World History Chapter 30

Robert S. Davis
Senior Professor of History
Wallace State College
P. O. Box 2000
801 N. Main Street
Hanceville, Alabama 35077-2000 USA
E mail: robert.davis@wallacestate.edu Phone: (256) 352-8265

Wednesday, January 06, 2016

WORLD HISTORY II CHAPTER 30

sixty years is three to four generations

Concepts and Ideas to Know:

I. Totalitarianism vs. Enlightenment

A. Enlightenment sets man free from supernatural and bigotry

(group or individual) by diagnosing the truth based upon facts;
even economics, psychology, and sociology; racism and sexism
would come to have no place in the philosophy or the science of
the continuing Enlightenment: less than 3% difference in genes
between Albert Einstein and a chimpanzee, even less between any
black woman and any white man

B. New Age dictators sought to use technology from the free

Enlightenment thinking in the real world to finance war machines
(Ferdinand Porsche developed the Volkswagen “people’s car” bug
and also the tiger tank for Hitler); conversely Hitler,
Mussolini, Stalin etc. perverted science, technology, economics
to suit their ideologies and their respective peoples suffered
terrible consequences; Hitler lost World War II in part from his
ignorant disastrous manipulation of the economy, refusing to
economically work with his Germany’s most important trading
partner France, by persecuting his Jewish scientists, and by

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making military science decisions based on advice from a fortune
teller; Hitler wasted resources looking for superstitious relics
that would have been better used on scientific research and he
manipulated Germany’s Christians vs. godless Communists for his
own evil ends; vast German resources wasted arresting and
murdering millions of people because of their religion, race etc.
while forcing Germany’s greatest minds to flee (such as Albert
Einstein); individual German leaders, even including Hitler and
Goering, used the war to create personal fortunes further giving
the Nazi leadership even more of the image of not just fanatics
but thugs; freedom has to be universal (Voltaire, Rousseau,
Jefferson etc.); state control of economics is wasteful and
disastrous (Adam Smith); wars hold back and do not expand
economy; any economic benefits of war only reach the wealthy and
are eaten up after the war (Keynes) same also said by President
Dwight Eisenhower, George Orwell, and others

C. dictators would rule the world by oppression based in nation-

alism, fear, superstition, and prejudice, all anti-Enlightenment
ideas; see humanists as weak and divided even though the new
ideas that made the modern world work were humanistic and
created thanks to toleration of other peoples and freedom of
expression (France in the late 1800s); Social Darwinism;
science, history, and other fields distorted to justify the
crackpot ideas of political religion of Fascism; failed to
understand that the same fear that they created would be used
against them by people resisting their efforts (e. g.
Robespierre, Napoleon etc.); Machiavelli’s Hobnail Boot Theory
of History and Will Durant’s strong over the weak; forgot that
they would also have to fight nations as vicious as themselves
(e. g. Fascist Germany vs. Communist Russia) and that people
enslaved must be guarded and make poor workers (Karl Marx);
George Orwell wrote the novel 1984 about a post World War II
world ran by dictatorships that ignored the Enlightenment and
only used terror to keep control of society for no other reason
than to control society, three world nations always in a state
of war even if the war only exists in their respective
propaganda

D. Fascism

1. Facism almost does not qualify as a political entity; it

is based in love of nation or cultural group against threat
to middle and upper class property ownership; it using
unemployed and disgruntled workers to commit acts of violence
to silence opposition; John Hancock's use of Samuel Adams to
organize mobs before the American Revolution is an example as
was modern U. S. presidents Richard Nixon's and Ronald
Reagan's elections for peace and against socialism; it is
pathological, ignores the law, and treats democratic
government as a joke; fascism follows Friedrich Nietzsche’s

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World History Chapter 30

ideal of the uncompromised, uncompromising absolute superman;

by that standard Joseph Stalin's Communist Soviet Union was a
Fascism under the facade of being a Marxist/Socialist state
just as Mussolini and Hitler led Fascist states that falsely
posed as democracies when they were actually
dictatorships financed by corporations and held in power
by mob violence and fear of Communism

2. Fascism origins, symbols, and definition--Italy and

Japan; first Fascist state in Europe was Portugal and Spain
would follow when Spanish army under Francisco Franco took
over with the help of Italian and German armed forces;
Fascism is not racist, that was added from the traditional
Japanese Green Dragon Cult and from Hitler’s European
historical anti-Semitism; one in seven of Mussolini’s Fascist
Party were Jews and he thought Hitler’s anti-Semitism was
ridiculous

