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1.0 Introduction
The Zbus is the inverse of the Ybus, i.e.,
Z Y
1
(1)
Since we know that
I YV
(2)
and therefore
V Y
1
I
(3)
then
V ZI
(4)
So Zbus relates the nodal current injections
to the nodal voltages, as seen in (4).
1
to work with Zbus. The main reason for
choosing to work with Zbus in fault analysis
is that, as we will see, Zbus quantities
characterize conditions when all current
injections are zero except one,
corresponding to the faulted bus. We can use
some creative thinking to express that one
current injection (the fault current). Once we
have that one current injection, eq. (4) is
very easy to evaluate to obtain all bus
voltages in the network, and once we have
bus voltages, we can get all currents
everywhere. These currents are the currents
under the fault conditions and are used to
design protection systems.
2
We can write the Z-bus relation for the same
network as
V1 Z 11 Z 12 Z 13 I 1
V Z Z 23 I 2
2 21
V3 Z 31
Z 22 (11)
Z 32 Z 33 I 3
2
23 3
3
But what if we set I1 and I3 to 0, i.e., what if
we open-circuit buses 1 and 3? In other
words, let’s idle all sources.
2 I1 I 3 0
(14)
Equation (14) says that Z22 is the ratio of bus
2 voltage to the bus 2 current injection when
all sources are idled. This is the definition of
the Thevenin impedance!!!!
Conclusion: The diagonal elements of the Z-
bus are the Thevenin equivalent impedances
seen looking into the network at that bus.
This is useful because, as seen in the last set
of notes, the current into the fault may be
computed as
Vf
I f
Z f ZThev
5
3.0 Self admittance and driving point
impedance
7
So the new Y-bus is just the old Y-bus with
the addition of Δy3 in four positions, as
indicated by eq. (19):
Y11 Y12 Y13 y 3 0 y 3
Y Y21 Y23 0 0
n
Y22 0
Y31 Y32 Y33 y 3 0 y 3
1 0 1 (19)
Y y 3 0 0 0
1 0 1
1
0 1 0
1
0
0
0
1
(21)
Substitution of (21) into (19) yields:
(22)
n
Y Y y 3 a 3 a 3
T
ak is an n×1 vector.
9
There is a proof of MIL in the text, page
600. It is also discussed in most books on
linear algebra.
x=j0.2 x=j0.2
y=-j5 y=-j5 xnew=j0.0667
ynew=-j15
Original subnetwork Add in a circuit Resulting subnetwork
11
Following the example of eq. (20), we have:
1 bus1
a 2 1 bus 2
0
b2 Z a 2
T
1 a 2 b 2 1
where μ=Δy2.
1
0 .1
j
( j10) 1 1 1 0 0.4
3
0.1
1
j
j 0 .1 0 .5 ( j 0.2667) 1 j 3.75
3
But bk Z a k
. Substitution yields:
yb1 a k Z a k
T
1
aT
k Z ak Z ii 2Z ji Z jj
Fig. 5
Although this situation does not make much
sense, it corresponds to a step that we must
take in building the Z-bus.
To understand the approach to this situation,
we return to the Ybus. How will Ybus be
modified? We simply increase the dimension
of Ybus by 1, with only the new diagonal
15
element being non-zero, and it will have
value yb. The result of this is shown below,
where Y is the Y-bus before the addition of
the new node.
Y 0
Y
0
n
y
T (30)
b
Z Y
Y 0 Y 0 Z 0
1
z (31)
n n 1
T T T
0 y
b 0 1 / y 0
b b
16
The situation is as illustrated in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6
The derivation of what to do here is based
on the same approach taken in section 8.1,
i.e., we first see what happens to the Ybus,
and then consider the inversion of the Ybus.
In this case, the derivation is a little tedious
and I will not go through it. You can refer to
the text, pp. 604-605.
17
Rule #2: Denote the ith column of Z as Zi,
and the iith element of Z as Zii. Zn is then
given by
Z Z
(33)
n i
Z
T
Z Z z
i ii b
Fig. 8
We know what to do with this. The result is
summarized as Modification #4 and Rule #4
in Section 9.5.
19
b Zi Z j
zb Z ii 2 Z ji Z jj
1
20
Step 0: Number the nodes of the network
starting with those nodes at the ends of
branches connected to the reference node.
Step 1: Develop the Z-bus for all buses with
a connection to the reference node. This is a
Modification #1 using Rule #1, which
means that the resulting matrix will be a
diagonal matrix consisting of the values of
the shunt impedances along the diagonal (all
off-diagonals will be zero).
n Z 0
Z T
0 zb
21
therefore it will not be possible to add a
shunt impedance to an existing bus. Lovely.
n Z Zi
Z T
Z i Z ii zb
b Zi Z j
zb Z ii 2 Z ji Z jj
1
22
8.5 Adding shunt to existing bus: motivation
The Zbus building algorithm provides a way
to build the Zbus using only Rules #1, 2, and
4. The reason why this works is that the first
step of the algorithm is to build the Zbus for
all buses that have shunt elements. This step
eliminates the possibility that at some later
step of the algorithm, we will have to add a
shunt to an existing bus. Thus we avoid Rule
#3, which addresses adding a shunt to an
existing bus.
23
It means that a short-circuit is placed on the
bus. In reality, there is no perfect short, i.e.,
any short will always have some impedance.
In effect, then, faulted bus means connecting
a very small shunt impedance from a bus to
the reference node.
24
What we would like to do, from a
programming perspective, is to build the
network Zbus once, and then perform a
more efficient manipulation for getting each
fault-specific Zbus. This, then, is where
Rule #3 comes in very handy.
b ref
b ref
25
This fact that the left-hand-side of eq. (35) is
0 for the last equation is significant. It
means that we may eliminate a variable
from our solution vector. In particular, we
would like to eliminate Iref since it
corresponds to a current that is not useful to
us (it is the sum of all currents injected from
the reference node into the network).
27
Let’s see if we can do this same thing to eq.
(35), repeated here for convenience:
V Z Z I
0 Z Z z I
T
i ii
i
b
(35) ref
(43)
And the first equation in (43) is independent
of Iref, so that we may extract it as:
V Z Z Z z Z I (44)
1 T
i ii b i
30
Z Zi
(33)
n ,e
Z T
Z i Z ii zb
31