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Modulation (DPCM)
DPCM
◦ Voice or video signal is sampled at a rate slightly
higher than Nyquist rate done in PCM.
Found to be highly correlation between adjacent samples
The adjacent samples of the signal carry the same information
with little difference.
◦ Consider the difference value of the two samples.
◦ Over all bit rate will decrease and number of bits
required to transmit one sample will also be reduced.
◦ Based on the principle of prediction.
Value of present sample is predicted from the past.
Prediction may not be exact but it is very close to
the actual value
8/7/2017
4.2 ECE305 Digital Communication
PCM – Digitization of a Voice (or) Video
signal-
◦ signal is sampled at a rate slightly higher than
the Nyquist rate.
Resulting sampled signal exhibit high
correlation between adjacent samples.
High Correlation – signal does not change
rapidly form one sample to next sample.
Sampled
input
x(nTs) e(nTs) v(nTs) b(nTs)
∑ QUANTIZER ENCODER
+ DPCM
_ O/P
+
+
∑
x‟(nTs)
PREDICTOR
u(nTs)
OUTPUT
INPUT +
DECODER ∑
PREDICTOR
Sampled
input
+ e(nTs) ONE BIT- b(nTs)
x(nTs) ∑ QUANTIZER
_ OUT PUT
+
+ ∑
x‟(nTs)
DELAY Ts
u(nTs)
Accumulator
e(nTs) = x(nTs)-x‟(nTs)
= x(nTs)-u(nTs-Ts)
u(nTs) = u(nTs-Ts)+b(nTs)
b(nTs) = δ sgn[e(nTs)]
+ve δ if x(n Ts)> x‟(n Ts)-----------Symbol „1‟ transmitted
-ve δ if x(n Ts) < x‟(n Ts)-------------Symbol „0‟ transmitted
DM Receiver
INPUT OUTPUT
+ LOW-PASS
∑
FILTER
+
DELAY Ts
Accumulator
DM -Features
1. One bit code word for the output, which
eliminates the need for word framing.
Solutions
◦ Max .SNR of a DM is proportional to the sampling rate of cubed.
Therefore 9 db Improvement is achieved.
8/7/2017 ECE305 Digital Communication 24
Delta Modulation
Adv
◦ Transmit only one bit per sample.
◦ Signaling rate and channel BW is small.
Disadv
◦ Granular Noise
Step size is too large when compared to small variations in the input
signal.
◦ Slope overload distortion
Error between original signal and staircase approximated
signal . To reduce this error , step size should be increased
when slope of input signal is high.
4.28
4.29
Non Uniform Quantizer
4.30
Adaptive Delta Modulation
To overcome the quantization errors due to slope overload and
granular noise, step size is made adaptive to variations in the input
signal.
DM can be improved by making the step size of the modulator by
time varying form.
◦ Step size is adapted to the level of input signal.
◦ Signal approximation -Increased or reduced.
◦ Block diagram(Tx ,RX)-LOGIC for STEP SIZE control
For e.g. If Quantizer output is high(1) , step size may be increased. If
Quantizer output is Low (0),step size may be reduced
Step size is constrained to lie between minimum and maximum
values.
∂min < = ∂(nTs) <= ∂max
∂max- Controls the amount of slope overload distortion.
∂min – channel noise