3. post-World War I Italy, the Fascist Party (from the Roman

fascisti symbol) party under former Socialist political
commentator Benito Mussolini; Italy’s liberal government was
inept; Mussolini’s armed thugs beat (sometimes literally) the
government and the socialists into submission; liberalism
and traditional socialism calls for rule by the people type
of government; Mussolini was publically praised by Winston
Churchill, the Pope, and Adolf Hitler; American Legion
Magazine made him man of the year; Mussolini made peace
between the government and the Holy Roman Church; built a
huge highway system that would be copied by Hitler in Germany
and Eisenhower in the United States; huge public works
projects; defeated the Mafia in Italy (later released by the
United States Army at the request of the American Mafia

4. Mussolini he had the opportunity to keep Italy out of

World War II, Churchill was willing to pay him to stay out of
the war and Hitler did not want Italy in the war but
Mussolini was afraid the war would be over with Italy getting
nothing out of it, as it had in World War I; Italy did little
in the war but received Tunisia and other territories from
France when France surrendered to Germany; during the war
that followed, Hitler had to bail out Italy in Greece, North
Africa, and Italy; of 300,000 Italian soldiers who entered
Russia on the side of the Germans, only 10,000 survived to
return home; Mussolini was removed from office by his own
government, rescued by Hitler, captured by partisans, and
executed

5. Hitler's German National Socialist Workers Party (NAZI)

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 was modeled after Mussolini's Fascisti Party; Hitler had been
the student of several “learned” explorers of Aryan race
concept but especially Karl Haushofer, a general, diplomat,
and professor who created German fascism from Green Dragon
nationalist cult of Japan and mixed it with Buddhism that he
learned in Tibet and China while looking for origins of the
Aryan race (Fascism would survive to the present in the form
of Sadaam Hussein’s Baath Party in Iraq); Hitler’s anti-
Semitism ideology was far more important to him than power or
success, not ideas shared by the German people

a. not made up of the unemployed former soldiers; the

majority of the German people did not share his hatred of
Jews, vote Nazi because of the Great Depression, or
wanting a war

b. Hitler was an embarrassment to the German people with

his antics, his Charlie Chaplain mustache, and the
fanatics who followed him; he stole billions from the
German people including through the sale of his book Mein
Kopf which people bought to show support for the NAZI but
which few people actually read or they would have realized
he was not rational enough to even put together coherent
paragraphs

c. NAZI Party controlled a significant minority in each of

the lower, middle, and upper classes, that brought him to
power in Germany’s British style parliamentary government
where the largest minority party is elected and rules by
creating an alliance with smaller parties, then chose the
prime minister (Hitler) and sharing other cabinet posts
with the smaller parties

d. people like him can also come to rule, especially in

times of stress like the Great Depression and when people
are disenchanted with the current political leadership; in
United States style democracies where there are only two
parties and the people chose each party’s presidential
candidate

e. during the Great Depression, Europe was torn between

the rising Communist parties, the failure of the economic
democracies, and the new Fascist governments; this same
struggle was also taking place in China, Iran, and the
United States and elsewhere in the Americas such as
Argentina; there were other revolutions, some Buddhist
based in places like India

E. Rise of Fascism in the Dishonest ‘30s

1. Weimar Republic successfully rebuilt German economy during

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the 1920s and fanatical political parties like Nazi and

Communist fail; great depression gives Nazi new rebirth; when
Germany defaulted on its loans, France occupied the Rhineland

2. Hitler become Chancellor (prime minister of Germany), his

unarmed troops enter the Rhineland unopposed; Japan enters
Manchuria and in 1937 goes to war against China with no one
stopping them (the beginning of World War II); 25% of the
casualties of World War II were Chinese; Stalin overruns
neighboring European states that had formerly been part of the
old Russian Empire; Italy takes Ethiopia and no nation stops
them; the democratically elected government of Spain is
crushed by its own army with the help of Germany and Italy, no
one helps Spain; Japan fails to understand that the United
States would have let it keep resource rich Korea and
Manchuria in exchange for no further aggression in China;
“Dishonest Decade” (1930s)

3. National Socialist Workers Party (NAZI) never received more

than thirty-eight percent of the German vote but in a
parliamentary government a minority party can rule through
cooperation with other parties to make a majority; Hitler
falsely claimed credit for economic success in Germany that
actually was due to policies put in place by the former
government and from borrowing money; he hid his massive
rearmament program from the Germans and the world; most
Germans wanted no war but Hitler’s successes by diplomatic
means made him more and more popular and made the German
people more certain that he wanted to achieve his ends only by
peaceful means such as bluff; German people resented having to
live hand to mouth before the war while Germany’s factories
churned out tanks, warplanes, battleships etc.; most Germans
never believed in persecuting Jews and only a tiny fraction of
the Nazis wanted them murdered; Nazis ran over 40,000 ghettos
and concentration camps; Hitler hid the “final solution,” the
mass murders of Jews, other minorities, and his growing
numbers of political enemies in the last days of the war and
from his own party as well as the German people

F. Worldwide depression left opposition nations bankrupt and

dictatorships needing profit from conquest since all nations
ignored Adam Smith’s arguments for free trade; idealism died
in the trenches of World War I except among international
Communist movement that grew so well even in the United
States that the scandal ridden FBI goes from being the
corrupt interstate sex police to a force to investigate and
persecute immigrant and native Socialists, Communists,
Feminists, Liberals, labor organizers, malcontents etc. as
terrorists

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G. corporations in the United States and Europe use their
influence to block schemes to stop sales of steel and oil to
militant nations such as Germany, Italy, and Japans; use
excuse of need for jobs during the Great Depression
(corporations use the same excuse today to justify blocking
environmental measures that would actually create, not
destroy, jobs)

H. Germany, Japan, and Soviet Union use forced labor of

people imprisoned and fear among their own population to
inefficiently manage wartime economy; slave labor in German
camps sabotage weapons and munitions being made, defect
German munitions called “Czechoslovakian” by United States
soldiers; in Great Britain and United States people
voluntarily work for the cause and succeed; United States,
Germany, and Britain use voluntary women’s labor; Japan turns
its whole country into giant slave labor camp where
civilians, including women, starve while worked to put
Japan’s few resources to maximum extent

I. Scandinavia

1. oldest empire on Earth is Denmark/Vikings which once

extended from Canada to Turkey, including Scotland,
Sicily, Norway, Russia, Normandy, and England, still
controls Greenland and Iceland; by 1900 greatest composers
and Arctic explorers were often Scandinavian or of
Scandinavian descent

2. in the time of Peter the Great of Russia, Sweden was

the most powerful nation in Europe on land and sea; Sweden
had a colony of Finns in America that became today’s state
of Delaware

3. Germany invades and occupies Denmark with almost no

resistance; United States troops occupy Greenland and
Iceland to keep the Germans from using those Danish
islands to bomb the United States and to block shipping

4. Hitler would use Norway to cut off supplies to Russia

and to obtain critical information needed to predict the
weather in Europe; Norway had been independent from Sweden
since 1905 and fought a guerilla war on skis against the
Nazis

5. Finland had become independent from Russia during the

Russian Revolution; became the only country that paid back
all of its war reparations despite only being a German
ally in the last few months of World War I; Soviet Union
invaded Finland in 1939-1940 and although the Soviet Union

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won, it suffered such heavy losses that Finland was

allowed to keep its independence and 90% of its territory;
Finland, the following year, sided with Hitler’s Germany
against the Soviet Union; Russia would invade and conquer
Finland to end Germany’s access to Swedish steel

J. efforts made to avert future wars through the League of

Nations failed from cynical view of future and international
weakness; as with the Congress of Vienna, lack of willingness
of nations to act allowed dictators like Hitler, Mussolini,
and Stalin to do as they pleased

1. League of Nations failed from lack of interest; did

intercede to stop war between Greece and Turkey;
imposed an embargo on Italy for invading Ethiopia and
Japan for invading China, Italy and Japan walked out
as United States, not a member of the League of Nations,
continued to trade with everyone except the Communist
Soviet Union

2. France tries to avert war with a defense system

called the Maginot Line; Locarno Pact (1925) tried to
guarantee peaceful borders and coexistence; France did
nothing when Hitler’s weak army marched into the Rhineland
in 1936; on paper France had the most powerful army in the
world in 1940 yet France fell in three weeks despite half
of the German army not used from a lack of weapons or
training

3. Italian dictator Mussolini tried to stand up to Hitler

by calling up troops when Germany took over Austria; no
one would support him and he moved towards alliance with
Germany; Hitler was a great admirer of Mussolini

4. United States acts outside of the League of Nations to

try to get nations to limit sizes of battleships as a
means of averting future world wars

a. treaties only work on paper, does not include

aircraft carriers and submarines

b. causing resentment in Japan because Japan is not

allowed a larger fleet

c. treaties do nothing about aircraft, land forces, or

colonialism

5. Spanish Civil War

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 a. Spain develops liberal democratic government of
Socialists, Democrats, Communists, and Anarchists
that too often fight among themselves and at cross
purposes, typical for Spain and for revolutionaries;
Spain is a an economically, ethnically, and socially
complex and diverse nation

b. General Francisco Franco leads army in revolt

against the government that is joined by the Catholic
Church and business interests; becomes the Spanish
Fascists

c. Italy and Germany send troops and weapons that help

Franco to crush the government forces in a bloody civil
war; Franco establishes a brutal, neutral, dictatorship
that maintains order at the cost of no civil rights

d. United States, Britain, and France declare

themselves neutral and refuse to allow any help to
democratically elected Spanish government; American
volunteers (Abraham Lincoln Brigade) serve in Spain but
they will be persecuted by the FBI as Communist
terrorists for the rest of their lives; Soviet Union
sells arms to the Spanish government for gold but
liberal Mexico was only ally of the Spanish Socialist
government; Spaniard Pablo Picasso immortalized this
struggle in his painting Guernica (page 943)

