QIP SHORT COURSE on

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

IIT DELHI

MODERN CONCRETE

B. Bhattacharjee
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
IIT DELHI

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 General Outline

• High strength matrices

• Fiber reinforced concrete

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 MODERN CONCRETES
• Historical perspective
• Role of pores in strength of concrete and
cement based material
• Role of pores in durability of concrete and
cement based material
• High strength Cement based matrices- HPC,
DSP,MDF, RPC
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 What is HSC, HPC?
– Paste Strength as high as 276 MPa was obtained
in 1930 (w/c=0.08)
– Max concrete strength: 40 MPa- till 1970
– Present day definitions
• f28 ≥ 60 MPa, HSC
• f28 ≥ 120 MPa, VHSC
• HPC – A set of specified requirements to be satisfied,
e.g. SCC

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Early breakthroughs
– Lower w/c results in higher strength (Abrahams)
– Lower w/c results in lower porosity (Powers and
others)
– Lower porosity results in higher strength, better
durability of hardened concrete.
– HPC, DSP,MDF, RPC etc are results of these
breakthroughs

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Pores in Cement based material
10µm

UH
Phase

H Pores
phase

A typical BSE Image Binary Image of Pore Phase

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
Fine Pozollanic material and HRWRA

‰Pore refinement & Reduction of porosity

Fine Pozollanic e.g. Silica fume

 Low w/c

High range water reducing Agent

Appropriate aggregate size and packing

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
Fine Pozollanic Material and HRWRA

 C3S + H → CSH + CH
 S + CH +H→ CSH
Reduction of Crystalline outer products
with low w/c
Filler affect
HRWRA for deflocculating
Improved ITZ porosity and lower ITZ
thickness
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
Pore size distribution curves with and without
silica fume
60
Cumulative intruded volume o –Without silica fume
mercury, (10 m /kg)
-6 3

40

–With silica fume

20

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
-6
Pore radius, (10 m)

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Aggregates in HPC

Continuous grading i.e., good packing

characteristics

¾Lower m.s.a to avoid stress concentration and

discontinuity, smaller ITZ crack
™High Modulus of elasticity and Strength

ƒMaximum m.s.a rarely exceeds 10 mm

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 HPC

High Strength Concrete

Stress

Normal Strength Concrete

Strain

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Macro Defect Free Cement

–Water soluble Polymer & Cement

™ High alumina Cement &
™Poly vinyl alcohol

•5 MPa pressure at 80 o C for 10 minutes

Warm treatment at 80 o C for 24 hours
Strength up to 400 MPa
E=40-50 GPa
¾Electronic substrate, ceramics, etc.

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Densified with small Particles (DSP)

–Cement & Ultra Fine particle

™ 70% Cement
™Effective particle dispersant &
™20-30% Ultra fine material (silica fume)

Vacuum Treatment and vigorous vibration

High Temperature curing
w/c < 0.3
Comp. Strength>150MPa

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Densified with small Particles (DSP)

–Combined with aggregate, mortars and

concrete can be obtained
Size Type of Dynamic elastic
fc (MPa)
mm aggregate modulus (GPa)

16 Granite 125 68

16 Diabase 168 65

10 Calcined 218 109

Bauxite
4 Calcined 268 108
Bauxite

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Densified with small Particles (DSP)

–Flooring,
–Safe Nuclear entrapment
–Tooling and moulding
–Overlay over Existing Concrete

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)

–Basic Principles
Enhancement of homogeneity by
elimination of coarse aggregates
Enhancement of compacted density by
optimization of granular mixture
application of pressure before and during
setting.
Enhancement of microstructure by post-set
heat-treating
Enhancement of ductility by incorporating
small-sized steel fibers

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)

Elimination of coarse aggregate, replaced by

fine sand.(0.6mm)
™Improved mechanical properties of the paste

¾Reduction in the aggregate / matrix ratio

‰About 20% higher paste than that required
for optimal packing of aggregate
–Cement/super-plasticiser compatibility by
rheo-logical analysis.
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Reactive Powder Concrete
– w/c as low as 0.08
–Quartz aggregate
–least agglomerated fine powders
–Application of pressure (50 MPa )reduces air
bubbles & can be maintained through out
setting(6-10 hrs)
–Heat treatment is performed after the
concrete has set, by simply heating at ambient
pressure

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Reactive Powder Concrete
RPC Designation RPC 200 RPC 800

Pre-setting
None 50 MPa
pressurization

20 to 90ºC 250 to 400ºC

Heat treating
490 to 680 MPa (Quartz)
Compressive strength 170 to 230 MPa
650 to 810 MPa (Steel
ball)
30 to 60 MPa(Quartz),
Flexural Strength 30 to 60 MPa
45 to 141 MPa (Steel
ball)
Fracture energy 20,000 to 40,000 J.m-2 1,200 to 20,000 JM-2

Ultimate elongation (5.00-7.00) x 10-6/mm -

Young’s modulus 50 to 60 GPa 65 to 75 GPa

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Fiber reinforced Concrete
– Short randomly oriented discrete fiber
¾ improves crack arresting property
¾ pseudo ductility
¾ flexural strength
¾ low workability; depends on l/d ratio
¾ high cement content; low m.s.a

B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI