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Origin Of Banking:
Since the banking activities were
started in different periods in different countries,
there is no unanimous view regarding the origin of
the word “Bank”.
The word, “bank”is said to have
been derived from the French word, 'Banco' or
'Bancus' or 'Banc' or 'Banque' which means a
bench. In fact, the early Jews in Lombardly
transacted their banking business by sitting on
benches. When their business failed, the benches
were broken and hence the word 'bankrupt' come
into vogue.
Another common held view is that
the word 'bank' might be originated from the
German word 'Back' which means a joint stock
fund. Of course, a bank essentially deals with
funds. In due course, it was Italianised into
“banco”, Frenchised into “banc” and finally
Anglicised into “bank”. This view is most prevalent
today.
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Banking and other Business:
Traditionally, money lenders and
indigenous bankers have been advancing loans.
But the don’t receive deposits from the public.
They rely upon their own resources. Moreover,
their main business is not banking. They used to
combine banking with trading business. Hence,
money lenders and indigenous bankers are not
regarded as bankers in the strict sense of the term.
Number of Bank Branches in
India June 2002
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Classification Of Banks
1. Commercial Banks:
The commercial banks mobilise deposits from the public which are
repayable on demand or at short notice. They lend to traders and
manufacturers for short periods. They provide the working capital to the
business in the form of overdraft and cash credit.
3. Exchange Banks:
Exchange banks specialise in financing the foreign trade. They
supply necessary foreign exchange required for settlement of transactions
in foreign trade. The exchange banks discount foreign bills of exchange.
Nowadays commercial banks themselves undertake foreign exchange
business.
4. Co-operative Banks:
Banks formed on the principle of cooperation are called
cooperative banks. They provide short term credit to agriculturalists,
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artisans, small farmers, and small scale industries. Cooperative banks
accept all kinds of deposits and make loans to the members at lower rate
of interest.
6. Savings Banks:
Savings banks are specialised institutions collecting savings from
the poor and middle income people of the society. These are banks
primarily intended to encourage habits of thrift and savings among people
with small incomes. The depositors are allowed to withdraw the amount
in times of need. But there are restrictions on the number of withdrawals
to be made in a month. Separate savings banks are organised in various
countries. In India, the Government runs savings banks and they are
managed by the postal department.
7. Central Bank:
Every country has only one central bank. The central bank acts as
the leader of the money market; supervising, controlling and regulating
the activities of the commercial banks and other financial institutions. It
enforces monetary discipline in the country's economy. It seeks to
manage the issue and circulation of currency and control the creation of
bank deposits with a view to safeguard the financial stability in the
country. The central bank functions in close touch with the government
and assists in the implementation of its economic policies. It serves as
banker, agent and advisor to the government. Thus, the central bank is the
apex bank of the country in maintaining the monetary and economic
stability.
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Loans For Housing
Realising the necessity to provide houses and improve housing
facilities in the country, the nationalised banks have been asked to
provide funds for housing since 1979. Initially, they were expected to
lend Rs. 150 crores annually, but the target was raised to Rs. 300 crores
for the year 1989-90. For the year 1990-91, individual nationalised banks
housing finance allocation was required to be computed at 1.5% of the
incremental deposits on March 1990, over the corresponding figure of
March 1989.
According to the guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank, a bank’s
assistance to the housing sector (including rural areas) may be as follows:
a) 30% of the total housing finance allocation by way of direct
assistance to individuals or a group of borrowers etc., out of which
at least half should be given as direct housing loans in rural and
semi-urban areas.
b) 30%of the allocation for landing to HUDCO, Housing
Development Boards, HDFC and other housing agencies for
construction of house.
c) The remaining 40% of the assistance may be by way of
subscription to the guaranteed bonds/ debentures of HUDCO, and
National Housing Bank.
The terms and conditions etc., for housing finance have been
liberalized to encourage the flow of credit for housing as follows:
a. The loan can be used for purchase of a house or flat, construction
of a house or tenement or for additions or extensions to an existing
structure.
b. The loan will be secured by mortgage of the property. Banks also
accept security of adequate value in the form of life insurance
policies. Government promissory notes, shares and debentures or
gold ornaments.
