fortification, Water
Supply, And Drainage
EARLY EXAMPLES OF
EFFORTS TOWARD
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING
IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL AGE
Pre-colonial Age
‣
Some scholars believe that the pre-colonial inhabitants of the Philippines exhibited some degree of settlement planning [Reed and Arguilla in Ocampo, 1992].
‣ Old world explorers from the West noted the uniformity of the pre-Spanish Filipinos' dwellings.
‣ They have further observed that the natives' communities were either near the bodies of water or dispersed around the land they cultivated for farming.
Pre-colonial Age
‣
According to history there existed a kingdom of Moros located along the banks of the Pasig 200 years prior to the coming of the Spaniards.
‣ This group of people which was later headed by Sulayman established the city of Manila and protected it with fortifications against the foreign invaders.
‣ When the Spanish armada came, the Moros resisted but were overwhelmed by the power of the former's forces.
Pre-colonial Age
When rebuilding the city after the ravages of war, the Spanish colonists employed local materials, technology, and craftsmen. Some of the known geniuses in their craft were Panday-Pira and "El Admirante." The former was a cannon-maker while
the latter [a relative of Sulayman] was a master builder. El Admirante was commissioned to undertake the construction of the walled city of Intramuros [Shepherd in Ocampo, 1992].
SPANISH ERA
‣ Site Selection
‣ Layout And Dimension Of
Squares, Streets And Other
Land Uses
‣ Main Phases Of Planning And
Construction
‣ Location Of Principal Buildings,
Recreation Spaces, Cultivation
And Pasture Lands, And Sites
For Garbage-Producing Uses
‣ Relationship Between The
Spaniards And Natives
THE LAWS OF
THE INDIES
SPANISH REGIME
‣
King Philip II promulgated a code that served as guide to all colonized territories of Spain. This code, which was applied successfully to the Spanish colonies in the Americas, was known as the Laws of the Indies.
‣
The law provided guidelines for site selection; layout and dimension of squares, streets and other land uses; and the main phases of planning and construction.
‣
Details were also written pertaining to the location of the principal buildings, recreation spaces, cultivation and pasture lands, and sites for garbage-producing uses.
‣
Also prescribed within the code is the relationship protocol between the Spanish and the natives [Ocampo, 1992].
SPANISH REGIME
‣
The royal ordinances dictated that each town should be located on vacant and high ground, properly oriented to sun, wind, and water areas.
‣ The site should also be on or near fertile land and accessible to sources of fuel, timber, and water.
‣ Because the law is based on the Greco-Roman Renaissance design principles, it favored the use of the gridiron pattern in the establishment of roads and blocks.
‣ The plaza was the starting point of the construction, around which were the important buildings like the church, casa real, town hall, bandstand for zarzuelas and other edifices for health and defense.
‣ Each Town Should Be Located On Vacant And High Ground

‣ Properly Oriented To Sun, Wind And Water Areas
‣ Near Fertile Land
‣ Accessible To Sources Of Duel, Timber, And Water
‣ Use Of Gridiron Pattern In The Establishment Of Roads And Blocks
‣ There Should Be As Many Farm Lots As There Are Town Lots
‣ Each House Should Have Stockyards And Courtyards
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE CODE
‣ Other lots surrounding the area were reserved for merchant shops and prominent family [or principalia] dwellings.
‣
The code also specified that there were to be as many farm lots as town lots.
‣ The law likewise states that each house should have stockyards and courtyards.
‣ This could have been the Philippines' earliest land use and zoning law and building code.
‣ The instruction of the Laws of the Indies further aims at providing health, safety, order, and beauty.
‣
The design and execution of the plans should be implemented by architects or other "executors" so ordered by the colonial governor.
‣ The final product—i.e. the town—served as the instrument of colonization and the staging ground for exploiting mineral and land resources [Ocampo, 1992].
‣ This Philippian principle of planning is
‣
perhaps best exemplified by the city of Manila. After all, "all roads lead to Manila and Madrid."
‣ The city of Manila became the colonial Capital during the time of Legaspi.
‣ Although Spanish architects and engineers envisioned Manila as a city of stone, she rather was developed into a city of fortification.
‣ The Manila Bay was palisaded to protect the city from Chinese pirates [led by Limahong] and other foreign invaders as well as the Muslim and Japanese inhabitants.
‣
This was the precedent of the construction of Intramuros, which was a self-contained city "within walls."
‣
‣
‣
‣
Despite the shortcomings of this primate city, Manila expanded partly due to the success of the galleon trade. The city’s population was racially and culturally diverse. The Tagalogs were the majority. A small [more than 800] but powerful group
was the Spanish. The Spanish friars who were considered the "masters of the city" owned all but five or six of the city dwellings [Gentil in Ocampo 1992]. Indian and Chinese residents who are merchants and traders lived in the areas of Binondo and
Sta. Cruz [Ocampo, 1992].
In the late 16th century the Jesuits established the reducciones policy, which was aimed to gather dispersed communities "under the bells." The policy created the "plaza complex" with its town residents [taga-bayan]. Within the
town [or pueblo], people lived around the plaza with the ilustrados located closest to the center and the lower classes living at the periphery but still "within the sound of the bells." The taga-bukid constituted a small minority who had
to be in the fields or rural areas attending the agricultural activities.
Urban design by the Spaniards left a lasting physical mark in the landscape of Philippine cities [as there was an emphasis on the use of stones for building]. However, efforts to address the economic and social issues for the natives was lacking. This
was further aggravated by the encomienda [300 in all] system imposed in the time of Legazpi, which was nothing more than a revival of the medieval serfdom. Although King Philip II had better intentions in his edict, Spanish town planning was
principally done "first for the purpose of defense and second for grandeur…. Housing was not considered at all, as a public responsibility… The badly-housed were not the concern of the municipality" [Arguilla in Ocampo, 1992]. Regional
planning was nonexistent. What only has been done was the establishment of hierarchy of the political territories: the country is divided into provinces [or alcaldias]; the province is divided into pueblos; and the pueblo is further divided into
barangays. The Maura Law of 1893 extended autonomy to the provinces. It established a municipal tribunal or council for each town with at least a thousand taxpayers.
AMERICAN ERA
Planning under the influence of the Americans is typified by the Daniel H. Burnham's plan of Manila. In December 1904, Burnham was commissioned to prepare the physical development plan for the cities of Manila and Baguio. Trained as an
architect and guided by the principles of the City Beautiful Movement, he envisioned the city manifesting aesthetic elements such as wide boulevards, public edifices and landscaped parks. In the United States, Burnham draw plans for cities like
Chicago, Washington, Cleveland, and San Francisco.
Burnham was not only a man of artistic talents. His successor in the Philippines named William E. Parsons described him as a man of "sound business judgment and experience," a man who can convince practical of business to "make no little
plans." Burnham’s objective was to make cities "convenient for commerce and attractive and healthful as a place of residence [Parsons, 1915]." His plan for Manila provided for the rapid increase of the population and the explosion of the city’s
industries.
Burnham prescribed the grid pattern for the city of Manila. However, the gridiron was interspersed with the circumferential and diagonal arteries, which was reminiscent of his designs for San Francisco, Chicago, and Washington. He proposed that
the Bay areas would be extended through reclamation and a new port would be constructed. True to his City Beautiful principles, he further proposed the development of nine parks, two new playfields, and fountains throughout the city for public
leisure.
Planning under the influence of the Americans is typified by the Daniel H. Burnham's plan of Manila. In December 1904, Burnham was commissioned to prepare the physical development plan for the cities of Manila and Baguio. Trained as an
architect and guided by the principles of the City Beautiful Movement, he envisioned the city manifesting aesthetic elements such as wide boulevards, public edifices and landscaped parks. In the United States, Burnham draw plans for cities like
Chicago, Washington, Cleveland, and San Francisco.
Burnham was not only a man of artistic talents. His successor in the Philippines named William E. Parsons described him as a man of "sound business judgment and experience," a man who can convince practical of business to "make no little
plans." Burnham’s objective was to make cities "convenient for commerce and attractive and healthful as a place of residence [Parsons, 1915]." His plan for Manila provided for the rapid increase of the population and the explosion of the city’s
industries.
Burnham prescribed the grid pattern for the city of Manila. However, the gridiron was interspersed with the circumferential and diagonal arteries, which was reminiscent of his designs for San Francisco, Chicago, and Washington. He proposed that
the Bay areas would be extended through reclamation and a new port would be constructed. True to his City Beautiful principles, he further proposed the development of nine parks, two new playfields, and fountains throughout the city for public
leisure.
In Burnham's plan, there were sites allotted for national and municipal buildings near Intramuros, hospitals, and colleges. Spaces were also set for a world-class hotel, city and country clubs, a casino, boat clubs, public baths, and the new residence
for the Governor General. Resorts were also to be developed near Manila but the ultimate escape during the summer season would be the city of Baguio.
Burnham's plan also called for the development of Binondo as the center of business and merchandising. Improvements were to be made in the area’s wharf, warehouse, and other port facilities. In addition to extension of the port along the Pasig, it
would also be linked to railroads extending to north and south provinces. The plan served as a proposal to the private sector. Burnham hoped that through private action the expansion and developments in ports and roads would be expedited.
POST WAR PERIOD
TEXT
POST WAR PERIOD

