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BENDING MOMENTS
AND SHEARING
FORCES IN BEAMS
3.1 BEAM
∑ Fx = 0 i.e. P – V = 0 or V = P
∑ M = 0 i.e. M – Px or M = Px
P
A m B
x n (a)
P
A
M
(b)
x B
V
M
(c)
Shear Force and Bending
Moment
Shear Force: is the algebraic sum of
the vertical forces acting to the left or
right of the cut section
∑ Fy = 0 i.e. V - q dx - (V + dV) = 0
- q dx – dV = 0 and:
dV
= −q ………… (3.1)
dx
This means that the rate of change of shear force at any point
on the axis of the beam is equal to the negative of the intensity of
the distributed load at that same point.
(a) Distributed Loads
Contd.
If there is no distributed load on a segment of a beam (i.e. q = 0),
dV
then =0 and the shear force is constant in that part of the beam.
dx
Also, if the distributed load is uniform along part of the beam (q is constant),
dV
then is also a constant and the shear force changes linearly in that part of the
dx
beam.
Distributed Loads Contd.
Taking Moments about the LHS of the element in Figure 3.4.a:
Neglecting products of differentials since they are small compared to other terms:
- V dx + dM = 0 and:
dM
=V ………………………….. (3.2)
dx
This equation means that the rate of change of the bending moment at any point on the
axis of a beam is equal to the shear force at that same point. For instance, if the shear
force is zero in a region of the beam, then the bending moment is constant in that region.
Distributed Loads Contd.
- M - P (dx/2) - (V + V1) dx + M + M1 = 0
M1 = P (dx/2) + V dx + V1 dx
Since dx is small, M1 is also small and this means that the
bending moment does not change as we pass through
the point of application of a concentrated load.
Example
WL/2
WL/2
L
Solution
dVx
=−w
dx
Vx = - w x + C1
dM x
= Vx
dx
Mx = - w /2 x2 + C1 x + C2
Boundary Condition: At x = 0, Mx = 0 - Simply supported beam
i.e. C2 = 0
i.e. Mx = - w/2 x2 + C1 x
x x
2.5 kN 2.5 kN
2m
2m
Solution
(i) First determine the reactions at A and B. These are equal to 2.5 kN
each.
2.5 kN V M
The unknown forces V and M are assumed to act in the positive sense on the right hand
V = 2.5 kN (1)
(i) Now choose another section along BC after the 5 kN load (2 m < x < 4 m)
2m x
5 kN
V M
2.5 kN x-2 x
Simpler Method For Drawing Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
(i) The Shear forces (V) can be determined by mental arithmetic using the
convention that the upward force at the LHS section is positive and downward
force is negative. Also downward force at the RHS of the beam is positive while
At A: V = 2.5 kN
At B: , V = 2.5 – 5 = - 2.5 kN
(ii) For bending moment (BM), remember that at the LHS of a beam, clockwise
At B: B.M = 2.5 x 2 = 5 kN m
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam AB
1.8 kN/m
A D B
RA 4 kN RB
1.6 m 1m 1.4 m
Solution
Find RA and RB
Fy = 0 i.e. RA + RB = (1.8 x 2.6) +
4 kN = 8.68 kN
MB = 0 i.e. - 4 RA + 2.4 x 4 + ( 1.8
x 2.6) x ( 4 - 1.3 ) = 0
4 RA = 9.6 + 12.63 = 22.23;
RA = 5.56 kN
RB = 8.68 - 5.56 = 3.12 kN
Solution Contd.
(i) Using the usual convention: At point A: V = 5.56 kN
= - 1.32 kN
= 6.59 kN m
A C E
5.56 kN 4 kN 3.12 kN
1.6 m 1m 1.4 m
5.56 kN
2.68 kN
0 Shear Force 0
- 1.32
- 3.12 kN
6.59 4.37
Bending Moment 0
0
3.1 BENDING STRESSES IN
BEAMS (FOR PURE BENDING)
M N
Figure 3.5 a
b d
dx
Let ab and cd be two cross sections at a distance dx apart (Figure 3.5a).
Let O be the centre of curvature and let R be the radius of the neutral
surface.
Consider a fibre ‘mn’ at a distance ‘y’ from the neutral surface.
Change in length of mn = (R + y) dθ - R dθ = y dθ
y dθ y
Strain, ε= =
R dθ R
y
Stress, σ= E ε =E ...........( A)
R
Theory of Simple Bending Contd.
Equilibrium Equations
E
dF acting on dA =σdA = y dA
z
R
E
F = Normal force = y. dA =0 .....(1)
RA
(as there is no normal force acting on the cross section)
dF = σ. dA
z
dM = σ. y. dA
M= σ. y. dA .....(2)
A
z
A
σ. dA =0 z
A
σ. y. dA = M
z
A
E
Since cannot be zero: y dA =0
R A
This integral is called first moment of area of the cross section. Hence, neutral axis
coincides with the centroidal axis.
Theory of Simple Bending Contd.
Second Condition
z
A
σy dA =
RAz
E 2
y dA = M
z
A
y 2 dA is called the second moment of area or the moment of inertia of the cross
z
A
σy dA =
RAz
E 2
y dA = M
E
i.e. I = M ........( B)
R
Combining equations A and B, we get:
M σ E
= = This is the elementary bending formula
I y R
Simple Bending: Calculation of Stress
To calculate the stress, use the first two equations. That is:
M
σ
= y ............(C )
I
To calculate Radius of Curvature:
1 M
φ
== ..........( D)
R EI
φ
This means that radius of curvature ( ) is directly proportional to M and inversely
proportional to EI. EI is called the flexural rigidity.
M
σ
= y : Stresses are normally calculated on the extremes i.e. compression and
I
tensile maximum stresses.
i.e. σ=M
max ymax =
M
I Z
I
Where: Z= called ‘Modulus of the Section’ (Section Modulus)
y max
Simple Bending: Compression and
Tension Zones
Compression
M M
σ max = . h1 =
I Z1
M M
σ min = . h2 =
Tension I Z2
Non-Uniform Bending
w N/m
w N/m
A
B
L
1m
120 mm
Solution
Solution
x
w N/m
At x = 0, Mx = 0
At x = L/2, Mx = - w/2 ( L/2)2 = - w L2/8
At x = L, Mx = - w L2/2 . The negative sign shows that the bending involves
hogging rather than sagging.
Solution Concluded
So the maximum bending moment (Mmax ) is w L2/2 (Numerical maximum).
For L = 1 m, Mmax = w/2 N.m
Moment of inertia of a rectangular cross section (I x) = b d3/12
= 0.12 m x 0.013 = 1 x 10 –8 m4
12
Maximum stress , σ max = Mmax ymax / Ix
Note: Since the maximum bending moment is negative, the maximum tensile stress
occurs at the top of the beam while the maximum compressive stress occurs at the
bottom.
Example
Example: A uniform T-section beam is 100 mm wide and 150 mm deep with a flange
thickness of 25 mm and a web thickness of 12 mm. If the limiting bending stresses for
the material of the beam are 80 MN/m2 in compression and 160 MN/m2 , find the
maximum uniformly distributed load (u.d.l) that the beam can carry over a simply
supported span of 5 m.
100 mm
25
40.6 mm
150 mm
109.4 mm 12
Reference
Solution
100 mm
25
40.6 mm
150 mm
109.4 mm 12
Reference
Solution: The second moment of area, I used in the simple bending theory is about the
neutral axis, thus in order to determine the I value of the T-section shown, it is necessary
first to determine the position of the centroid and hence the neutral axis.
A y = A1 y 1 + A2 y 2
Thus the N.A. is positioned, as shown, a distance of 109.4 mm above the base.
Solution Contd.
The second moment of area, I can now be found by dividing the section
into convenient rectangles with their edges in the neutral axis.
σI
80 x 106 x 7.36 x 10−6
M= = −3
= 14.5 kNm
y 40.6 x 10
Solution Concluded
The greatest moment that can therefore be applied to retain stresses within both
conditions quoted is therefore M = 10.76 kN m
timber
N A Steel
reinforcement
steel
dy
N A
N.A.
d
z
Equilibrium Conditions
σ dA = 0
z
A
E y
σ y dA = M σ =
A
R
Force on an elemental area of timber, dFt = σ t b dy = Et. y/R b dy ( E x strain x
area)
d
Et/Es b
b
Equivalent steel section of the given composite beam
Beams of Two Materials
Concluded
σt σs Et
= and σt = σs
Et Es Es
Example: Calculate the moment of resistance of the cross section and maximum stress
in timber and steel. The allowable stress in steel is 150 N/mm2
1 1 Steel
Timber
N A 8 cm
1 s steel
Es= 210,000 N/mm2
Et = 14,000 N/mm2
6
Solution
Equivalent Steel Section
d 8 cm b = (4,000 x 6)/210000
= 0.4 cm
6 x 13 0.4 x 83
I NA =
2( +
6 x 4.52 ) + = 261.06 cm4
12 12
Allowable stress in steel = 150 N/mm2
M =
σI
y
MR = 150 N/mm2 x 261.06 x 104 mm3
5 x 10 mm
= 7.83 x 106 N mm
Solution Concluded
Stress in timber:
σt σs Et
= and σ t = σ s
Et Es Es
4 5