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c. Terms loans from banks to housing finance companies(other than
HUDCO,HDFC and companies promoted by commercial banks)
has been raised to three times there net own funds in January,1990.
d. The repayment period will be spread over fifteen years.
e. The maximum amount of loan was earlier fixed at Rs 3 Lacks per
individuals. But this ceiling was withdrawn, effective 11th October,
1989.
Objectives
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Research Methodology
Data Collection
What is Research?
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The main methods for the secondary data are:
• Internet
• Magazine
• Television
• Newspapers
• Books
Bank Profiles
Andhra Bank
Andhra Bank was established in 1923 and it was nationalised in 1980.
Eligibility Criteria:
a) Age 18 to 65 years.
b) The take home pay should be at least 30% of gross salary.
c) Repayment span is maximum 20 years.
d) 75% of cost of construction.
e) Income tax benefit for payment of both Principle and Interest as per
I.T. Rules.
f) For salaried person 48 times gross monthly income is the maximum
loan amount sanctionable.
g) Latest salary certificate, Certificate from the employee regarding
leftover service.
h) Estimates and other related approved documents.
Features:
a) Pre-payment charges are to be levied in case of premature
closure of term loan by theborrower in cases where the term
loan is closed either from his own sources of funds or by way of
takeover by other Banks.
b) The Prepayment charges of 2.00% flat on the prepaid amount
are applicable for all Term loans including loans sanctioned
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under Personal Banking Schemes, Housing loans, Term loans
against Rent Receivables and Rural godowns where the
repayment period is fixed beyond 36 months.
c) No guarantor / co obligator required.
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Bank Of Baroda
Bank Of Baroda was established in 1908 and it was nationalised in 1969.
Eligibility Criteria:
a) Age 21 to 65 years.
b) Repayment span is maximum 25 years.
c) 75% of cost of construction.
d) Income tax benefit for payment of both Principle and Interest as per
I.T. Rules.
Fixed Interest Rates:-
Features:
a) Free property and personal accident insurance(available for
stipulated tenure of loan)
b) As per I.T. provisions, interest on loan till Rs. 1.5 lacs per annum is
exempt from income tax(Under section 23/24 of the Income Tax
Act)
c) Free credit cards to all new home loan borrowers with a loan limit
of Rs. 2 lacs and above.
d) For salaried person 48 times gross monthly income is the maximum
loan amount sanctionable.
e) No Fees will be charged on part prepayment / full prepayment of
the loan amount from own sources.
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f) In case of full prepayment or foreclosure (other than from own
sources) fees will be charged at 0.5% for each year of the residual
period subject to maximum of 2%.
g) As security against the loan amount, the bank will take an equitable
mortgage of the housing property and/or other suitable securities.
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Bank Of India
Bank Of India was established in 1906 and it was nationalised in 1969.
Eligibility Criteria:
a) Age 18 to 65 years.
b) Repayment span is maximum 20 years.
c) 75% of cost of construction.
d) Income tax benefit for payment of both Principle and Interest as per
I.T. Rules.
e) For salaried person 48 times gross monthly income is the maximum
loan amount sanctionable.
Floating Interest Rates:-
Features:
a) Option for different EMI amounts for different periods during
tenure of loan to suit customers’ repayment capacity.
b) Prepayment of loan permitted.
c) Free Personal Accident Insurance cover.
d) Life Insurance cover to borrowers for Loan Protection
(optional). Life Insurance Cover (optional) to housing loan
borrowers against risk of death during tenure of loan under tie-
up with ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
e) Interest calculated on daily balance basis which is of great
advantage to customers as it results in lower interest amount.
f) Competitive interest rates.
g) No pre-payment charges if pre-payment is made from own
sources of the borrower.
h) As security against the loan amount, the bank will take an
equitable mortgage of the housing property or otherwise, the
Third Party guarantee is required.
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Documents required during application of any home loan:
Completed application form
Proof of Identity – PAN Card/ Voters ID/ Passport/ Driving
License
Proof of Residence – Recent Telephone Bill/ Electricity Bill/
Property tax receipt/ Passport/ Voters ID
Sale Deed, Agreement of Sale, Letter of Allotment, Non
encumbrance certificate, Land/ Building Tax paid receipt etc.