‣ In 1936, the Interior Department created local and
planning commissions composed of the Provincial
Governor, district engineer, and other local officials.
‣ The work of the new body included the survey of local
conditions and the preparation of plans to be proposed to
the Director of Public Works.
‣ Although town planning was given a boost during this
period, the practice was yet to be established as a
discipline.
‣ The problem during this pre-war period was that there
was a limited pool of trained city planners both in the local
planning commissions and the Bureau of Public Works.
TEXT
POST WAR PERIOD

‣ The Office of the President created in 1950
the National Planning Commission [NPC].
‣ The NPC prepared and helped administer
plans and regulations for the local
government.
‣ After 1959, however, some powers of the
NPC like zoning, subdivision, and building
regulation were devolved to the city and
municipal governments.
HOUSING & PLANNING
AUTHORITIES
Housing And Urban
Development Coordinating
Council
HUDCC
HOUSING AND PLANNING AUTHORITIES
HUDCC
‣ the government agency under the Office of the President
created by virtue of Executive Order No. 90 (s. 1986), which
serves as the oversight, the over-all coordinator,
initiator and facilitator of all government policies, plans
and programs for the housing sector;
sets the overall direction and targets for the sector;
determines strategies, formulates appropriate
policies, monitors, and evaluates the programs, projects
and performance of the implementing shelter agencies.
TEXT
HUDCC
‣ four major key result areas
the formulation of plans and policies on housing and urban
development,
development and supervision of innovative strategies and
programs for tenure security, urban renewal and other support
services,
provision of overall administration and supervision to Key
Shelter Agencies (KSAs)
provision of technical assistance to the Local Government Units
(LGUs) on the delivery of housing services to their constituents.
TEXT
HUDCC
‣ The HUDCC, together with its attached Key
Shelter Agencies, addresses various issues in
the areas of housing finance, housing
regulation, housing production and institutional
development.
Housing And Land Use
Regulatory Board
HLURB
HLURB
‣ Formerly the Human Settlements Regulatory Commission,
‣ the sole regulatory body for housing and land development.
‣ It ensures rational land use for the equitable distribution and
enjoyment of development benefits.
‣ It is charged with encouraging greater private sector participation in
low-cost housing through liberalization of development standards,
simplification of regulations and decentralization of approvals for
permits and licenses.
‣ It extends comprehensive and productive planning assistance to
provinces, cities and municipalities towards the formulation of
Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs).
HLURB
‣ a national government agency tasked as the
planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial body
for land use development and real estate and
housing regulation.
‣ These roles are done via a triad of strategies
namely, policy development, planning and
regulation.
National Housing
Authority
NHA
NHA
‣ The NHA is the sole government agency engaged in direct
shelter production focused on providing housing
assistance to the lowest 30% of urban income-earners
through slum upgrading, squatter relocation, development
of sites and services and construction of core-housing
units.
‣ In addition, it undertakes programs for the improvement of
blighted urban areas and provides technical assistance for
private developers undertaking low-cost housing projects.
Home Guaranty
Corporation
HGC
HGC
‣ CHARTER
Republic Act No. 8763 or the Home Guaranty
Corporation Act of 2000  
(repealed RA 580 or the Home Financing Act,
1950)
HGC
‣ MANDATES
To guaranty the payment of any and all forms of mortgages,loans and other
forms of credit facilities and receivables arising from financial contracts
exclusively for residential purposes and the necessary support facilities;
To assist private developers to undertake socialized, low and medium cost
mass housing projects by encouraging private funds to finance such housing
projects through a viable system of long-term mortgages, guaranties and
other incentives.
To promote homebuilding and landownership, giving primary preference to the
homeless and underprivileged sectors of the society.
To promote housing by the aided self-help method;
To pursue the development and sustainability of a secondary mortgage
market for housing.
Home Development
Mutual Fund (Pag-Ibig)
HDMF
TEXT
HDMF (PAG-IBIG)
‣ The Home Development and Mutual Fund (HDMF) Law or Presidential Decree
No. 1530 was enacted on 11 June 1978, creating a voluntary provident fund
primarily for savings generation and mobilization, as well as for financing
decent and affordable housing to Filipino workers.
‣ The SSS and GSIS initially administered the provident fund scheme for their
respective members. In 1979, fund administration was transferred to the
National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMFC) through Executive
Order No. 527. In the same year, E.O. 538 was issued to merge the funds
administered by the SSS and GSIS into what is now known as the Pag-IBIG 1
Fund.
TEXT
HDMF (PAG-IBIG)
‣ Membership to the Pag-IBIG Fund became compulsory on 1 July 1981
under P.D. 1752 of 1980, making the HDMF a corporation independent of the
NHMFC. Contributions to the scheme were suspended from May to July 1986,
but resumed in August 1986 with a more liberal contribution structure. It
reverted to a voluntary program in 1987 by virtue of E.O. 90, with the
mandate to finance the government’s Unified Home Lending Program.
‣ On 17 June 1994, Republic Act No. 7742, or the Pag-IBIG Universal Coverage
Law, was signed, thus amending P.D. 1530 and 1752. The new law brought
back the mandatory nature of the scheme effective 1 January 1995.
National Home Mortgage
Financial Corporation
NHMFC
NHMFC
‣ the major government home mortgage institution. Its initial main
function is to operate a viable home mortgage market, utilizing
long-term funds principally provided by the Social Security System,
the Government Service Insurance System, and the Home
Development Mutual Fund to purchase mortgages originated by
both public and private institutions that are within government-
approved guidelines.
‣ It is also charged with the development of a system that will attract
private institutional funds into long-term housing mortgages
URBAN LAND USE MAPS
THE KEY HOUSING AGENCIES URBAN LAND USE MAP COLORS
AGENCY FUNCTION CATEGORY COLOR
HUDCC • An office mandated to coordinate and supervise the government’s housing agencies. It is also