6. after Hitler had absorbed Austria and German areas of

France and Czechoslovakia, Mussolini persuades him to meet
with the prime ministers of France and Britain at Munich
in 1938, where Hitler agreed to no more annexations;
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain publicly
proclaims this deal with Hitler but quietly builds up and
modernizes the British military in time to save it from
defeat in World War II

7. Hitler cuts deal with Stalin to divide Poland between

them; France and Britain declare war on Germany but not
on Soviet Union

K. steel had become the world’s great commodity, even more

than oil would become although oil would follow the same
path; earlier commodity trade had been in luxury goods and
food but steel is first essential product

1. Britain-Germany rivalry had been over steel production

not colonies before World War I; Sweden’s steel was so
important that all sides agreed to not interfere with its
shipments in World War I

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World History Chapter 30

2. World War I and II were both wars fought where

Scandinavian steel was important; in the early days of
World War II Great Britain invaded Norway to cut off
shipments of steel from Sweden to Germany; Germany also
invaded Norway and drove out the British

3. United States suffers so badly in the Great Depression,

in part because it was a one product “banana republic” but
the one product was steel and no democracy for millions of
African Americans

4. France and Germany will form what becomes the modern

European Union around steel production; United States
economy goes to pieces in 1970s because our steel plants
are out of date; modern China’s survival depends upon
steel

L. The coming Holocaust; United States and Europe had a long

history of anti-Semitism; Germans studied prisoners of war in
world War I for theories of racism; many Americans opposed
the United States entering World War II because they shared
Hitler’s hatred of Jews; no nation would take in Jewish
refugees from Hitler; many Eastern European resistance
fighters against the Germans would not help Jews even against
the Germans

1. In the last days of World War I, the Turkish government

murdered some 1.5 to 2 million Armenians, Assyrians, and
Greek minorities; the Turks have a long history of
oppressing ethnic minorities and Europe has a long history
of ignoring such atrocities unless it financially benefits
the Europeans such as supporting independence movements or
the creation of a Jewish state in parts of the Ottoman
empire that were rich in oil

2. Japan, Germany, and the Soviet Union use class as an

excuse for race wars that cost millions of lives; war in
Europe can be seen as a struggle between Nazis and the
Soviets over slave labor and ethnic cleansing

3. North America (Canada, Mexico, and the United States)

race is means of class warfare, uses racial hatreds to
keep lower classes fighting each other instead of the
wealthy at the top; eliminate your competition by
excluding them from society (Jews) or lynching them
(African-Americans); restrict people (Chinese, Japanese,
and African Americans) so you can move them or deport them
(Hispanics); Europeans use class as a means of racial
oppression against Jews, Gypsies, Slavs etc.

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 4. Soviets commit mass exterminations of oppressed peoples
in the Ukraine and elsewhere during World War II who
fought back by joining the Nazis; Soviets also execute or
imprison their own people who had surrendered to the Nazi
and resistance fighters against Germans for not joining
the Soviet army

5. contempt for Jewish war speculators common in the

Confederate and United States during the Civil War but
takes off after the war due to Jewish immigration to the
United States and false propaganda by America’s corrupt
rich that the Jews held the wealth (not true then or now)
and were responsible for the nation’s high prices and
poverty; anti-Semitism strongest in the Mid Western states
where Jewish hatred literature was even popular with
Hitler; John D. Rockefeller, Charles Lindberg, Henry Ford,
and Ezra Pound were famous American anti-Semites

III. Japan

A. Japan has many people and virtually no resources; unlike

China, it is not a nation that travels outside to trade; each
year in the 1930s, Japan had more than 1,000,000 more mouths
feed plus immigrant workers; people are put on rations even
before the war