(as applicable and subject to satisfaction report from our
empanelled lawyer)
Copy of approved plan and approval from the Local Body
Statement of Bank Account/ Pass Book for last 6 months
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Bank Of Maharashtra
Bank Of Maharashtra was established in 1935 and it was nationalised in
1969.
Eligibility Criteria:
a) Age 21 to 55 years.
b) Maximum 50 years for applicant in service class, subject to
minimum 10 years of residual service.
c) Maximum 55 years for business class.
a) Repayment span is maximum 20 years.
b) 85% of cost of construction.
c) Income tax benefit for payment of both Principle and Interest as
per I.T. Rules.
d) For salaried person 40 times gross monthly income is the
maximum loan amount sanctionable.
Fixed Interest Rates:-
Tenure Upto Rs. 30 Lacs Above Rs. 30 Lacs
Upto 5 years 11.00% 11.25%
Above 5 years and upto 10 11.25% 11.50%
years
Above 10 years and upto 15 11.50% 11.75%
years
Features:
a) No maximum ceiling in metro and urban areas.
b) Maximum Rs. 10 lacs in semi-urban and rural areas.
c) Maximum Rs. 5 lacs for repairs and renovation.
d) No prepayment charges.
e) Upto Rs.25,000 one guarantor is acceptable to the bank. Above
Rs. 25,000 one guarantor and equitable/regd. mortgage of
property or equal amount of paper security.
f) 60% of gross salary including proposed loan installment is the
maximum deduction limit.
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Documents required during application of any home loan:
Completed application form
Proof of Identity – PAN Card/ Voters ID/ Passport/ Driving
License
Proof of Residence – Recent Telephone Bill/ Electricity Bill/
Property tax receipt/ Passport/ Voters ID
Sale Deed, Agreement of Sale, Letter of Allotment, Non
encumbrance certificate, Land/ Building Tax paid receipt etc.
(as applicable and subject to satisfaction report from our
empanelled lawyer)
Copy of approved plan and approval from the Local Body
Statement of Bank Account/ Pass Book for last 6 months.
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Industrial Development Bank Of India
IDBI was established in 1964 and it was nationalised in 1969.
Eligibility Criteria:
a) Age 18 to 65 years.
b) Repayment span is maximum 25 years.
c) 90% of cost of construction.
d) Income tax benefit for payment of both Principle and Interest as
per I.T. Rules.
e) For salaried person 75 times net monthly income is the
maximum loan amount sanctionable.
Floating Interest Rates:-
In this bank, the floating interest rates for home loan for a span of 1 to
25 years is 11.00%
Features:
a) Tenor of a home loan can be up to 25 years for a resident individual
whereas for NRIs the maximum tenure is 15 years subject to
maximum age of 60 years at maturity.
b) Loan can be applied for a maximum of 90% of the property value
subject to credit discretion.
c) Security for the loan is a first mortgage of the property to be
financed, normally by way of deposit of the title deeds or such
collateral security as may be necessary.
d) Title to the property should be clear and free from encumbrance,
i.e., without any pending legal litigation adversely affecting the
ownership of the property.
e) Other parameters considered include an account of your age,
income, number of dependents, financial stability and co-
applicant’s income.
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f) No pre-payment charges if pre-payment is from own sources and
after 6 months of the commencement of EMIs. However, in case
the pre-payment is through loan transfers or any such other sources,
a nominal fee of 2% is charged.
g) Security for the loan is a first mortgage of the property to be
financed, normally by way of deposit of the title deeds or such
collateral security as may be necessary.
h) Tax benefits: As per the current finance bill you can get:
• A maximum deduction of Rs. 1,50,000 on your income
towards interest paid on your home loans u/s 24
• A maximum deduction of Rs. 1,00,000 on the principal
repaid u/s 80 CCE
The above benefits are available subject to the
fulfillment of certain conditions, for which the applicant
should refer the IT Act 1961.
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State Bank Of India
State Bank Of India was established in 1806 and it was nationalised in
1969.
