Henry Selvaraj

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Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc979OhitAg
Henry Selvaraj
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SIGN CONVENTIONS
The polarity
Henry Selvaraj;marks, + and -,Henry
Henry Selvaraj; are placed near
Selvaraj; the Selvaraj;
Henry conductors of the
Henry symbol
Selvaraj; thatSelvaraj;
Henry identifies
the voltage
Henry source.
Selvaraj; Henry If, for example,
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; sin ωt Selvaraj;
v =10.0 Henry in Fig. (a), terminal
Henry A isHenry
Selvaraj; positive with
Selvaraj;
respect
Henry to B for
Selvaraj; 0 > ωt
Henry > π , and
Selvaraj; B is
Henry positiveHenry
Selvaraj; with Selvaraj;
respect to π > ωt >Henry
A forSelvaraj;
Henry 2 π for the first
Selvaraj;
cycleSelvaraj;
Henry of the sine
Henryfunction.
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Similarly,
Henry a current
Selvaraj; Henrysource requires
Selvaraj; that a direction
Henry Selvaraj; be indicated,
Henry Selvaraj; Henry as well as
Selvaraj; the Selvaraj;
Henry
function,
Henry as shown
Selvaraj; Henryin Fig. (b).Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Selvaraj;
For passive
Henry Selvaraj;circuit
Henryelements R, L, and
Selvaraj; Henry C, shown
Selvaraj; HenryinSelvaraj;
Fig.(c),Henry
the terminal where
Selvaraj; Henrythe
Selvaraj;
current
Henry entersHenry
Selvaraj; is generally
Selvaraj;treated
Henry as positive
Selvaraj; withSelvaraj;
Henry respect Henry
to the Selvaraj;
terminal Henry
whereSelvaraj;
the
current leaves.
Henry Selvaraj
3
The power dissipated by a resistor can be
expressed in terms of R.
The power dissipated by a resistor may also be expressed in
terms
Henry ofHenry
Selvaraj; G as:Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Since
Henry R and
Selvaraj; GSelvaraj;
Henry are positive quantities,
Henry Selvaraj; the power
Henry Selvaraj; dissipated
Henry Selvaraj; in
Henry Selvaraj;
a resistor
Henry is always
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;positive. Thus,
Henry Selvaraj; HenryaSelvaraj;
resistor always
Henry Selvaraj;absorbs
Henry Selvaraj;
power
Henry from
Selvaraj; the
Henry circuit.
Selvaraj; This
Henry confirms
Selvaraj; the idea
Henry Selvaraj; Henry that a resistor
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
is aSelvaraj;
Henry passive element,
Henry incapable
Selvaraj; Henry of generating
Selvaraj; Henry energy.
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
4
A source
Henry Selvaraj; e.m.f.Henry
Henry Selvaraj; of 5Selvaraj;
V supplies a current
Henry Selvaraj; Henry of 3A for
Selvaraj; 10Selvaraj;
Henry
minutes.
Henry Selvaraj; How much
Henry Selvaraj; energy
Henry Selvaraj; is Selvaraj;
Henry provided HenryinSelvaraj;
this time?
Henry Selvaraj;
𝑊 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 = 5 × 3 × 10 × 60 = 9 𝑘𝐽
Henry Selvaraj
5
Henry Selvaraj; HenryAn electric
Selvaraj; Henry iron draws
Selvaraj; 2 A at Henry
Henry Selvaraj; 120 V.Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henryfind its Henry
Selvaraj; resistance.
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
𝑅=𝑉/𝐼=120/2=60
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Ω Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
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Example
Calculate: i, G and p
Henry Selvaraj;
32 Henry Selvaraj;
8 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
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Calculate v, G and p.
Henry 4Selvaraj; Henry
16 Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
8
Henry
The Selvaraj;
plots of i, p,Henry Selvaraj;
and w Henry
illustrate thatSelvaraj;
p is Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj;
always positiveHenry Selvaraj;
and that Henry w,
the energy Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
although
aHenry
function of time, is always increasing. This is
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
the energy
Henry absorbed
Selvaraj; Henryby the resistor.
Henry Selvaraj
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Nodes, branches and loops

HenryA network
Selvaraj; Henry is an interconnection
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henryof elements
Selvaraj; or
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henrydevices, whereas
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; a circuit
Henry is aHenry
Selvaraj; network
Selvaraj;providing
Henry Selvaraj;one
Henry Selvaraj;
Henryor moreHenry
Selvaraj; closed paths.
A Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry branchHenry represents a single
Selvaraj; Henry element
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
such as aHenry Selvaraj;
voltage Henry Selvaraj;
source Henry Selvaraj;
or a resistor.
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; HenryASelvaraj;
node Henry
is theSelvaraj;
pointHenry
of connection
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henrybetween
Selvaraj; Henry
two Selvaraj;
or more Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
branches.
The
Henry circuit
Selvaraj; has
Henry five Henry
Selvaraj; branches
Selvaraj;and three
Henry nodes.
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
10
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a
node, passing through a set of nodes, and
returning to the starting node without passing
through any node more than once. A loop is
said to be independent if it contains a branch
which is not in any other loop. Independent
loops or paths result in independent sets of
equations.
Henry Selvaraj
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• A network with b ranches,
n nodes, and l independent
loops will satisfy the
fundamental theorem of
network topology:
b=l+n−1
Henry Selvaraj
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• Two or more elements are in series if they are

cascaded or connected sequentially and
consequently carry the same current.
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they
are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across
them.
Henry Selvaraj
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How many branches and nodes does the circuit
have? Identify the elements that are in series
and in parallel.
Henry Selvaraj
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Henry Selvaraj
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Kirchoff’s Laws
• Ohm’s law is not sufficient for circuit analysis

• Kirchoff’s laws complete the needed tools
• There are two laws:
– Current law
– Voltage law
Henry Selvaraj
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KCL
• Kirchoff’s current law is based on
conservation of charge
• It states that the algebraic sum of currents

entering a node (or a closed boundary) is
zero.
• It can be expressed as:
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; HenryNSelvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
i 0
n Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henryn Selvaraj;
1 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
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KVL
• Kirchoff’s voltage law is based on
conservation of energy
• It states that the algebraic sum of

voltages around a closed path (or loop) is
zero.
• It can be expressed as:
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; HenryMSelvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
v 0
m Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
m Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry 1 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
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How
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; toSelvaraj;
Henry apply Henry
KCL? Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
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KCL also applies to a closed boundary
Henry
The totalSelvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
current entering Henry
the closed Selvaraj;
surface Henry
is equal to theSelvaraj; Henry
total current Selvaraj;
leaving Henry Selvaraj;
the surface.
Henry Selvaraj
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Application of KCL
= Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry
Henry
A Selvaraj;
circuit Henry Selvaraj;
cannot Henry Selvaraj;
contain two Henry Selvaraj;
different Henry Selvaraj;
currents, I Henry Selvaraj;
1 and I2, in
series,
Henry Selvaraj;unless I1 = I2;Henry
Henry Selvaraj; otherwise
Selvaraj; KCL will be
Henry Selvaraj; violated.
Henry Selvaraj
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KVL
The sign
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; on each
Henry voltage
Selvaraj; is theSelvaraj;
Henry polarityHenry
of the Selvaraj;
terminal
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; encountered
Henry Selvaraj;first as we
Henry travel around
Selvaraj; the
Henry Selvaraj;
loop. We
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; can Selvaraj;
Henry start withHenry
any branch and Henry
Selvaraj; go around the
Selvaraj;
loop either
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henryclockwise
Selvaraj;orHenry
counterclockwise.
SupposeHenry Selvaraj;
we start Henry
with the Selvaraj;
voltage Henry
source Selvaraj;
and go
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry
clockwise Selvaraj;
around Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
the loop,
Henry Selvaraj
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KVL
Henry Selvaraj;
When voltageHenry Selvaraj;
sources Henry Selvaraj;
are connected Henry Selvaraj;
in series, KVL can Henry
beSelvaraj;
appliedHenry Selvaraj;
to obtain
the total voltage. The combined voltage is the algebraic sum of the voltages of
the individual
Henry sources.
Henry Selvaraj
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FindSelvaraj;
Henry voltages Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Assume that current
Henry Selvaraj; Henry iSelvaraj;
flows through the loopHenry
Henry Selvaraj; as shown in Fig.
Selvaraj; (b).
Henry
BySelvaraj; , Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry
substitution
Henry Selvaraj
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We apply KVL around the loop
Substituting,
Henry Selvaraj
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Find Selvaraj;
Henry the currents and
Henry voltages
Selvaraj; in the
Henry circuitHenry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Selvaraj;
Substituting
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry , Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Selvaraj;
Loop 1:
LoopSelvaraj;
Henry 2: Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
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Series Resistors
• Two resistors are considered in
series if the same current pass
through them
• Take the circuit shown:

• Applying Ohm’s law to both
resistors
v  iR v  iR
Henry Selvaraj;1 Henry Selvaraj;
1 2Henry Selvaraj;
• If we apply KVL to the loop we
have: v  v  v  0
1
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;2 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
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Series Resistors II
• Combining the two equations:
v  v  v  iR  R
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; 1 Selvaraj;
Henry

1 2 2 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
• From this we can see there is an equivalent
resistance of the two resistors:
 R1Selvaraj;
ReqHenry
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;  R2 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
• For N resistors in series:

Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; HenryNSelvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; 
 Selvaraj;
ReqHenry Rn Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
n 1Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry
Henry Selvaraj
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Voltage Division
• The voltage drop across any one resistor can
be known.
• The current through all the resistors is the

same, so using Ohm’s law:

R1 Henry Selvaraj; Henry
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; R2 Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj;  Selvaraj; Henry
v1Henry 2 
v vSelvaraj; v Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj;
 R2 Henry Selvaraj;
R1Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry  R2Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
R1Henry
• This is the principle of voltage division

Henry Selvaraj
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Parallel Resistors
• When resistors are in parallel, the
voltage drop across them is the
same v Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry i1R1 Henry
i2 R2Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
• By KCL, the current at node a is
 i1  iHenry
Henry Selvaraj; HenryiSelvaraj; 2
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
• The equivalent resistance is:
R1 RHenry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;

ReqSelvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry
2
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
R1  Henry
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; R2 Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
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ForSelvaraj;
Henry example, if fourHenry
Henry Selvaraj; 100-resistors
Selvaraj; Henryare connected
Selvaraj; in Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj;
parallel,
Henry Selvaraj; their equivalent
Henry Selvaraj; resistance
Henry Selvaraj; is 25. Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj;
Conductances
Henry in parallel
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; behave
Henry Selvaraj; as aHenry
Henry Selvaraj; single
conductance
Henry whose
Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; value
Henry Selvaraj;isHenry
equal to the
Selvaraj; Henrysum ofHenry
Selvaraj; theSelvaraj;
individual
Henry conductances.
Henry Selvaraj
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ReqSelvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry = ? Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
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Henry Selvaraj
33
Henry Selvaraj
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Current Division
• Given the current entering the node, the voltage drop
across the equivalent resistance will be the same as
that for the individual resistors
iR1 R2 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
v  iR 
1  R2 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; eq
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; HenryR Selvaraj;
• This can be used in combination with Ohm’s law to
get the current through each resistor:
iR iR
i  i 
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry
2 Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
1 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
1 Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
R R
1 Henry R R
2 Selvaraj; Henry
1 Selvaraj;
2 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
35
Henry Selvaraj
36
Wye-Delta Transformations
• There are cases where resistors are
neither parallel nor series
• Consider the bridge circuit shown
here
• This circuit can be simplified to a

three-terminal equivalent
Henry Selvaraj
37
Wye-Delta Transformations II
Two topologies can be
interchanged:
– Wye (Y) or tee (T) networks
– Delta (Δ) or pi (Π) networks
– Transforming between these
two topologies often makes
the solution of a circuit easier
Henry Selvaraj
38
Wye-Delta Transformations III
• The superimposed wye and
delta circuits shown here will be
used for reference
• The delta consists of the outer
resistors, labeled a,b, and c
• The wye network are the inside
resistors, labeled 1,2, and 3
Henry Selvaraj
39
Delta to Wye
• The conversion formula for a delta to wye
transformation are:
RR
R 
b c Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
R R R
Henry Selvaraj;
1 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
a Selvaraj;
b Henry
c Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
RR
R 
c a Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
R R R
Henry Selvaraj;
a Selvaraj;
b Henry
RR
R 
a b Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
R R R
Henry Selvaraj;
a Selvaraj;
b Henry
Henry Selvaraj
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Wye to Delta
• The conversion formula for a wye to delta
transformation are:
RR R R R R
R 
1 2 Selvaraj;
2 3Henry Selvaraj;
3 1 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj;
a Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
R
RR R R R R
R 
1 2 Selvaraj;
2 3Henry Selvaraj;
3 1 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj;
b Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
R
RR R R R R
1 2 Selvaraj;
2 3Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
R 
Henry Selvaraj;
c
3 1
Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
R
Henry Selvaraj
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Practice problems
Henry Selvaraj
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Henry Selvaraj
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Henry Selvaraj
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Henry Selvaraj
45
HenryDetermine
Selvaraj; Henryall
the currents andHenry Selvaraj; in
voltages Henry
theSelvaraj;
figure. Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
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Find I and Vab
Henry Selvaraj
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Determine i1 and i2; v1 and v2
Henry Selvaraj
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HW2
1. Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;2 Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
49
HW2
3. Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;4.Henry Selvaraj; Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
50
HW2
Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj
51
HW2
Henry Selvaraj;
Henry Selvaraj

Henry Selvaraj

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1

Nodes, branches and loops

• Two or more elements are in series if they are

• Ohm’s law is not sufficient for circuit analysis

• It states that the algebraic sum of currents

• It states that the algebraic sum of

• Take the circuit shown:

• For N resistors in series:

• The current through all the resistors is the

same, so using Ohm’s law:

• This is the principle of voltage division

• This circuit can be simplified to a

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