B. Japan's democratically elected government was a sham

facade for institutionalized Fascist military rule; because
even offering suggestions contrary to hardline military
aspirations of the government could get someone killed,
Japanese government made a number of bad decisions, such as
attacking the United States and of taking advantage of his
vast military superiority in the Indian Ocean, because
discussion, was silenced; the same situation of silencing any
debate is common throughout history; elected politicians and
social agitators (especially Communists) who oppose
militarism were murdered, including prime ministers;
Communist uprisings in the 1930s nearly overturned the
Japanese government; typhoon struck Tokyo in 1923 and the
resulting change in air pressure may have triggered the
earthquake of September 1, 1923 that leveled Tokyo and much
of Japan, 100,000 to 142,000 people died and false rumors
spread that Chinese and Korean foreigners took advantage of
the situation and vigilantes killed hundreds (thousands?) of
foreign nationals

C. Great Depression worked in favor of military's plans to

steadily conquer China by using excuse of need for China’s
resources; United States and Europe had been similarly
exploiting China for generations; Japan’s army, long in ill-

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repute becomes a nationalistic fanatic gangsters; even little

boys trained in martial arts as children to prepare them to
be cannon fodder in the coming war; only upper class allowed
to be pilots

D. Japan took over almost unpopulated but resource rich

Manchuria, did not understand that the United States would
have accepted Japan controlling just Taiwan, Manchuria, and
Korea by 1931, an area larger and more populous than Japan
itself; Japan took over Germany’s colonies in the Far East
during World War I; Japan’s goal was to create a self-
sustaining ring of territories around Japan at the expense of
China, France, Russia, and the United States, peacefully if
possible, by war if not; in the 1930s Japan fought several
unsuccessful battles with far superior Soviet military on the
Manchurian-Russian border

E. Japanese government felt like it was treated as a defeated

power instead of an ally in World War I; believed that
treaties orchestrated by the United States in the 1920s
conspired to hypocritically confine Japan’s imperial
ambitions in Asia

F. new Japanese army called for brutal extermination of

civilians and soldiers to quell future resistance by example;
killed over 200,000 in “rape of Nanking” and even the Nazis
were appalled

G. believes its people are the Children of the Sun and

superior to all other peoples including all other Asians;
extreme class oriented society and brutally racists
especially against other Asian peoples such as the Chinese,
Koreans, Thais, and Vietnamese

IV. China

A. rebellions in China put down with European help including

the famous General Charles “Chinese” Gordon; in 1898 the
Chinese Emperor tried to reform China with 100 days of reform
by decree; he was murdered in a plot by the Empress Dowager
and the governors; “Fists of Heaven” (“Boxer”) Rebellion
follows and is put down by United States, Japan, and European
nations; Empress Dowager is forced to resign; last Chinese
Emperor forced to resign in 1911 and republic formed under
Sun Yat-sen (founder of Kuomintang Political Party) and
military leader Yuan Shih-kai

B. dissension between Sun and Yuan

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C. much of China remained in hands of Japan and European
powers; made worse by big loans negotiated by Yuan

D. Yuan declares himself emperor but dies (1916); millions of

Chinese die in power grabs between different groups of
warlords; as in Germany and big cities in the United States in
the 1930s, private armies/gangs hold sway over local authority;
Communists, as in Germany, seem to be the only group that is
well organized in China and working for the people

E. Sun takes control and organizes government on Soviet model

but officially as a democracy

F. Chaing Kai-Sheik (Sun’s son-in-law) took over Kuomintang and

created a united China with many positive reforms; tried to
crush anyone who might have shared power with him including
liberals such as Mao Zedong, creating a civil war between
Chaing bringing reform from top to bottom and Mao leading
social Communist change from bottom to top

V. Africa and Africans; north and east Africa were major

battlefields in both world wars

A. British tried to rule through traditional African

authorities, somewhat like how they tried to run India and oil
producers of the Middle East/Egypt but not all African peoples
fit into the British organizational charts; British impose
racial segregation (Apartheid)

B. French tried the same thing but while imposing French

culture and language on the local people (as France also did in
Syria, Lebanon, and Vietnam); part of Algeria added to France
as part of the nation not as a colony

C. Portugal ruled its African possessions as Portuguese

provinces; Belgium simply exploits the Congo for ivory and gold

D. Kingdom of Italy, under fascist Prime Minister Benito

Mussolini, tried to restore Italian national honor after World
War I with an Italian empire in Africa that included Libya and
the Horn of Africa

E. infrastructure improvements such as railroads were built and

education brought into Africa but all only to improve
efficiency in taking out raw materials and exploiting the work
force; Indians brought to South Africa to do middle class jobs
like lawyers and clerks denied to native Black Africans

F. Africans, world-wide had resistance leaders

1. South African Native National Congress; John Dube

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creates South African model of Tuskegee Institute

2. Haile Selassie, emperor of Ethiopia, ruled only truly

independent country in Africa until crushed by Benito
Mussolini's modern Italian army on the eve of World War II

