ciGRE International Conference on Large High Tension Electric Systems 112, boulevard Haussmann — Pars 18 Session — 10-20 June 22-06 T THE USE OF SOIL MECHANICS METHODS FOR ADAPTING TOWER FOUNDATIONS TO SOIL CONDITIONS by J. BIAREZ YY. BARRAUD fessor at the Universty of Grenoble Engineer ED (France) Calculation, Experiment, Foundation, Practice, Soil Mechanics, Theory, Tower. REPORT 1. INTRODUCTION ‘The design of uplift foundations practically determines the sizes of the foundations required for the four-legged towers of overhead lines, Until practical conclusions to investigations were reached, which will be described in this report, use was made of simplified, rather inaccurate methods whose disadvantages, felt not only in France but in other countries as well, led to the formation within the framework of Study Committee No, 7 of CIGRE, of a Working Group whose terms of reference were to study precisely this problem. ‘The most commonly used method consisted in calculating the uplift resistance of a foun- dation as that given by the weight of soil included in a truncated cone whose small area was equal to that of the base of the actual foundation and whose semi-angle at the top was assessed, as well as could be, in function of the assumed soil "resistance", ‘The limits of such approximation had never been properly assessed notwithstanding the fact that, for many years, a large number of tests had been performed on full size foundations (in most cases, when starting actual work on a given line), no synthesis being possible because of the lack of a suitable theory. To overcome this difficulty, it was necessary to investigate means of connecting methods of uplift foundation design to soil mechanics principles. Such was the aim that B.D.F. attempted to reach with the collaboration of the GRENOBLE, UNIVERSITY (Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics, section of sofl mechanics, Mr. BIAREZ and Mr, MARTIN). Besides its own test results obtained either in a laboratory (reduced models) or on site (full size) in natural soils (properly detailed by investigations into thelr mechanieal charac~ teristics) #.D.F. had available, through the Working Group of CIGRE Study Committee No, 7, the results of a lange number of full seale tests (with sufficient data on geotechnical measu- ements) performed in many countries. ‘The advantages of this international cooperation will become obvious later on in the report. The purpose of this report is to give the results of this work, Successively, the following points will be covered : I. general study of the design method, Il, its practical application with some practical examples, II], a small survey of measurement methods "in situ" of soil mechanical properties, IV, some comments on the technique of foundation installation,22-06 -2- 2, GENERAL STUDY OF THE DESIGN METHOD ‘The different experimental investigations performed on foundations models subjected to uplift, either in a two-dimensional system, on analogical models, with rollers, of the TAYLOR- SCHNEEBELI type, or in a three-dimensional system on reduced models consisting of river sand, then of glass marbles and, finally, of saturated and unsaturated clay, have actually con- firmed the existence in the soils of zones in the shape of truncated cones which become part of the uplifted foundation ; except in the particular case of pad foundations set at a very great depth where local shear appears in the neighbourhood of the pad, ‘Thus, it has been possible to single out some "models" or "schemes" reproducing rea- sonably closely the physical process of shear likely to become the basis of a theoretical design of uplift resistance. It will be seen in the latter part of this paper that, as a first approximation, practically all foundation types (except the pad type set at a great depth, which will be dealt with in a separate paragraph) can be reduced to the generic case of a revolution foundation, i.e. the cylindrical pile, ‘This is why the latter scheme will form the basis of the theoretical design by consider ing a "soil which has both cohesion and internal friction, To study the condition of equilibrium in such a medium, we apply CAQUOT's theorem of corresponding states which enables us to consider that the limiting state of equilibrium of a cohesive medium is equivalent to that of a powdery medium of the same shape and same internal friction "g"", in equilibrium under the action of external loads acting in the cohesive