Eligibility Criteria:
a) Age 18 to70 years.
b) Repayment span is maximum 20 years.
c) 75% of cost of construction.
d) Income tax benefit for payment of both Principle and Interest as
per I.T. Rules.
e) For salaried person 40 times gross monthly income is the
maximum loan amount sanctionable.
Floating Interest Rates:-
Features:
a) Free personal accident insurance cover up to Rs.40 Lac.
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h) Concessional package under ‘Credit Khazana’ for prospective Auto
Loan, Student Loan, Personal Loan borrowers whose accounts are
conducted satisfactorily
i) 50% concession in charges in respect of all personal remittances/
collection of outstation cheques.
j) Equitable mortgage of the property or otherwise other tangible
security of adequate value.
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Syndicate Bank
Syndicate Bank was established in 1925 and it was nationalised in 1969.
Eligibility Criteria:
a) Age 18 to 65 years.
b) Repayment span is maximum 20 years.
c) 75% of cost of construction.
d) Income tax benefit for payment of both Principle and Interest as
per I.T. Rules.
e) For salaried person 72 times gross monthly income is the
maximum loan amount sanctionable.
Floating Interest Rates:-
Tenure Upto Rs. 20 Lacs Above Rs. 20 Lacs
Upto 5 years 10.00% 10.25%
Above 5 years and upto 10 10.50% 10.75%
years
Above 10 years and upto 20 10.75% 11.00%
years
Features:
a) Margin: 25% of total project cost for construction/purchase of new
flat or house upto 5 years old.30% for acquiring house which is
above 5 years old.30% of the estimated cost of
addition/extension/repairs/renovation.
b) Processing Charges: Rs.500/- per lac with a minimum of Rs.1000/-
at present. (Processing charges are subject to change from time to
time).
c) Repayment:
For acquiring a house, equated monthly instalments with maximum
repayment period of 25 years including repayment holiday of 18
months where eligible. In case of salaried persons, repayment
period shall not extend beyond superannuation and for others
beyond 65 years of age.
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d) First mortgage of the site/house/flat to be constructed/acquired or
as advised by the Legal Adviser/Law Officer of the Bank.
Hypothecation of furniture & fixtures.
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Union Bank Of India was established in 1919 and it was nationalised in
1969.
Eligibility Criteria:
a) Age 18 to 65 years.
b) Minimum Net Take Home Pay plus proposed EMI should not
be less than 40 % of the Gross Earnings.
c) Repayment span is maximum 20 years, moratorium period upto
18 months.
d) Income tax benefit for payment of both Principle and Interest as
per I.T. Rules.
e) For salaried person 72 times gross monthly income is the
maximum loan amount sanctionable.
Floating Interest Rates:-
Features:
a) A minimum of 2 guarantors are required.
b) Finance upto 80% of cost of construction.
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f) Balloon Repayment Programme available wherein lesser
payment can be opted against a lumpsum, which is expected
later for repayment of the loan.
g) Take over of Loans, availed from other Financial Institutions,
are permitted.
h) Loan under second charge is permitted for Govt. Employees.
i) No Pre-closure charges, if the loan is adjusted by own verifiable
legitimate sources.
j) No restriction on number of houses owned.
k) Free Insurance cover for Home and Free Personal Accident
Insurance for the Customer.
l) Free International Credit Card & International Debit cum ATM
Card with VISA logo.
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United Commercial Bank was established in 1943 and it was nationalised
in 1969.
Eligibility Criteria:
a) Age 21 to 65 years.
b) Maximum 75 years of age for senior citizens availing finance to
secure shelter in old age homes.
c) Repayment span is maximum 25 years.
d) 85% of cost of construction.
e) Income tax benefit for payment of both Principle and Interest as
per I.T. Rules.
f) For salaried person 60 times gross monthly income is the
maximum loan amount sanctionable.
g) Monthly income should be equal to/more than EMI + Rs.4,000/-
in case of a family with up to four members – Salaried/Non-
salaried and agriculturist and bank’s own staff are entitled for
loan.
Features:
a) A minimum of 1 guarantor is required whose income is either
equivalent to or more than the applicant.