RESIDENTIAL
tasked in monitoring the performance of the housing sector, and involved in policy formations. YELLOW
Housing and Urban By dwelling type
The highest policy-making and coordinating office on shelter programs.
Development Coordinating
Council (EO90)
COMMERCIAL
RED
Wholesale, Retail (Gen. Merchandise), Services (Auto Repair, Hotels, etc.)
NHA • The National Housing Authority is the sole government agency engaged in direct shelter production
focused on providing housing assistance to the lowest 30% of urban income-earners through slum
National Housing Authority
upgrading, squatter relocation, development of sites and services, and construction of core housing
INDUSTRIAL
units. VIOLET
• Undertakes programs for the improvement of blighted urban areas and provides technical Manufacturing, Fabricating, Assembly, Industries, etc.
assistance for private developers undertaking low-cost housing projects.
INSTITUTIONAL
BLUE
HGC • HGC mobilizes all necessary resources to broaden the capital base for the effective delivery of Schools, Church, Protective Services, Government Buildings, etc.
housing and other related services, primarily for the low-income earners through a viable system of
Home Guaranty Corporation
credit insurance, mortgage guarantee, and securities.
(formerly HIGC) PARKS/PLAYGROUNDS
GREEN
Golf Courses, Race Tracks, Country Club, etc.
HLURB • HLURB is the sole regulatory for housing and land development.
Housing and Land Use • Ensures rational land use for the equitable distribution and enjoyment of development benefits.
• Charged with encouraging greater private sector participation in low-cost housing through
Regulatory Board INFRASTRUCTURE/ UTILITIES
(formerly Human Settlement liberalization of development standards, simplification of regulations, and decentralization of GRAY
Railroad, Land Transport, Water Transport, Air Transport, etc.
Regulatory Commission) approvals for permits and licenses.
• Extends comprehensive and productive planning assistance to provinces, cities, and municipalities
toward the formulation of Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs). BUILT-UP AREAS
YELLOW
• A national government agency tasked as the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial body for land Cluster of at least 10 structures or if activity occupies sizable land
use development and real estate and housing regulation. These roles are done via a triad of
strategies namely, policy development, planning and regulation.
AGRICULTURE
LIGHT GREEN
NHM FC • NHMFC is the major government home mortgage institution. Cropland, Riceland, etc.
National Home Mortgage • Initial main function is to a viable home mortgage market, utilizing long-term funds principally
provided by the Social Security System, the Government Service Insurance System, and the Home
Finance Corporation AGRO-INDUSTRIAL
Development mutual Fund to purchase mortgages originated by both public and private institutions LIGHT VIOLET
that are within government-approved guidelines. Piggery, Poultry
• Charged with the development of a system that will attract private institutional funds into long-term
housing mortgages. FOREST
DARK GREEN
Production Forest, Wildlife, Watershed, National Parks
HDM F • HDMF focuses on the administration of a nationwide provident fund for the government’s housing
program, and formulates other investment strategies relative to housing as well as improve its
Home Development Mutual
Fund
collection efficiency. MINING/QUARRYING BROWN
• (more commonly known as the Pag-Ibig Fund)
GRASSLAND/PASTURE OLIVE GREEN
SHFC • The lead agency to undertake social housing programs that will cater to the formal and informal SWAMPLAND/MARSHES AQUA
sectors in the low-income bracket and shall take charge of developing and administering social
Social Housing Finance
housing program schemes, particularly the Community Mortgage Program (CMP) and the
Corporation (EO273) OTHER LAND USE APPROPRIATE
Amortization Support and Developmental Financing Programs of the Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund
(AKPF) Cemeteries, Dumpsite, Landfill, Reclamation, Idle Vacant Lots, etc. COLORS
● IMHOTEP©2015 ● Page 95 ●
CITIES & REGIONS
edge. S
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN EDGES all but g
district.
they for
The most pronounced elements of Urban Design.
joining s
BUILDINGS They shape and articulate space by forming the street
wall of the city
The pr
Living rooms of the city. Makes high quality life in the the city;
PUBLIC SPACE city. Forms the stage and backdrop to the drama of
life. Plazas, squares & neighborhood parks. seen
LANDMARKS very sm
Connections between cities and places. Designed by clock, a
their physical dimension and character, size, scale Landma
STREETS and the character of the buildings that line them. in the ci
Ranges from grand avenues, intimate pedestrian
streets. A cen
Connects the parts of the cities and help shape them. a landm
Balance between transportation systems is what NODES funct
TRANSPORTATION
helps define the quality and character of cities. They activ
include road, rail, bicycle and pedestrian networks. both a l
● IMHOTEP©2015
considerably mixed in character and
do not have distinct limits like the midtown in HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
Manhattan.
The termination of a district is its HAMLET

edge. Some districts have no distinct edges at a neighborhood, a small village
all but gradually taper off and blend into another
district. When two districts are joined at an edge
COMMUNITY
they form a seam. A narrow park may be a
joining seam for two urban neighborhoods. a town
The prominent visual features of CITY

an urban area
the city; some are very large and are
seen at great distances; some are
METROPOLIS
KS very small and can only be seen up close (street
the capital or chief city of a country or region; a very large and busy city
clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a park).
Landmarks help in orienting people
in the city and help identify an area. CONURBATION
A composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas.
A center of activity; distinguished from
a landmark by virtue of its active
MEGALOPOLIS
function; it is a distinct hub of
Merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10 million
activity. Times Square in New York City is
both a landmark and a node. or more, a 20th century phenomenon.
CITY CLASSIFICATION Major Theories In URBAN SPATIA
The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) classifies all cities into one of three categories: STRUCTURE AUT
• Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants,