medium, but inereased by a constant hydrostatic pressure acting at all points and everywhere equal to H = C . cotang. ‘This principle enables us to define the shear line, generating the surface of failure, by starting with an experimental investigation in powdery medium, All the experimental results indicate that the shear surfaces have their origin at the base of the foundations and extend towards ground level, ‘The photographs, figures 1a and 2b opposite, show on an anslogical model with rollers, in a plane system, the general shape of this shear line for piles as well as for pads, when the latter have a planting depth smaller than the critical depth, The schematic diagram shown in figure 1c illustrates the physical shear line, Calculations based on perfect plasticity give results which are very satisfactory in a homogeneous medium, but the complexity of actual cases prevents the application of such theo- retieal design which becomes quickly inextricable, This is why we have assumed that the zones of large strains would have a straight line as a boundary where the stresses vary in accordance with KOTTER's equations. This simplification was in fact justified by more complex calculations, By adopting such a straight line, with a variable angle of slope a, we have more facility in adapting the design to the various factors likely to modify the ideal conditions on which it is based : quality of contact between soil and foundations, values of absolute and relative depths, heterogenelty of different soil layers above the same foundation, etc... 2,1, Présentation of the straight line method 2.1.1, Foundation : cylindrical "pile" - Having thus idealised the behaviour of the zone solidly connected to the uplift foundation, various physical considerations enable us to accept that the "screen" AB is under pressure and that the stresses on its surface are acting at an angle 9 to its normal in powdery medium, Under such conditions, the maximum uplift load @,, will be the resultant of the stresses acting on the above truncated cone area, by accepting af an approximation, acceptable in some cases, the sum of the following limiting equilibrium states in homogeneous media 1 ~ equilibrium under the action of dead weight alone (figure 2), to which corresponds the load Q,g, called friction term,22:06 Figure 1 - Representation of the line of shear. = On anslogieal model with rollers 1, = for a pile 1, = for a pad foundation = Simplified geometrical representation. 1, = equivalent" atraight line AB, Figure 2 - Distribution of etresses due to frietion Figure 3 - Distribution of stresses representing the ‘The Integration of KOTTER's equation along the line intluence of cohesion in a soll whose angle is @ AB gives PEY-8. cos. (p +a).22-06 -4- 2 - equilibrium in weightless but cohesive medium (figure 3), to which corresponds the load Q,, called cohesion term, 3 - equilibrium in weightless medium under the influence of an overload q borne by the free surface at ground line, to which corresponds the overburden term Qy 4 - in order to define the total uplift load Q,,, we must add to the above : = the weight Q, of the truncated cone, solidly connected to the foundation, called the gravity term = the dead weight : P of the foundation itself. Hence, Qy can be expressed as Qe ‘The following expressions can be obtained by calculation, Qe + Ge + q+ HP ~ friction term Qrq - Figure 2 shows the distribution of the stresses "p'" on the area AB of the dihedron ABC ‘wich is considered in active earth pressure, Calculations give where with ‘This becomes 0 when a = - 9 - cohesion terms Q, : Figure 9 explains the distribution of the stresses "t" on the face AB of the dihedron ABC of a weightless medium with angle of friction g and loaded with @ fictitious burden H + C . cotan 9. We obtain the equation Qe = 2 RDCM, where with tat tan Mota eee (+e) where the active earth pressure coefficient t/H (g, a) within the mathematical boundaries of the parameters a is given by graph I figure 4, It will be noted that M,(@)=1 for @=-@ anda+-0.89-% has a maximum for af -0.99-22.06 oT — Tae = ° ro vo Figure 4 - Graph No, 1 - Pressure Coefficient in weightless cohesive medium, fie Besides . for =-4- an fanaa My (0) = 0 for a e-E-B ona ; 2 - overburden term , - This is calculated exactly as the cohesion term by subs- tituting q for H in the previous calculation, its value is Q, = 22 RDM, where A i D My, (i -g ten ag) with E Msn g(t + BEE tan 9 M ) tan @ in the equation