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• Rural Areas : Rs.25 Lac
• Semi-urban/Urban/Metro Areas : Rs.100.00 Lac
• Maximum limits for Repair/Extension/Renovation are
Rs.7.50 lacs in rural areas and
• Rs.25.00 lacs in Metro/Urban/Semi-Urban areas.
c) No processing fees for take over loan.
Vijaya Bank
Vijaya Bank was established in 1931 and it was nationalised in 1980.
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Eligibility Criteria:
a) Age 18 to 65 years.
b) Repayment span is maximum 20 years.
c) 80% of cost of construction.
d) Income tax benefit for payment of both Principle and Interest as
per I.T. Rules.
e) For salaried person 60 times gross monthly income is the
maximum loan amount sanctionable.
Interest Rates:-
Features:
a) The guarantee from spouse / major children to be insisted. If the
property is in joint names, the co-owner should be taken as co-
applicant. If the income of the spouse is reckoned for computation
of loan amount and repayment, the spouse to join as co-applicant.
b) Minimum loan amount is Rs. 1.00 lacs
Maximum – Any amount - on need based as per the cost less
stipulated margin subject to loan entitlement.
c) The branches shall obtain the security of the site and building / flat
constructed / to be constructed / to be purchased for which the
finance is being extended, subject to satisfactory valuation and
applicant’s clear marketable title / free from encumbrance the
property.
d) As an incentive a personal loan (V Cash) equivalent to 12 months
EMIs repayable in 36 months will be extended against the
continuing security of House property already mortgaged to the
Bank, in cases of track record of prompt repayment of 12 EMIs.
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Proof of Residence – Recent Telephone Bill/ Electricity Bill/
Property tax receipt/ Passport/ Voters ID
Sale Deed, Agreement of Sale, Letter of Allotment, Non
encumbrance certificate, Land/ Building Tax paid receipt etc.
(as applicable and subject to satisfaction report from our
empanelled lawyer)
Copy of approved plan and approval from the Local Body
Statement of Bank Account/Pass Book for last 6 monts.
ANALYSIS
Case Study:
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The amount a borrower, aged 25 years, can get as a loan, on an
income of Rs.3 lacs p.a. (Rs. 25000 p.m. gross). He is a permanent
employee of a reputed firm & wants a new flat of 1000 sq. ft. in
Kothrud area, & wishes to repay the loan in a span of 15 years.
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The Bank Rate (in Rs.) (in Rs.) (in years)
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b) Max. Loan Sanctinable On Rs. 25000 (gross salary
p.m.).
Bibliography
Websites:
a. www.andhrabank.com
b. www.bankofbaroda.com
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c. www.bankofindia.com
d. www.idbi.com
e. www.sbi.co.in
Search Engines:
a. www.google.com
b. www.wikipedia.org
Annexure
QUESTIONNAIRE:
HOME LOAN INTEREST RATES
[NATIONALISED BANKS]
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1. How many kinds of home loans do you offer?
2. How much time is required for a home loan to get sanctioned once
applied?
3. What are the documents required?
4. Are mortgages accepted? If yes, what are the conditions?
5. Is the home loan based on the area of the house or locality? How?
6. How many guarantors are required?
7. What if an installment is not paid?
8. If the salary account is not in your bank then what is the procedure
followed?
9. What if the borrower changes his job?
10.Are loans sanctioned to temporary employees?
11.What if the interest rates change after a period of time (floating)?
12.What if the borrower goes bankrupt?
13.Is insurance covered in home loans plans?
14.Does the loan repayment start directly after it is sanctioned?
15.Can a loan on a single property be sanctioned on 2 or more people?
16.Are there any tax benefits through home loans?
17. How much amount can a borrower get as a loan, depending on his
income?(E.g.-Age-25 years,income-3 lack p.a., permanent employee
of a reputed firm, wants a new flat of 1000 sq. ft. in Kothrud area,
repayment span is 5-15 years…)
18.Which is more preferable-fixed or floating?
19.What are the home loan interest rates (fixed as well as floating) for:
a) Bank employees
b) Others
20. Which factors determine the interest rates for home loans-fixed as
well as floating?
21.Are there any checks to ensure that the money is not used elsewhere?
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