HIGHLY as certified by the National Statistics Office, and with the latest annual income of at least
CONCENTRIC ZONE
URBANIZED five hundred million pesos (₱500,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices, as
THEORY E. W. B
INDEPENDENT certified by the city treasurer.
(Monocentric)
CITIES • There are currently 35 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are
located in Metro Manila.
• Cities of this type are independent of the province, and as such their charters ban
INDEPENDENT residents from voting for provincial elective officials. Cities with a minimum population of
COMPONENT 150,000 and annual income of at least 350 million pesos (₱350,000,000) SECTOR THEORY Home
CITIES based on 2008 constant prices, as certified by the City Treasurer.
• There are five such cities: Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago.
• Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in
COMPONENT which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the Chaunc
MULTIPLE NUCLEI
CITIES boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which a
it used to be a municipality. THEORY
Edward
(Polycentric)
“The Natu
CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU)
LEGISLATIVE
AREA BODIES
LGU POPULATION INCOME
(Square Kilometers) (create, merge, abolish, or INVERSE CONCENTRIC
alter boundaries of LGU) Friedric
ZONE THEORY
₱20M for the last
PROVINCE 2,000 250,000 two (2) consecutive Congress
years based on 1991
constant prices
Walter C
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
₱100M for the last (Dev
(i.e. Polders of Netherlamds; the Fens of
two (2) consecutive Paul P
CITY 100 150,000 Congress East Anglia, UK)
years based on 2000 (Advanced i
constant prices
₱2.5M for the last

Congress
MUNICIPALITY 50 25,000 two (2) consecutive ARMM Regional
years based on 1991 Assembly
constant prices GRID / GRIDIRON MODEL /
5,000 (Metro Manila HIPPODAMIAN PLAN Hippodamu
Congress / ARMM
and Highly Urbanized Regional Assembly (i.e. The City of Priene)
BARANGAY NONE Cities) NONE Sangguniang
2,000 (rest of the Panlalawigan (Bayan) /
country) Panglunsod
MOST POPULOUS CITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
RANK CITY POPULATION DESCRIPTION
Former capital of the country (1948–1976). Largest city in Metro
Quezon
1 City
2,761,720 Manila in population and land area. Hosts the House of Representatives
of the Philippines at the Batasang Pambansa Complex and the metropolis'
largest source of water, the La Mesa Reservoir.
Capital of the country (from 1571-1948 and 1976–present). Historically
2 Manila 1,652,171
centered on the walled city of Intramuros, by the mouth
of the Pasig River. Host to the seat of the chief executive, the Malacañang
Palace. By far the most densely populated city in the country.
Historic city where Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan held many of its
meetings in secrecy. Much of its territory was ceded to form Quezon City,
3
resulting in the formation of two non-contiguous sections under the city's
Caloocan 1,489,040
jurisdiction. Caloocan is the third most densely populated city in the country,
lying immediately north of the city of Manila. It serves as an industrial and
residential area inside Metro Manila.
The largest city in Mindanao. Davao City is also the largest

city in the Philippines in terms of land area and is also
known as "the City of Royalties" because of home of some of the prestigious
Davao
4
kings and queens in flora and faunas like the durian and the Philippine. It is
1,449,296
City also the Eco Adventure Capital in the Philippines. The City Mayors
Foundation ranks Davao as the 87th fastest growing city in
the world and the only Philippine city to make it in top 100 in the year
2011
Popularly nicknamed as "The Queen City of the South".
First capital of the country. Capital of the province of Cebu and
regional center of Region VII. Most populous city in the Visayas. Core of
5 Cebu City 866,171 Metro. Cebu City has been honored as the 8th Asian City of the Future owing
to its expansive business districts, premier entertainment destinations, and its
pristine waters which attracts tourists worldwide. The city is home to the most
popular Sinulogfestival celebrated every January which attracts tourists and
Filipinos alike.
Nicknamed "Ciudad de las Flores" and marketed by its city

government as "Ciudad Latina de Asia" for its
substantial Spanish-Derived Creole-speaking population called
6
Zamboanga
807,129 "Zamboangueño", the largest in the world. Former capital of the Moro
City
Province and of the undivided province of Zamboanga. Former regional
center of Zamboanga Peninsula. Former Republic (1899–1903) under the
leadership of President General.
Nicknamed "City in the Sky" for its location on the hills immediately
7 Antipolo 677,741 east of Metro Manila. Well-known pilgrimage and tourist center, being host to
a Marian shrine and the Hinulugang Taktak National Park. Most populous city
in Luzon outside of Metro Manila.
Hosts most of the Ortigas Center. Part of the province of Rizal until
8 Pasig 669,773 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Formerly hosted
the capitol and other government buildings of that province.
Currently exercises fiscal jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio. Was

9 Taguig 644,473 part of Rizal Province until 1975, when it was incorporated into
Metro Manila. Lies on the western shores of Laguna de Bay.
Known as the "City of Golden Friendship" and famous

for its whitewater rafting or kayaking adventures, that has been one
10
Cagayan
602,088 of the tourism activities being promoted in the Cagayan. Regional
de Oro
center of Northern Mindanao. Provincial capital city of the province
of Misamis Oriental.
M ETRO M ANILA M AP OF THE PHILIPPINES
CITY/ POPULATION AREA DENSITY INCORPORATED
MUNICIPALITY as of 2010 (sq. km.) (per sq. km.) (City)
Manila 1,652,171 38.55 42,858 1571
Caloocan 1,489,040 55.80 26,685 1962
Las Piñas 552,573 32.69 16,903 1997
Makati 529,039 21.57 24,527 1995
Malabon 353,337 15.71 22,491 2001
Mandaluyong 328,699 21.26 15,461 1994
Marikina 424,150 21.52 19,710 1996
Muntinlupa 459,941 39.75 11,571 1995
Navotas 249,131 10.77 23,132 2007
Parañaque 588,126 47.69 12,332 1998
Pasay 392,869 13.97 28,122 1947
Pasig 669,773 31.00 21,606 1995
Pateros 64,147 2.25 28,510 Municipality
Quezon City 2,761,720 166.20 16,619 1939
San Juan 121,430 5.95 20,408 2007
Taguig 644,473 53.67 12,008 2004
Valenzuela 575,356 47.02 12,236 1998