M, + M, = OM, +M,,) (1 --ptane 2) It will be noted that the function Q,,, for small setting depths, has a maximum for values slightly smaller than ~ 9, In fact, M, (a) has its maximum for q # - 0.9 9 - r/12< - 9 whereas that of (M, + M,) occurs fof a = - 9. Generally speaking, the maximum will occur for values of a dedFeasin with depth, the optimum value being always < - @ A comparison of graphs I and II shows that "M+ Mm," 15" (yeas Colm de sol golidatre de ta plague « Wedge of soil becoming part of the plate, Such 2 pseudo pile has a dead weight equal to that of the actual foundation (plate or pad and chimney) increased by the weight of soil included in the fictitious pile above the pad. The volume of soil to be taken into account is the net volume i.e, deduction being made of the volume of the chimney if there is one, With this approximation, the method of calculation for the pile type can be applied inte- grally, due account being taken of the following explanations : a) Soils of the first category (figure 8) - The general formula for piles will be used, but in the equations for M,, M, + M,, M,, a positive value for "a" will be inserted, which, by experimental results, seems fo have a fairly constent value in the field of application considered, ie. : @ = n/18, This corresponds to a unique value of the relative critical depth D,/R = 5. When the pad or the plate are rectangular in section, for the purpose of calculations, we shall consider a cylinder whose equivalent radius is defined by a reasoning similar to that given above for negative values of "a", We assume that "conical" gurface of shear will be generated by a straight line starting from the plate (or from the external edge of the pad) and inclined at an angle "a" to the vertical. Figure 10 iIlustrates the effective lateral area S,, which is that of a cylinder of equivalent radius R, = p/8 where p is the perimeter of the pad, ‘When dealing with a "pad and chimney" foundation, the calculations are the same as for a simple plate of the same size as the pad, since the chimney has no influence on the shear in the ground and acts only by its own dead weight, b) Soils of the second category (figure 9) - The method of calculations follows the same principles as above, but the resistance factors M,, M,+M,, M, are calculated by using negative values for "a' 7 We are back again in the case of true piles, and the equivalent radius of pads or rec- tangular plates is equal to p/2x, The chimney of "pad and chimney" foundations influences the calculations only by its dead weight. 2,1,8,2, Pad foundations set at a great depth D > D, in solls of the first category - For pad or pad and chimney foundations installed in eoile of the Hirst oategory and set al a great depth, the schematic representation of the equivalent cylindrical fictitious pile is as follows For simple plates, we assume that they are set at the eritical depth in a block of soll located below the plane of the dihedron ABC (figure 8) of height D., ise. with an overburden 4 + y (D ~ D,). In other words, the pseudo-pile has a length limifed to D, ; its dead weight is therefore equal to that of a pile of length D, and its resistance to uplift is caleulated with the positive value of « = x/16. ‘When dealing with a pad and chimney foundation, the uplift resistance of this entity includes two terms (see figure 11).22-06 -10- 28028 D>De ‘igure 10 - Rectangular Plate | Schematic representation of the outline of the shear aurface in a oll of the first category (a > 0) ‘Yue en plan = Plan view Figure 11 ~ Pad and Chimney Foundations coe eon Schematic representation of shear in solle of the ret category. 9 < 15" 2Rf or 2 BE + 2 RE or 2 BE = one corresponds to the action of the pad set at a depth D,, exactly as in the case of the plate (previous case), but due allowance being made for the weight of the chimney over the length D,, with positive a given above, = the other corresponds to the resistance provided by the chimney over a depth D-D, which would be obtained by a "pile" under a generalised shear condition in a soil, but "q''” would then be negative. Ik must be understood that the lateral areas are defined : either by the exact radius of the pad (foundation of ciroular section), or by the equivalent radius R= p/8 (when « is positive) or R, = p/2n (when a i negative) for rectangular pad and chimney. 2.2, Presentation of the particular method of localised shear circles - case of a pad foun- dation set at a great depth in soils of the second category. 2.2.1, Schematic representation particular to this case - We have already briefly described the possible process of shear in soll of the second category subject to uplift by foundations set at a great depth ; shear is localiged around the plate or pad of those deep foundations (figure 9), The shear surfaces have, either cylindrical appearances for a two dimensional system (plate or very long rectangular pad, or running"), or the appearance of a torus (annulus) for a ‘three-dimensional system of revolution : "simple plate” or "pad with chimney" see figure 12. Sueh schematic representation seems to reproduce fairly well experimental observations in powdery media or in numerous cohesive soils with a reasonable angle of friction. On the other hand, when dealing with compact clays, this schematization requires the consideration of the following phenomenon ; since the material is in a semi-solid state, the pushing back effect occurs in a similar manner but is not extended by its rotation under the pad ; because of the strong cohesion of this medium, a vertical bank is formed which tends to leave a hollow cylinder umderneath the uplifted pad. However, full scale testing seems to indicate that we can accept the same schematic representation, i.e. the formation of a torus or annulus for the caleulation of uplift load resistance in these two soils of the second category.Si 22.06 ‘The Kinematic analyses taken on analogical models with rollers, as well as observation, behind glase, of modele in sand, permit a schematic representation of the phenomenon of loca- Lised pushing back. A small "wedge" of soil, becoming part of the plate or pad, is formed above ‘the latter ; this wedge pushes back soil particles in the vertical along circular paths on either side of the plate (pad). The uplift resistance of the plate (or pad) can thus be assessed by con- sidering the shear forces developed on the cylindrical or torus surfaces generated by the pushed back circles, hence its name of "Method of circles" of localised shear. 2.2.2, Caloulation with the method of "shear circles" of the uplift resistance Q, and of the eritical depth - In what follows, we summarize the readoning leading to the establishment Of Uplift resistance due to shear along lines generated by the localised pushed back circles, First, we have considered the case of "plates" (in two-dimensional and three-dimensional sys- tems), and after, the case of "pad and chimney", ‘The critieal depth is defined in both cases. A ~ Simple plates a) Calculation of uplift resistance Q, - In a two-dimensional system, which is the case of a semi-infinite plate, we assume that the shear surface is composed of two cylindrical portions cutting each other along the upper edge of the wedge in the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the plate, The circles gene- rating the sliding cylinder "EZ" are located on a Tine parallel to the longitudinal edge of the plate, near to it, with a radius practically equal to half the width : B (see figure 12a). wt Figure 12 - Schematic representation of shear loads under localised conditions, Figure 128 - For smi-intinite plates : eylindrical surface, Figure 125 - For circular plates : torus surface Figure 12¢ = For pads with ehimneys ; part of torus surface, The uplift load Q, on the plate is balanced by the shear forces appearing along the sur- face of those two cylinders, Investigations performed in a laboratory have shown that the moment of rotation of such a rough cylinder was proportional to the mean stress in its centre, By reasoning on the transversal half section of figure 12a, where "ft" is the shear stress at the surface of the rough cylinder (after assessing the values of the parameters "c" and "r" which give Q, minimum, ,e, in practice © = 0 and r = B), we obtain the felationship : Q@ =4 BLM (yD tang +C) where ma 4m 14+E tan 922-06 -1- = Ina three-dimensional_system of revolution (circular plate), the circles pushed back generate then a shear surface in the form of a torus (annulus). The principle of calcu- lation is the same as above, by reasoning on a section through the half-plane issued from the axis of revolution, figure 12b, The values of the parameters "e" and "r" which give Q, mi- nimum result in siting the centre of the pushed back circles on the vertical through the edge of the plate and for values of © nearly equal to 0 and for values of r equal to R. Henee to obtain : @, +S, . M, (yD tan g +C) where S,= mR" and 2 16 M, 2 146 tan (-=) ‘The values of the dimensionless coofficients M, ; rectangular plates of infinite length and Mi; cireular plates are given as a function of } by the curves on graph No, 4 (figure 13), A wide difference will be observed between ihe values of these two coefficients, 0 ° 0 20 30 “0 (8 Figure 12 - Plates under Conditions of Shear slong a Torus. Graph No, 4 for uplift force factore for "Circles" and "Rectangle! according to the formala 128 -——_2s Taine @-3) 6,-4.2 for somt-intintte rectangles) 1+ pty = 1.6 (circles) and estimated M for limited squares and rectangles by analogy with elreles where : L k EL + tength and 28 = width of rectangles) = Ina three-dimensional system : square or rectangular plat Because of an insufficient number of results from full scale tests, it has not been possible to determine the values of "M" applicable for a square or for a more or less elongated rec- tangle, It is probable that these values would lle somewhere between M, and M,, as would be-13- 22-06 suggested by the equivalence between square and circle adopted by authors such as TERZAGHI- PECK or CAQUOT-KERISEL for pads subjected to thrusts. We could thus assume, for example, the equivalence in resistance of a square plate with that of a circular plate whose diameter would be equal to the side of the square, The order of magnitude corresponding to this as- sumption is illustrated by the dotted lines on the graph (figure 13), For the time being, it will be safer to accept the three-dimensional factor "M" for squares and rectangles as. being equal to its two-dimensional value M,. This will lead to an under-estimation which will only be felt for simple plates, Such under-estimation will be less important for the case of "pad and chimney" foundation because of the influence of the reduction coefficients “Rt and "ml" defined further and because of the influence of the chimney. b) Determination of the eritieal depth of plates - The critical depth D, ean be defined fas the boundary between the two different types of shear : generalised truneated shear and loca- lised torus shear ; it is thus found at the intersection of the curves representing the relation- ship between “uplift force and setting depth" corresponding to the two model representations adopted. For a thin plate, the depth D, is given as the solution of the following equation, (in homogeneous soil) : 2n "R" D(C M, +7 D, (My+ Ml +P +2 = S,M (yD, tang +C+ P) where M, ; (M, + M,) are also function of D, Henee, we highlight the influence of the "relative depth" D/R or D/B (R = radius of base ; B = half width of a rectangle), which enables us to define D, in the simple case of plates, due account being taken of the remarks made on this issue concerning the approximation in M, for the "rectangles", ‘The following table summarizes the results of the calculations in homogeneous soil, without overburden : Soils in which | Auxiliary parameter | Value of D,/R D,JB - two- 20°< p< 40" | R/C or y B/C | circular plate | dimensional plate Powdery soils 10 to 6 10 to 8 Cohesive (18 to 14) (12 to 11) soils 15 to 13 11 to 10 12109 10 to 9 B = Case of pad and chimney foundation a) Calculation of uplift load - The value of D, is no longer proportional to the base radius R (or to the half width B,.,) but is proportional to the width of the overhang of the pad with respect to the chimney. Physically, it is in fact the value of the "step" defined as (R-R,) or (B-B,) ... with respect to D which governs the transition from a generalised shear condition to a localised shear condition, The surface of torus shear is now only that of the external ring of the pad (and no longer the whole of its area as was the case for simple plates) ; it is observed that the whorls of flow of soll particles generate a part of torus whose generating line (circle of radius R-R,) is based on the apparent outline of the pad (circle of radius R) figure 12c, where a system of revolution is considered, ‘The influence of the "pad" is therefore limited to a small zone go that the chimney is practically effective throughout its length and affects the total uplift resistance which can be expressed as the sum of the loads taken by the chimley (F) and the pad (D).22-06 -14- Qe = Sep + Sep - The uplift resistance of the chimney is calculated by the formula for piles Que = 5 (CM, + 7D (My + My) +a M) +B = The uplift resistance of the "ring" on the pad is calculated by the following formula obtained by a reasoning similar to that applied to the plates, Figure 12c explains the ‘case of systems of revolution circular chimney and circular pad : hence, the expression for Qi in this case is as follows : Quy = SS) m. My D tang +O) +R where §, = area of the pad = (nR') S, = area of chimney at pad level (wR) R, = dead weight of the pad. ‘The expression for the coefficient of resistance to uplift M is similar to that given for a circular pad, but it is then not only function of but also of the ratio R,/R which allows for the influence of the "overhang" of the pad with respect to the chimney. ‘It becomes : (Reg) »=—______ tan 19 Re R m (#, ¢) Teme Gees) 1.6(1-1.9pt+ 0.9 Bf) which for-ph becomes equal to ——4 © * 1+ Etang x % 20) ° ° Py Fa o 8 Figure 14 - Pad and Chimney Foundations in Torus System GraphiNo, Sof tactors of uplift resistance according (0 the equation : 0 12x Rr Re m, @ 9) ——__,_#* _,___- 6 - no By 00) 1s 6 tan 9 @—2) +2 +S tang) Limiting value when Pe a aay ey = 1+ Stang15 22-06 It will be noted from graph V (figure 14) giving the values of M, that when the ratio Re increases (1.0, a8 soon as the overstepping of the pad with respect 10 the chismney decreases), the value of Mf detreneee and at the Limiting value of BL» 1, it tends towarde the two-dimen- sional value of M. It follows that the formula for Qyp given above can be considered as being also valid for systems of pad and chimney with rectangular section, for which we assume M = M, whatever the value of the ratio B,/B. As far as the reduction factor ""m'' is concerned, this ie function of the thickness of the pad and of the overhang (R-R,). It is expressed as the ratio of the real whorl arc length to the length of the complete circle of this whorl (case which would correspond to a thickness of the pad "e" as being equal to 0). The value of "m" Mes between 0.75 and 1, b) Determination of the value of eritieal depth - As ph Sp atom in the case of plate foundations, the critical depth can be found at the intersection of the curves representing the two shear laws : generalised shear for pad and chimney (Q,.,) and localised shear for the pad combined with generalised shear for the chimney (Q,). The simplest method for solving the equation Qj, * Qus, and hence of finding D, seems to be a graphical method, See the example given on figure 19 showing the Figure 15 - Graphical determination "WO cubic curves for such a foundation in a given soil ; ot'the critical depin of a given ipsa they intersect at Dy. Bi variable depen eae AN Practically, it will therefore be necessary, for all Cane 1 aeneratisea foundations of the pad and chimney types set reasonably Eaoefee ier cnciat deeply, to calculate the uplift resistance in the two systems of shear and to accept as effective uplift resistance, the Curve Qny : localised shear puericee rnmatiess ft the base and generalised shear on the chimney. 3. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF DESIGN METHODS. 3,1, Adaptation principles - For the practical application of the method, some adaptation is necessary, in order to take into account the influence of several factors random in nature, such as the quality of contact soil-foundation which is not as good on a site than in a labora- tory, the frequent heterogeneity of the soil layers, etc. The contact between the soil and the foundation is very much function of the technology used on site, for example, in the case of widely opened excavations, if the backfill is not properly tamped, there is a danger of reducing the uplift resistance of the foundation not only by the loss of the mechanical characteristics of this soil but also by the loss of contact soil- foundation .., Besides, it seems obvious that the anchorage to the soil is, generally, better with a pad than with a pile, Soils are seldom hornogeneous ; generally most often the heterogeneity is measured in a discontinuous manner during soil exploration and in the calculations average values are taken with a view to reduoing the number of layers to be considered, Several theoretical or experimental considerations lead to accepting the assumption that adaptation must be made by modifying the schematic representation of the shear along the trun- cated cone by changing the absolute value of the angle "a" which defines the development of shear surfaces and whose value decreases when D increases. But the method of selection of the practical laws for the variation of (2) can only be based on the