G. colonies in Africa became independent starting with Ghana in

1957; some freed by force, others peacefully; almost none with
preparation for self-rule but with generations of religious and
cultural hatreds; raw materials for buying weapons

H. Egypt has the Suez Canal, great waterway between Europe

and India; built by the French but half bought by the British
after corrupt puppet ruler goes bankrupt; Great
Britain and France jointly administer Egypt to control the
canal

VI. India/Pakistan/Bangladesh/Nepal/Burma/Sri Lanka

A. divided by three major religions and hundreds of lesser

languages, religions, cults, cultures etc.; only unifying force
was much despised and thoroughly adopted British culture

B. hatred of British rule created Indian nationalism despite

divisions among people

C. Great Britain compromised giving local control to Indians

but powerful police controlled by the British

D. British desired to keep India in the empire but without

bloodshed, never figured out how; Britain became Indian and
India became British

E. Mohandas Ghandi

1. native of India, earned his law degree at the University

College of London, learned about abuse of native peoples in
the British Empire as a South African lawyer

2. non-violent public resistance to British that called

for Indian unity; not always successful, independence
movement encouraged split between Moslems and Hindus

3. the more the British used violence to suppress Gandhi’s

demonstrations, the more sympathy in India and around the
world for Gandhi’s movement; powerful influence on Martin
Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela

4. practical aspects of rule under Jawaharlal Nehru

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VII. Middle East

A. Turkey allied with Germany and lost; General Edmund Allenby

led British troops, while T. E. Lawrence organized Arab revolt

B. British divided up Middle East to keep oil under British

thumb, keep Palestine under British thumb, and to restore
French prestige; anti-western revolts eventually removed most
of the British imposed rulers but did not unite Middle East
into one giant Arab state; colonial powers used local ethnic
hatred throughout Middle East, Asia, and Africa to keep locals
at war with each other instead of against the British (class
warfare created by racial/ethnic fears)

C. divisions often threw unlike peoples into conflict:

Christians/Moslems in Lebanon; Shi'ite/Sunni/Kurdish Moslems
in Iraqi; Zionists/Palestinians in Palestine etc.

D. Mustafa Kemal "Ataturk" creates secular democracy for

Turkey with constitution enforced by the army

E. Reza Shah tried reforms in Iran but his social changes

were too radical for religious right; he is deposed as is
successor

F. Kuwait is independent kingdom since the 1700s

G. Theodore Hertzl begins movement called Zionism to counter

rising anti Semitism in Europe by recreating Jewish state in
Israel; British publicly block immigration to calm Muslims but
has great sympathy for Jewish state as it would give Britain a
European base in the Middle East

VIII. Future of colonies

A. World War I and the Great Depression showed the colonies

that European powers were not invincible or all wise; violent
rejection of imperialism all across the globe inspired by the
creation of the Republic of Ireland during World War I (1916)

B. long exploited colonies, due to better communications and

education, in position for independence movement; especially in
Asian nations like India and China with large numbers of
European educated native administrators; Karl Marx warning

C. United States prepared Philippines for self rule; Great

Britain did same in Sri Lanka and Burma; colonial occupied
areas of the Middle East such as Iraq are constantly in
rebellion but rebels lack firepower and foreign support, key

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ingredients in a revolution; western powers realize colonialism

will not last

D. other imperial powers did nothing about future governments

although leaders like Ho Chi Mein in Vietnam worked towards
that goal

E. Siam (now Thailand) already an independent kingdom became

constitutional monarchy that dominated by the army

F. Communism/Marxism

1. world Communism filled a need for anti-imperialist form

of government popular with the people as too often the
so-called democracies supported racism, colonialism,
economic exploitation of the world etc.

2. vacuum of self empowerment left by democratic governments

3. Communist revolutionary movements not incompatible with

the Buddhist teachings of sharing for the common good and
classless equality; compatible with Christianity but not
with the many forms of economic exploitation that often
accompanied Christian missionaries

4. almost all local resistance to the Germans in Europe

during World War II was by Communists including the
French Underground; many peoples conquered by Stalin such as
the Finns, Ukrainians, and Poles fought the Soviet army;
Polish resistance against the Germans refused to cooperate
with Jews fighting Germans in the Warsaw Ghetto

5. United States after World War II would fight a massive

campaign against Communism from Vietnam to France

IX. World War II

A. World War II in Europe war almost exclusively fought between

Germany and Soviet Union, 1941-1945; more violence in one major
Russian campaign than in all of the West during the war such as
the 900 day siege of Leningrad (more than 1,000,000 dead),
Stalingrad, Kursk, and the Destruction of Army Group Center;
Britain, France, and the United States lost 800,000 lives in
the war to the Soviet Union losing 27 million; 65% of allied
casualties in World War II were Russian (25% were Chinese); 90%
of German 9,000,000 dead were killed by Russians; Soviet army
supplied by pillage and plunder (virtually no supply lines for
the Germans to cut off) and would have won without United
States help but by the end of the war the U. S. supplied the

15
Russians with food, boots, and Studebaker trucks (the Russians
used to refer to a good engine as a “Detroit”); at the end of
the war, the Russians were paid for the first time in years and
by the United States taxpayer

1. Hitler had promised no more conquests but then divided

Poland between himself and Stalin claiming again the
repatriation of a German population and to save western
Poland from the Communists; Great Britain and France declare
war against Germany but not against the Soviet Union when
Germany takes over the last of Czechoslovakia despite
promises otherwise; Germany is not ready for such a war but
France falls in six weeks in 1940; French government tries
to get Britain to negotiate a peace too; British sink French
fleet at Toulouse to keep it out of German hands; Vichy
Republic

a. Neville Chamberlain loses prime ministership following

British land and sea defeat in invading Norway that had
been orchestrated by Winston Churchill

b. Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, an

alcoholic imperialist who was out of touch with his times
and the British people was largely responsible for the
Norway defeat; becomes Prime Minister because almost
no one else to take the job; inspiring speaker but
British will have to evacuate its troops from Norway,
France, Greece, Crete, and Dieppe (France) before the war
was over; Britain becomes a giant prison camp where no
opposition to the war was allowed

c. both sides waste resources bailing out allies

i. Italy conquers Albania but when it tries to take

Greece, the Greeks put up such resistance that the
Germans have to occupy the Balkans, possibly fatally
delaying the German invasion of Russia

ii. Churchill sends British troops from North Africa

to help Greece only to have them defeated; Australia
demands its troops back from Greece to protect
Australia from the Japanese

iii. Churchill nearly loses North Africa, the Suez

Canal, and the war when German tanks under Erwin
Rommel and his Africa Corps take Tobruk in North
Africa (due to Australian troops sent to Greece and
then back to Australia) on almost the same day that
British Singapore falls to the Japanese (130,000
British empire troops surrender) almost all
British forces left in Asia are Australian troops

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World History Chapter 30

that did not surrender (they being in Australia;

Australian units included the only troops who fought
in four continents in World War II: Africa, Asia,
Australia, and Europe; Canadians also made a huge
contribution towards saving Britain in World War II)

iv. Britain survives because Spain remains neutral

and therefore Gibraltar cannot be used to close the
Mediterranean to the British (Franco offered to join
the war as an ally of Germany but Hitler refused his
terms and even considered invading Spain), Rommel
unknowingly drove past a supply dump, a few days
of bombing in Britain, one German in Norway was
careless about his coded transmissions, one supply
ship reaching Malta, and a submarine commander
carelessly choosing not to throw his Enigma decoding
equipment overboard when he mistakenly thought his
submarine was sinking; British fisherman come up with
plan to save the British army trapped at Dunkirk;
German generals likely knew that their enigma codes
were being read and did nothing in order to thwart
Hitler; Britain becomes like Japan, a huge prison
camp where dissent is silenced

d. battleships finally play a major role in warfare from

Guadalcanal to Churchill’s decision (with Roosevelt’s
approval) to seize or sink the navy of defeated France
to keep those ships from being used by Hitler as surface
raiders; battleships were the standard by which a
nation’s power was measured; air power, however, proves
that the day of the capital ship is also over

e. December 7, 1941 the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor; and

the following the day the British fleet at Singapore and
the Australian fleet at Port Darwin; Singapore fell to
the Japanese; Japan drives British out of Indian Ocean,
only significant military force in the Indian and Pacific
Oceans; German army at Leningrad, Moscow, and Stalingrad;
Russians were forced to cannibalism and prepared to
abandon Moscow, what would cut the Soviet Union in half
and cut off its oil supply in the Caucus; Hitler declares
war against the United States and launches a submarine
attack that costs more American lives than Pearl Harbor,
he hopes Japan will declare war against the Soviet Union

f. Churchill survives no confidence vote chiefly because

Great Britain had no other leader who will not give up;
Britain survives on Churchill’s force of will,
clandestine American aid, and the incompetence of Hitler