MULTIPLE NUCLEI
CITIES boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which an
it used to be a municipality. THEORY
Edward
(Polycentric)
“The Natur
CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU)
LEGISLATIVE
AREA BODIES
LGU POPULATION INCOME
(Square Kilometers) (create, merge, abolish, or INVERSE CONCENTRIC
alter boundaries of LGU) Friedrich
ZONE THEORY
₱20M for the last
PROVINCE 2,000 250,000 two (2) consecutive Congress
years based on 1991
constant prices
Walter Ch
₱100M for the last (Devel
(i.e. Polders of Netherlamds; the Fens of
two (2) consecutive Paul Pe
CITY 100 150,000 Congress East Anglia, UK)
years based on 2000 (Advanced in
constant prices

Congress
MUNICIPALITY 50 25,000 two (2) consecutive ARMM Regional
constant prices GRID / GRIDIRON MODEL /
5,000 (Metro Manila HIPPODAMIAN PLAN Hippodamus
Congress / ARMM
and Highly Urbanized Regional Assembly (i.e. The City of Priene)
BARANGAY NONE Cities) NONE Sangguniang
2,000 (rest of the Panlalawigan (Bayan) /
country) Panglunsod
PART II
Paths are the channels along
which the observer customarily,
occasionally, or potentially
moves. They may be streets,
walkways, transit lines, canals,
railroads. For many people, these
are the predominant elements in
their image. People observe the
city while moving through it, and
along these paths the other
environmental elements are
arranged and related.
PATHS
Edges are the linear elements not used or
considered as paths by the observer. They
are the boundaries between two phases,
linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad
cuts, edges of development, walls. They are
lateral references rather than coordinate
axes. Such edges may be barriers, more or
less penetrable, which close one region off
from another; or they may be seams, lines
along which two regions are related and
joined together. These edge elements,
although probably not as dominant as
paths, are for many people important
organizing features, particularly in the role
of holding together generalized areas, as in
the outline of a city by water or wall.
EDGES
Districts are the medium-to-Iarge
sections of the city, conceived of as
having two-dimensional extent, which
the observer mentally enters "inside
of," and which are recognizable as
having some common, identifying
character. Always identifiable from the
inside, they are also used for exterior
reference if visible from the outside.
Most people structure their city to some
extent in this way, with individual
differences as to whether paths Or
districts are the dominant elements. It
seems to depend not only upon the
individual but also upon the given city.
DISTRICTS
Nodes are points, the strategic spots
in a city into which an observer can
enter, and which are the intensive foci
to and from which he is traveling.
They may be primarily junctions,
places of a break in transportation, a
crossing or convergence of paths,
moments of shift from one structure
to another. Or the nodes may be
simply concentrations, which gain
their importance from being the
condensation of some use or physical
character, as a street-corner hangout
or an enclosed square.
NODES
Landmarks are another type of point-
reference, but in this case the observer
does not enter within them, they are
external. They are usually a rather
simply defined physical object: building,
sign, store, or mountain. Their use
involves the singling our of one element
from a host of possibilities. Some
landmarks are distant ones, typically
seen from many angles and distances,
over the tops of smaller elements, and
used as radial references. They may be
within the city or at such a distance that
for all practical purposes they symbolize
a constant direction.
LANDMARKS
Constantinos
Apostolou Doxiadis
EKISTICS
Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis often quoted as C.A. Doxiadis) (14 May 1914 – 28 June 1975), was a Greek architect and town planner. He became known as the lead
architect of Islamabad, the new capital of Pakistan, and later as the father of Ekistics.
TEXT
EKISTICS
‣ Ekistics concerns the science of human settlements, including
[1][2]
regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.

‣ The study involves every kind of human settlement, with particular
attention to geography, ecology, human psychology, anthropology,
culture, politics, and occasionally aesthetics.
‣ As a scientific mode of study, ekistics currently relys on statistics
and description, organized in five ekistic elements or principles:
nature, anthropos, society, shells, and networks. It is generally a
more scientific field than urban planning, and has considerable
overlap with some of the less restrained fields of architectural
theory.
‣ In application, conclusions are drawn aimed at achieving harmony
between the inhabitants of a settlement and their physical and
socio-cultural environments. [3]
NATURE, the first element,
represents the ecosystem within
which rural settlements must
exist. It involves a number of
component processes including
the hydrologic cycle, biosystems,
airsheds, climatic zones, etc.
Archaeological studies show
that even primitive man with
limited tools made profound
changes in natural systems.
NATURE
‣ Overcultivation in the Thar desert of the Indian subcontinent and overgrazing in the Middle East are two examples of how early cultivations weighted the natural balance and tipped it towards an uninhabitable landscape.
‣
If such significant changes in the natural system could be brought about by such limited numbers of men, it seems logical to suppose that today's 6,000 million persons must have far greater effectiveness in fouling the planet.
‣ And, if the earth is to support 30,000 million people in the future, the interrelationships and ranges of adaptability of human settlements and natural processes must be very clearly understood and observed, for neither can survive without the other.
‣ At another level we cannot forget man's psychological and physical needs for contact with the world of nature.
ANTHROPOS himself is
also constantly adapting
and changing. The medical
profession, in its move from
"barbarism" to concepts of
the constitution of the
healthy individual, can
contribute many important
inputs to the better
organization of urban life.
MAN
‣ Studies have shown that certain physical and psychological diseases are directly associated with urbanization.
‣ These include obesity, respiratory ailments and alienation (anomie).
‣ This gives rise to many questions, such as whether it is possible for mankind to adapt to a completely urban world with no rural escapes; what urban densities "are tolerable"; and how the city may be made a satisfactory environment for the
growing child.
‣ Thus, just as forward-looking medical and public health schools find a need to study the city, city builders must turn to study man.
SOCIETY comprises all those
aspects of the urban or rural
scene that are commonly
dealt with by sociologists,
economists and
administrators: population
trends, social customs,
income and occupations,
and the systems of urban
government.
SOCIETY
‣ One of the most urgent aspects of society seems to be the problem of the retention, or reorganization, of values inherent in independent small communities after these have become incorporated in megalopolis — in other words, the place of
the neighborhood in megalopolis.
SHELLS, or the built
environment, is the
traditional domain of
the architectural and
engineering
professions.
SHELLS
‣ Here a central problem is how mass-produced, anonymous housing can cater for the needs of very diverse individuals and family groupings. Where can man make
his own mark? Where can he leave the touch of his own hand?
NETWORKS provide
the glue for all
systems of
urbanization. Their
changes profoundly
affect urban patterns
and urban scale.
NETWORKS
‣ We have only to think of the effect of the advent of the railroad, or of piped water supplies, or of the telephone, upon the extent, the texture and the densities of human settlements.
‣
The increasingly rapid developments of all types of networks — coupled with population pressures — have been the most potent heralds of megalopolis.
‣ The enormous growth in the uses of energy for the communication of ideas has whetted man's appetite for participating in all sorts of things that were formerly outside his ken.
‣ The television screen has stimulated desires both to participate in new sports, such as skiing, etc., and to participate in debates — political representation, etc.
‣ To respond to man's demands, transportation, communication and utility networks must all expand even faster than the anticipated growth of settlements.
OF A CITY ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
ch by Constantinos Apostolou (CA) Dioxadis
e – map or impressions – map of a city, a collective picture of what people TYPE DESCRIPTION
physical reality of a city.
NATURE the natural physical environment
sic elements which people use to construct their mental image of a city:
ts, Edges, Landmarks and Nodes.
An individual, Homo Sapiens – biological needs
(oxygen, nutrition), sensation and perception (five
nts of urban form are sufficient to make a useful visual survey of the form MAN
e the skeletal elements of city form. senses), emotional needs (satisfaction, security,
sense of belonging), moral values.
ENT DESCRIPTION
Major and minor routes of a group of individuals sharing the
circulation to move about, the city has a network SOCIETY
same culture, values, norms, mores, and traditions
of major routes and a neighborhood network of
WAYS minor routes; a building has several main routes
which people use to get to it or from it. An urban buildings, the built component – housing,
highway network is a network of pathways for a SHELLS hospitals, schools, town halls, commercial
whole city. establishments, recreational facilities, industrial
buildings, etc.
A city is composed of component neighborhoods
or districts; its center, uptown, links within the settlement and
midtowns, its in-town residential with other settlements, transportation
NETWORKS
areas, train yards, factory systems, communication systems, water supply
ICTS areas, suburbs, college systems, power and electrical systems, etc.
campuses, etc. Sometimes they are
considerably mixed in character and
do not have distinct limits like the midtown in HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
Manhattan.
The termination of a district is its HAMLET

