WHITE LED

Presented by:-
Atul Gupta
13474
E&CED
 Motivation
With 20% of the world's electricity
used for lighting, it's been calculated
that optimal use of White LED lighting
could reduce this to 4%.

Use of White LED will reduce the

release of CO2 into the atmosphere by
a significant amount.

White LEDs are Energy efficient.

Long life (A typical White LED lamp can

last for 100,000 hours).

2
 CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Working Of LED
• Colors
• How is White light made with LEDs
• White LED structure
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Future Scope
• Conclusion
• References
 Introduction
• White LEDs, or white light–emitting diodes, are semiconductor
devices that produce white light when an electrical current is passed
through them.
• Light emitting diodes (LEDs) were first developed in the 1960s, but it
became possible to develop white LEDs only after the invention of
Blue LED in 1992.
• White Led lamp is the fourth and latest generation of white light
sources after:-
1. High intensity discharge(HID) lamps
2. Incandescent bulbs and
3. Fluorescent bulbs
• A 1.2 watt white LED light cluster is as bright as a 20-watt
incandescent lamp and lasts 25 times longer.
 Working of LED

• The LED is a semiconductor diode that emits light when current passes through it
• The n-side is heavily doped
• When forward biased, the built-in potential at the junction is reduced
• The e- from n-side get injected into p-side
• e- combine with the holes resulting in emission of photons i.e. light
• This effect is called electroluminescence
 Colors
• Light is characterized by frequency, or more
commonly, by wavelength
• Visible light spans from 400 nm to 700 nm
• White light is a combination of this mixture.
Colors (cont.)
 The Noble Prize

• Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano of Japan and U.S. scientist Shuji
Nakamura won the 2014 Nobel Prize in physics for the invention of
blue light-emitting diodes.
• They produced bright blue light beams from their semi-conductors in
the early 1990s, and triggered a fundamental transformation of
lighting technology. Red and green diodes had been around for a long
time but without blue light, white lamps could not be created.
Despite considerable efforts, both in the scientific community and in
industry, the blue LED had remained a challenge for three decades.
 How is white light made with LEDs?

Presently, there are two approaches to creating white

light.

1. Mixed color white light

2. Using Blue LED with phosphor coating

Mixed-color white light:

• One approach is to mix the light from

several colored LEDs to create a spectral
power distribution that appears white.

• By locating red, green and blue LEDs adjacent to one another,

and properly mixing the amount of their output, the resulting
light is white in appearance.
 Mixed-color white light (cont.)
Advantages
• Excellent Color Rendering (faithful color reproduction)
• High lumens/watt
• Color temperature can be tuned by adjusting the three colors separately
• More efficient compared to phosphor based LED

Disadvantages
• Difficult to achieve pure white color
• difficult to maintain color stability over life and at different operating
conditions
Phosphor-converted white light:
Another approach to generating white light
is by use of phosphors together with a short-
wavelength LED. For example, when one
phosphor material used in LEDs is
illuminated by blue light, it emits yellow light
having a fairly broad spectral power
distribution.
By incorporating the phosphor in the body of a blue LED with a peak
wavelength around 450 to 470 nanometers, some of the blue light will be
converted to yellow light by the phosphor. The remaining blue light, when
mixed with the yellow light, results in white light.
Phosphor-converted white light (cont.):-
Phosphor-converted white light (cont.):-
Advantages
• Temperature Stability
• Simpler to create than the RGB LED
• Decent colour rendering

Disadvantages
• Less efficiency
• Weak lumens/watt
• Short life time compare with other type of LEDs
WHITE LED
STRUCTURE
 Advantages Of white led
Good efficiency & durability
• Associated with perfect material and
devices, LEDs would require only 3 Watts
to generate the light obtained with a 60-
Watt incandescent bulb

• LEDs can provide 100,000 hrs of life compared to 1000 hrs with
incandescent light bulbs

Figure 1. LED vs. conventional light sources degradation in light output over time
 Advantages (cont.)
Good stability
• Due to their solid state, they can withstand vibrations better
and have no filament that might break

• They are capable of functioning in many environments.

•They are robust in nature.

 Advantages (cont.)
Reduction in energy consumption
• LEDs require less current than incandescent bulbs

• Comparison with incandescent bulbs: When cold, an

incandescent filament draws ten times as much current as it does
during normal operation. The initial powering of hundreds of
incandescent bulbs simultaneously causes significant voltage
surges that lead to lamp failures.
 Advantages (cont.)

Reduction of heat emission

• Less heat emission

 Lens stays cooler
 Less energy wasted

• Some LED lamps are designed with series resistors to limit the operating
current, resulting in no cold filament current variation.
• Room temperature stays cooler, so we don’t need further air conditioning
 Advantages (cont.)
Allows wide variety of lighting
• Artificial lighting similar to daylight

• More control of the color and intensity

• Interesting design possibilities: they can be placed on floors,

walls, ceilings or furniture!
 Advantages (cont.)
Result double environment-friendly

• Less current consumption Incandescent traffic lights

(less electricity burned) replaced by LEDs in USA:
economy of
• Less heat produced 2.5 billion kWhours
= US$ 200 million
= 3 billion kilos of CO2
released in the
atmosphere
Less CO2 emissions.
Less light pollution.
Non toxic as do not contain mercury
Positive impact on global warming.
 Disadvantages
Cost Competitivenes:- White LED prices are
significantly higher than that of incandescent light
bulbs.
Temperature dependent:- Since the wavelength of
light is directly proportional to the junction
temperature, White LEDs have to be operated on same
current biasing.
colour rendering properties of cool white LEDs are
insufficient for some applications.
 Future scope
• In the past 6 years, White LED has seen tremendous gain in
energy efficiency, brightness and lifespan. For now efficiency is
between 25 to 50%, but is expected to reach 90%!

• Companies are trying to find new methods of generating white light. A

new style of wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) is
being used to produce white LEDs. This has reduced the cost. It is
predicted that by 2020, 40% of all GaN LEDs will be made with GaN-on-
Si.
 Future scope (cont.)

Estimated White LED market growth in India.

 Conclusion

Given the remarkable technological innovation of the past few years, it

is expected that market expansion will bring further improvements in
LED luminous efficiency, and further cost reductions. The range of uses
will surely continue to increase, not only for white LEDs but also for
LEDs of other colors, within the context of saving energy and the need
for thinner designs.
 References
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode
• http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/led/w
hiteLight.asp
• http://www.lighting.philips.co.in/lightcommunity/trends/led/
• http://www.omslighting.com/ledacademy/570/
• http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/ar
ticle/54/12/10.1063/1.1445547
• http://energy.gov/eere/ssl/led-basics#how_efficient