analysis of numerous full scale tests, performed in a large variety of soils. This is precisely what has been done through the activities of the "Foundation Working Group" of Study Committee No. 7 of CIGRE, which enabled us to analyse a large number of full scale foundation tests, based on the most commonly applied techniques in various countries.22-06 —16~ From their synthesis, we have been able to deduce the practical rules which we shall now suggest. ‘The values of such an international cooperation cannot be overemphasized and we wish to thank, here, all the companies which shared the results of their work with us, Finally, on the basis of an experimental choice of the value of the significant parameter "a", we have assumed that 4 classes of estimating Q,, under generalised shear condition, could be distinguished, Those classes are characterized by 4 different values of the angie "a" ; they correspond either to the form of the foundation or to a given combination : foundation - soil category. ‘They are defined as follows : for piles a =~ 9/8 uniformly for pad © +4 5/16 in saturated cohesive soils (g < 15") a+ ~ 9/4 in cohesive soils of the 2nd category 9 > 20° and C > 0 a-- 9 in powdery soils 9> 20° and C 0 To apply the equation giving Q,,, use will be made, in each of the 4 cases, of values of resistance factors M,, (M, + M,)"and M, corresponding to the characteristic values of "They will be found on the following, particular graphs : fora=-/8 graphn®6 figure 16.2: M, ; (M, + M), 3 M, ass n/16 graph n’ 7 — figure 16 bs Ms (M, + M4), | M a=- 9/4 graph nt 8 figure 16 ¢ : M, ; (My +B), ; My. as-9 graph n’ 9 figure 16d: My ‘Those graphs have been drawn starting from the general graphs given in chapter 2.1 (figures 5 and 6) and by giving to the angle "q" its particular value. On the other hand, no adaptation is necessary in the use of diagrams defining the values of the resistance coefficients "M' in the conditions of localised shear, In order to facilitate the use of the new method of design, we have summarized it in the form of a synoptic table which will be found in figure 17, Besides, we give as an appendix three examples of application to particular cases, similar to those which can be met in prac- tice. 3.2, Additional remarks for practical designs - For performing practical designs, the fol- lowing clarifications on some particular points may be useful. a) Stratified soils - An exact theoretical ealeulation in the cage of heterogeneous media would lead to lengthy and complicated designs, hence, we have admitted the approximation which consists in accepting that the interaction from one layer to the next can be represented by a vertical overburden at each interface by the layers of soll above it, ‘Thus, let us consider a soil consisting of "n" heterogeneous horizontal layer along the depth D of the foundation (see figure 18). Let us examine the case of shear of the first type and let us consider A,B, the segment of a straight line generating the truncated cone shear surface with semi-angle a, through the "i" th layer of thickness D,, let R, be the radius of the lower section of this layer and FR the weight of the cylindrical volume of radius R, and of lateral area S,, included in the layer "i". We have D, 2 P =P (dead weight of pile) Ban a - RYT, D, and-17- 22-06 ° © © 30 ” 3R Figure 163 - GraphNo, 6 for the design of piled foundations where @ - - 9/8 4, S,(CM, +y DIM,+ My, +a MQ) +P22.06 —18- 0 2 #6 8 wR as {nl Oem ot 4 6 8 ROR Figure 16b - Graph No.7 for the design of pad foun- Figure 160 = Graph No, 8 forthe a dations in soils of the firet category foundations in soils of the second category * cohesive eae oases veith angle of internal friction > 15" and at depth oie with D 45" to 20" dep D «<, [ - easy DM, with a= 9 1 mys0 and = 0) 1 a a . 5 © 78 2 mn-19- 22.06 Soils of the first category saturated cohesive with Tow consistency CFO 06g <10 tots ee TT A. Piles of any depth | FOUNDATION TYPE ‘ = Mode of shear and angle a 1 Radius of cylinder equivalent = to prismatic pile = Graph for Oy, C. "Pad and chimney!" D Graph giving Q,, Pad = Mode of shear gener = Representative angle 0: Radius of equivalent cylinder for rectangular sections R, = Useful ceptn fl D, C Weight ‘of goi2 in Hetitious cylinder = Overburden at depth D 8 © Graph for Quy Re 1G- 90 7+ @- Dd) wt vit Solle of the second category cohesive unsatured powdery soils with marked internal Triction c CHo y>is fner o> 20° generalised & = = 9/8 Re ple uo Pla xv wv se generalized or. ae arn R= Pits Ro pit pao Ry G- sD nee wk generaliges a 9/8 R pee svt localised (torus) Usetul depth = D Resistance according to formulae and graph Rectangular section M, Cireular section 3, Depending on values R,/R and m. N.B, Simple plates are designed ax pads with chimneys in which the term for chimney ig nil, in the cage of generaliced shear representation (L.e, in ‘For the olher two cases of localised’ shear corresponding to and the first of C). e 2 eases of B folle of the second category with D> D,, use graph n" IV to obtain BM, (ovith yor My, Figure 17 ~ Synoptic table for the application of the design method22-06 —20- Sew Ren Be SYMBOLS = Total setting depth Radius of cylindrical piles Radius of cylindrical pile equivalent to a prismatic pile (rectangular, square section) having a perimeter "p"" Lateral area = 2." RD or 2.1 Re D = Pile dead weight ‘Theoretical uplift resistance or pad and chimney = Depth above the upper face of the pad critical value of this depth = radius of pad or plate of cireular section = width and 2L = length of a rectangular plate or pad = equivalent radius of a rectangular pad or plate with perimeter "p", + radius of circular chimney + Bquivalent radius of rectangular chimney with sides 2B, and 2L,. = Total area of the pad = Total area of the chimney = Bdge thickness of the pad = Total dead weight of pad and chimney P = R for pad + for chimney = Weight of earth included in a cylinder whose base is equal to that of the pad and height at the most equal to D,, after removing the volume of the chimney (and the stepped pads which may form part of a particular design) = Lateral area of cylindrical piles or of piles equivalent to Lateral area of cylindrical piles or of piles equivalent to = Active area of rings under localised shear condjtions i.e. circular section §, = x (R’ - Rj) or x (R’- Ry) rectangular sections S, = 4(BL ~ ByL,) or 4(BL - BULB) (case of non horizontal pads), = Radius of pushed back whorls in localised shear = Ratio of length of geometrically valuable whorl to that of = Uplift resistance due to chimney Uplift résistance due to pad Ree + Sep the pads the chimneys complete circleai 22-06 | ee | Lop + wea oi KA | shear condition) of a multi-layer soll. Figure 19 - Foundation type "pad and chimney of revolution” (clreular foundation block tation of torus shear for @ pad Schematic repr with an angle For each layer, we calculate the resistance of the element of pile thus defined, i.e. with its individual factors M,,. (M, + M,) and M,,, by replacing the medium above each layer by the overburden it represents and expressed as + Hence, if we take into account the effect of the different layers, we have Bn DESIG Me + 1, Dy, OMys My), + a, MQ + RY In the case of pad type foundations, we can admit that for the pad (or the plate), only one layer need be considered, because of its generally small relative thickness. If we have to deal with @ thick or stepped bottom pad, it will be necessary to take into account the mean values of the characteristics of the layers touched by the shear circle of radius (R - R,) for circles and (B - B,) for rectangles, For the chimney portion, we are back in the previous case, b) Submerged soils - Due account will be taken of the maximum water table by reducing the dead weight of the foundation (ARCHIMEDE's principle) and the weight of the soil. Generally, the apparent weight of the soil can be taken as 1 T/m’, ©) Influence of some particular configurations of the combination pad and chimney - C.1~ The first remark concerns thick pads whatever the mode of shear. This pad thickness "e"" is equivalent to a pile of height "e" or e - (R - Rj) if D > Dg; its own resistance to uplift (@,,) is ealeulated by considering an overburden "q" at ite upper level equal to (27, D,) of the layers above within the space delimited by the angle a applicable to Ne" or e — (R - Ry). This term Q,, will be added to the expression of the resistance of the plate or of the pad with chimney set at the really useful depth "D" which will always be asses- sed from the level of the pad if the latter is horizontal of from the external edge if there is a sloping surface around it, ©.2 - Particular remark to the scheme of torus shear : soils of the second cate- gory. We have seen in paragraph 2.2.2 that the uplift resistance of the pad - of a foundation pad and chimney - whose upper surface was horizontal, was given by : Quy +E, - 8) mM (y D tang +0) +P