edge. Some districts have no distinct edges at a neighborhood, a small village
all but gradually taper off and blend into another
GES
district. When two districts are joined at an edge
COMMUNITY
they form a seam. A narrow park may be a
joining seam for two urban neighborhoods. a town
The prominent visual features of CITY

an urban area
the city; some are very large and are
seen at great distances; some are
METROPOLIS
MARKS very small and can only be seen up close (street
the capital or chief city of a country or region; a very large and busy city
clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a park).
Landmarks help in orienting people
in the city and help identify an area. CONURBATION
A composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas.
A center of activity; distinguished from
a landmark by virtue of its active
DES MEGALOPOLIS
function; it is a distinct hub of
Merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10 million
activity. Times Square in New York City is
10 DIAGRAMS
THE EVOLUTION OF URBAN

PLANNING
This diagram was published in Howard’s
1903 treatise “Garden Cities of To-
Morrow.” Howard wanted to design an
alternative to the overcrowded and
polluted industrial cities of the turn of the
century, and his solution centered on
creating smaller “garden cities” (with
32,000 people each) in the country linked
by canals and transit and set in a
permanent greenbelt. His scheme
included vast open space, with the aim of
giving urban slum-dwellers the best of
both city and country living. He captioned
the above diagram “A Group of
smokeless, Slumless Cities.”
GARDEN CITY
EBENEZER HOWARD
Le Corbusier was trying to find a fix for the
same problems of urban pollution and
overcrowding, but unlike Howard, he
envisioned building up, not out. His plan, also
known as “Towers in the Park,” proposed
exactly that: numerous high-rise buildings
each surrounded by green space. Each
building was set on what planners today
would derisively refer to as “superblocks,”
and space was clearly delineated between
different uses (in the above diagram, this
includes “housing,” the “business center,”
“factories” and “warehouses”). Le
Corbusier’s ideas later reappeared in the
design of massive public housing projects in
the U.S. in the era of “urban renewal.”
RADIANT CITY
LE CORBUSIER
America’s 1785 Land Ordinance divided
most of the country’s unsettled interior
west of the Ohio River into a neat grid of
townships 6 square miles in size (each
containing 36 square-mile parcels of land
for the kind of agrarian, land-owning
society Thomas Jefferson envisioned). If
you drive across – or fly over – the Midwest
today, its effects still linger in all those
perfectly perpendicular roads and square
farms. Frank Lloyd Wright took the
geometry of this rural grid even further in
his vision for a utopia with each family
living on an acre of its own. That level of
density would have essentially spread
suburbia over the entire country.
BROADACRE CITY
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
The simple, rational street grid has
been a default choice of planners for
centuries (one that was widely
discarded in the U.S. in the 1950s as
we moved into suburbs and cul-de-
sacs). The 1811 Commissioner’s Plan
for Manhattan tried to establish a
strict street grid for the development
of the rest of the island. Several
decades later, this 1852 map of San
Francisco did the same, conveniently
ignoring the city’s irregularly shaped
coastline and topography.
THE STREET
GRID
Planners increasingly talk today
about issues involving
transportation, the economy and
the environment not at the scale of
communities or cities, but within
whole regions where multiple
metros link together. The
“megaregion” concept isn’t new,
though. This 1961 map from Jean
Gottman’s book Megalopolis
illustrates one continuous
Northeastern megaregion from
Washington, D.C., to Boston.
THE
MEGAREGION
The urban-to-rural transect is an
urban planning model created by
New Urbanist Andrés Duany. The
transect defines a series of zones
that transition from sparse rural
farmhouses to the dense urban
core. Each zone is fractal in that it
contains a similar transition from
the edge to the center of the
neighborhood. The transect is an
important part of the New
Urbanism and smart growth
movements.
THE TRANSECT
ANDRES DUANY
The concept of the transect was borrowed from ecology. Ecological transects are used to describe changes in habitat over some gradient such as a change in
topography or distance from a water body. Patrick Geddes, in his Valley Section of the early 20th century was among the first to proclaim that human settlement should
be analyzed in the context of its natural region.
The concept of the transect was borrowed from ecology. Ecological transects are used to describe changes in habitat over some gradient such as a change in
topography or distance from a water body. Patrick Geddes, in his Valley Section of the early 20th century was among the first to proclaim that human settlement should
be analyzed in the context of its natural region.
As cities came to fill with
skyscrapers in the early 20th
century, planners turned their
interest from the layout and
footprint of neighborhoods at
street level to the volume of
buildings as they rose toward the
sky. New zoning laws in New York
City in 1916 (from which the above
diagram comes) required
buildings to grow narrower the
taller they got, so that daylight
would still reach the streets below.
THE SETBACK
PRINCIPLE
This photo illustrates how the city’s skyline evolved as a result:
This 1748 map of Rome was
created by Giambattista Nolli. It
doesn’t look particularly
exceptional today, but Nolli’s map
established the now common
practice of portraying entire cities
from above without a single focal
point (every block is viewed
instead as if the cartographer
were directly above it). The
resulting image highlights the
shape of the city’s street network
and its development patterns.
THE NOLLI MAP

“Situationist” artists and
architects from the 1950s sought
to capture the city as it was
experienced by actual people, not
as it was designed from the top
down by architects and planners
(at the time, they were revolting
against modernist urban renewal
plans). Their approach helped
give way to a new emphasis in
planning on bottom-up citizen
experience and input.
PSYCHO-
GEOGRAPHY
‣ The above 1961 map from MIT’s Kevin Lynch resulted from a project asking people to map the city of Boston from memory, revealing essentially the most “memorable” parts of the city.
‣ Maps today built from FourSquare checkins, Twitter traffic or bikeshare usage stem from this same tradition.
"That has become really the
organizing narrative of
planning in the 21st Century,”
Grant says. “The idea that
there’s a connection between
the shape of cities and the
patterns of settlement and
their climate impact is so
powerful. So many other ideas
can be sort of subsumed
within that narrative.”
THE HOCKEY
STICK
Major Theories In URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES
MAJOR THEORIES
STRUCTURE
ssifies all cities into one of three categories:
IN URBAN SPATIALAUTHOR DESCRIPTION
STRUCTURE OF CITIES
ation of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants, The city grows in a radial expansion from the
center to form a series of concentric zones or
tatistics Office, and with the latest annual income of at least circles such as in Chicago. As the city grows,
CONCENTRIC ZONE
₱500,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices, as each ring invades and overtakes the next ring
THEORY E. W. Burgess
. out – a process called Invasion/ Succession
(Monocentric) (thus, Concentric Theory is sometimes
ly urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are referred to as Invasion/ Succession
Theory”).
High-density residential, commercial, and

ndent of the province, and as such their charters ban industrial uses radiate out from the central
vincial elective officials. Cities with a minimum population of business district (CBD) in “sectors” that follow
major transportation routes. More expensive
me of at least 350 million pesos (₱350,000,000) SECTOR THEORY Homer Hoyt housing also radiates out from the CBD
es, as certified by the City Treasurer. – Towards large open spaces and higher
otabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. ground. Less expensive housing takes
whatever land is left over.
preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in Cities tend to grow around not one but several
y located. If a component city is located along the Chauncy Harris distinct nuclei.
rovinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which MULTIPLE NUCLEI Certain land uses group together to take
and
THEORY advantage of unique facilities (e.g.
Edward Ullman universities), specializations, co-
(Polycentric)
“The Nature of Cities” dependencies, or externalities. This theory is
T UNITS (LGU) often applied to cities with more than one CBD
LEGISLATIVE
BODIES The preceding three theories apply primarily to
ION INCOME cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many
(create, merge, abolish, or INVERSE CONCENTRIC
alter boundaries of LGU) Friedrich Engels cities in the LDCs follow somewhat different
ZONE THEORY patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric
zone pattern.
₱20M for the last
0 two (2) consecutive Congress
years based on 1991
constant prices It explains the reasons behind the distribution
Walter Christaller patterns, size, and number of cities and towns
₱100M for the last (Developed)
(i.e. Polders of Netherlamds; the Fens of Tested in Southern Germany and came to the
two (2) consecutive Paul Peterson
0 Congress East Anglia, UK) conclusion that people gather together in cities
years based on 2000 (Advanced in “City Limits0) to share goods and ideas.
constant prices

Congress
0 two (2) consecutive ARMM Regional
years based on 1991 The center of the city contains the agora
Assembly (market place), theaters, and temples. Public
constant prices GRID / GRIDIRON MODEL / rooms surround the city’s public arena.
Manila HIPPODAMIAN PLAN Hippodamus of Miletus
Congress / ARMM The plan can be laid out uniformly over any
anized Regional Assembly (i.e. The City of Priene)
kind of terrain since it is based on angles and
NONE Sangguniang measurements
of the Panlalawigan (Bayan) /
Panglunsod
CONCENTRIC ZONE circles such as in Chicago. As the city grows,
₱500,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices, as each ring invades and overtakes the next ring
THEORY E. W. Burgess out – a process called Invasion/ Succession
y urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are

(Monocentric) MAJOR THEORIES (thus, Concentric Theory is sometimes
referred to as Invasion/ Succession
IN URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES Theory”).
High-density residential, commercial, and

ndent of the province, and as such their charters ban industrial uses radiate out from the central
es, as certified by the City Treasurer. – Towards large open spaces and higher
otabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. ground. Less expensive housing takes
whatever land is left over.
ovinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which MULTIPLE NUCLEI Certain land uses group together to take
and
(Polycentric)
UNITS (LGU) often applied to cities with more than one CBD
LEGISLATIVE
zone pattern.
₱20M for the last
years based on 1991
constant prices

Congress
Panglunsod
es, as certified by the City Treasurer. MAJOR THEORIES – Towards large open spaces and higher
ground. Less expensive housing takes
otabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago.
IN URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES whatever land is left over.
and
(Polycentric)
UNITS (LGU) often applied to cities with more than one CBD
LEGISLATIVE
zone pattern.
₱20M for the last
years based on 1991
constant prices

Congress
Panglunsod
y located. If a component city is located along the Chauncy Harris
and
(Polycentric) MAJOR THEORIES Edward Ullman
“The Nature of Cities”
universities), specializations, co-
dependencies, or externalities. This theory is
UNITS (LGU)
IN URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES often applied to cities with more than one CBD
LEGISLATIVE
zone pattern.
₱20M for the last
years based on 1991
constant prices

Congress
Panglunsod
ZONE THEORY
₱20M for the last
MAJOR THEORIES patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric
zone pattern.
0 two (2) consecutive

years based on 1991
Congress IN URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES
constant prices

Congress
Panglunsod
Paul Peterson Tested in Southern Germany and came to the
0 two (2) consecutive Congress East Anglia, UK) conclusion that people gather together in cities
constant prices MAJOR THEORIES
two (2) consecutive
Congress IN URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES
0 ARMM Regional The center of the city contains the agora
constant prices (market place), theaters, and temples. Public
GRID / GRIDIRON MODEL / rooms surround the city’s public arena.
Panglunsod
NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE & ELEMENTS
NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE AND ELEMENTS

STREET PATTER TYPES Criteria For
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
by Ian Bentley, et. al
• Relates to the way that a design

affects where people can go and
cannot go within a city district
PERMEABILITY • Urban designer must consider this
first because it involves pedestrian
and vehicle circulation within the city
district as a whole
• The range of users that a place

provides
VARIETY
• i.e. housing, shopping, employment,
recreation and so forth
• Relates to the ease with which

LEGIBILITY people can understand the spatial
STREET PATTERN TYPES

layout of a place
• Describes building and outdoor

spaces the design of which does not
ROBUSTNESS limit users to a single fixed use but,
rather, supports many different
purposes and activities
VISUAL • The way in which the design

physically can make people aware of
APPROPRIATENESS the choices the place provides
• Involves ways to increase the choice

of sense experience that users can
RICHNESS enjoy (experiences of touch, sound,
light, taste, and so forth)
• Refers to design that encourage

people to put their own mark on the
PERSONALIZATION places where they live and work

CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE • Relates
• Relates to the way that a design
to
affects wherethe way
people canthat
go anda design
ENVIRONMENTS cannot go within a city district
affects where people can go and
By Ian BentleyPERMEABILITY cannot go within
• Urban designer a city district
must consider this
PERMEABILITY •
Urban
district designer
as a whole must consider this
and
• Thevehicle circulation
range of users that a placewithin the city
district
providesas a whole
VARIETY
• The range of users that a place

provides
VARIETY
layout of a place

• Relates
purposesto andthe ease with which
activities

layout of a place

spaces
• Involvesthewaysdesign
to increaseofthewhich
choice does not
ROBUSTNESS
RICHNESS limit users
enjoy to a single
(experiences of touch, fixed
sound, use but,
rather, supports
light, taste, many different
and so forth)

CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE district
• Theas a whole
range of users that a place
provides
ENVIRONMENTS
VARIETY
By Ian Bentley • i.e. housing, shopping, employment,
• The recreation
range of and
users that a place
so forth
provides
VARIETY
• Relates and
recreation to theso
ease with which
forth
layout of a place

LEGIBILITY • Describes
people building and outdoor
can understand the spatial
ROBUSTNESS layout
limitofusers
a place
to a single fixed use but,

spaces
• The the
way design
in which of
thewhich
design does not
VISUAL
ROBUSTNESS limitphysically
users tocan
a single fixed use
make people but,
aware of
APPROPRIATENESS rather,
the supports
choices themany
place provides
different

RICHNESS The enjoy
way (experiences
in which theofdesign
touch, sound,
VISUAL •

CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE • Relates to the ease with which
LEGIBILITY
ENVIRONMENTS people can understand the spatial
layout of a place
By Ian Bentley
layout of a place
• The way in which the design
VISUAL rather, supports many different
APPROPRIATENESS purposes andthe
the choices activities
place provides

VISUAL • Theofway
senseinexperience
which thethatdesign
users can
RICHNESS physically can makeofpeople
enjoy (experiences aware of
touch, sound,
APPROPRIATENESS thelight, taste,the
choices andplace
so forth)
provides

• Involves
people ways to increase
to put their own markthe choice
on the
PERSONALIZATION of sense experience
places where they livethat
andusers
work can
●
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE spaces the design of which does not
ROBUSTNESS
ENVIRONMENTS limit users to a single fixed use but,
By Ian Bentley • Describes
purposes building and outdoor
and activities
VISUAL
purposes
• The way and activities
in which the design

physically can make
• Involves ways people
to increase aware of
the choice
APPROPRIATENESS theofchoices
sense experience
the placethatprovides
users can

of• sense
Refers toexperience that users can
design that encourage
RICHNESS
PERSONALIZATION enjoy (experiences
people of mark
to put their own touch,
on sound,
the
places
light, where
taste, andthey
solive and work
forth)

CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE purposes and activities
ENVIRONMENTS
ROBUSTNESS By limit
Ianusers to a single fixed use but,
Bentley
purposesVISUAL
and activities • The way in which the design


APPROPRIATENESS the choices the place
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE • Involves ways provides
to increase the choice
ENVIRONMENTS
By Ian Bentley light, taste, and so forth)

light, taste, and to
• Refers sodesign
forth) that encourage

●
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE • Refers to design that encourage
PERSONALIZATION
ENVIRONMENTS places where they live and work
By Ian Bentley
e 103 ●
TEXT
“FOR I KNOW THE PLANS I HAVE

FOR YOU,” SAYS THE LORD, “PLANS
TO PROSPER YOU AND NOT HARM
YOU, PLANS TO GIVE YOU HOPE
AND A FUTURE”
– Jeremiah 29:11 (NKJV) –

TEXT
I KNOW YOU CAN DO IT!

YOU HAVE THE CAPACITY TO INCREASE IN KNOWLEDGE
AND IN THE ABILITY TO COMPREHEND AND UNDERSTAND.
AS LONG AS YOU DO NOT GIVE UP,YOU WILL MAKE IT TO
THE END—AND WITH FLYING COLORS.
I WILL CONTINUE TO CHEER YOU ON TOWARDS YOUR
DREAM.
GOD BLESS YOU!
Ar. Katherine Damasco, UAP

©2016 | BSK | AQIL

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PART I

THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

A. Rationale and Description

regional planning, land use planning, and human settlements planning;

1. General Principles of Planning

b. History and scope of planning c. General planning process

d. Land use planning

3. Housing and Human Settlements Planning a. Definition and classification

b. Housing policies and programs

4. The Art and Science of Site Planning and Landscape Architecture

RATIONALE & DESCRIPTION

A. Rationale and Description

2. URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN

1. General Principles of Planning

b. History and scope of planning c. General planning process

2. Urban and Regional Planning and Urban Design

a. History of the city and the region

d. Land use planning

4. THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE

3. Housing and Human Settlements Planning

a. Definition and classification

b. Housing policies and programs

4. The Art and Science of Site Planning and Landscape Architecture

URBAN PLANNING NOMENCLATURE

"correction" of blockbusting and urban

neighborhoods of the present were

GÖBEKLI TEPE ARKAIN

RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

Stretches Across Present Day

TIGRIS & EUPHRATES RIVER

NEOLITHIC – Largest Neolithic city

antiquity (c. 600 AD).

with an estimated 50 to 90 million

6.5 million square kilometers

‣ Each Town Should Be Located On Vacant And High Ground

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE CODE

POST WAR PERIOD

POST WAR PERIOD

The termination of a district is its HAMLET

The prominent visual features of CITY

• Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants,

₱2.5M for the last

Capital of the country (from 1571-1948 and 1976–present). Historically

The largest city in Mindanao. Davao City is also the largest

Nicknamed "Ciudad de las Flores" and marketed by its city

Currently exercises fiscal jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio. Was

Known as the "City of Golden Friendship" and famous

● IMHOTEP©2015 ● Page 106 ●

₱2.5M for the last

regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.

‣ These include obesity, respiratory ailments and alienation (anomie).

The termination of a district is its HAMLET

The prominent visual features of CITY

THE EVOLUTION OF URBAN

THE NOLLI MAP

High-density residential, commercial, and

₱2.5M for the last

y urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are

High-density residential, commercial, and

₱2.5M for the last

₱2.5M for the last

₱2.5M for the last

0 two (2) consecutive

A. Rationale and Description 

1. General Principles of Planning 

d. Land use planning 

b. Housing policies and programs 

4. The Art and Science of Site Planning and Landscape Architecture 

A. Rationale and Description 

1. General Principles of Planning 

a. History of the city and the region 

d. Land use planning 

b. Housing policies and programs 

4. The Art and Science of Site Planning and Landscape Architecture 

NEOLITHIC –  Largest Neolithic city