17
and the Japanese High Command; German bombing kills
40,000 Brits and destroys 1,000,000 homes; Hitler decides
to defeat Soviet Union then deal with Britain and the
United States

g. Britain staying in the war meant that United States

could get into European campaign soon enough to stop
Germany or the Soviet Union from overrunning all of
Europe; Germany and Italy, however, lost more men in 1942
in North Africa than at Stalingrad; loss of German armor
and oil against the Americans at the Battle of the Bulge
threw away Germany’s ability to impede the Soviet advance

h. Franklin Roosevelt helps Britain in every way although

Roosevelt despises the British Empire and agrees with
Stalin that Britain is no longer a major world power; he
initially believed that Churchill was a weak leader and
that the real danger was that the Royal Navy would be
surrendered to the Nazis; many people believe that World
War II was a useless last hurrah to make outdated empires
look like they mattered and at great expense and blood;
Britain had been Japan’s ally against the United States
in the Pacific and had even supplied Japan with
information that proved helpful in the attack on Pearl
Harbor

i. war had increasingly become impersonal since the mass

slaughter weapons of the American Civil War; World Wars
I and II are wars of impersonal artillery and World War
II adds napalm, blockbuster bombs, depth charges, mines,
massive anti-aircraft batteries, and nuclear weapons that
removes all conscience from killing; Hitler bombs British
cities and later uses rockets as terror weapons

j. British destroy every German city of 50,000 people or

more, even when of no military value (e. g. Dresden), in
imprecise nighttime raids; United States conducts risky
daylight raids to try to confine damage to military
targets but fails from crappy bomb sights

k. in the last days of the fighting Soviet Union declares

war on Japan and 1.5 million Russian soldiers capture
one million Japanese, forcing Japan to surrender to the
United States (Japan had nearly successful pro-Communist
riots before the war) only ten percent of prisoners taken
by the Russians lived to return home including the one
million Japanese taken in the last days of the war (the
last of its POWs not released until 1954); Russians even
execute or imprison Russian soldiers who had surrendered
to the Germans, as well as partisans who fought the
Germans, Poles, and many other persons who had fought the

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World History Chapter 30

Germans

l. mass murder is reduced to just statistics; United

States seriously considers using starvation and disease
to reduce the defeated Germany to a purely agricultural
nation on the excuse that Hitler murdered nine million
people in concentration camps plus the millions more
people killed because of the European war; enormous
Japanese POW camps and labor battalions where men died by
the tens of thousands (worst Japanese prison camp had a
90% mortality rate); more than 1,000,000 Vietnamese
worked or starved to death by the Japanese; millions more
people worked and starved to death by the Japanese in
Korea, Thailand, Burma, and elsewhere in southern Asia;
Korean women forced to work as prostitutes for the army;
U. S. justifies using the atomic bomb on Japanese cities
because of Japanese atrocities; United States similarly
fire bombs Japanese cities

2. World War II devolves into a battle of incompetence

between Stalin and Hitler; Hitler is so mad/dependent on
drugs by 1943 allies keep him in power; German military not
quite strong enough to have overwhelmed Soviets in 1941;
Soviet people rallied to Russia's defense to defeat the
Germans by numbers but also by skill and patriotism
(nationalism) as they did Napoleon; Soviet equipment also
overwhelms Germans in quality and quantity; German and
Russian suffered and died from weather as much as each
other, both armies plundered the countryside to survive by
the first winter

3. United States enters the war when Hitler declares war on

the U. S. in December 1941; U. S. forces are poorly equipped
and worse led (at the top) but American soldier, sailor,
airman, and civilian worker are highly independent free
thinkers (Enlightenment ideals) who defeat the military and
the economy of Fascist dictatorships; United States has
massive (however corrupt) economy that had previously
supplied the German, Italian, and the Japanese conquests;
American soldier and civilian is a nationalist (like the
Brits and the Russians) who believes in his country but also
that U. S. is fighting to bring the best values to the
world)

4. allies crawled along in gross mismanagement that cost

thousands of American, British, and Canadian lives, Stalin’s
Russian army carefully overran Eastern Europe and allowed
Hitler to crush the Polish uprising while refusing to allow
the British to send the Polish free government supplies; in

19
 Warsaw 200,000 Poles were killed; in four years Germany
starves all of occupied Europe but especially occupied
Belgium to feed German people so that Germans do not go
hungry until nearly the end of the war; Russian armies
plundered everything that they came upon; Britain still
on rations and paying off its debts to the United States for
years after; war becomes a battle of peoples everywhere to
not be exterminated by the major nations

5. Hitler ran German wartime economy very poorly, not

wanting the German people to learn how badly the war was
going; much of the economy built on inefficient slave labor
(United States by contrast had a free work force of everyone
believing in their cause); German war economy was
horrifically wasteful; German equipment is inefficient,
expensive to make, and difficult to repair; German soldiers
are the best but too few in number

6. Stalin could have driven directly for Berlin and the

defeat of the Germans but he had a master plan of seizing
all of Europe from Latvia to Bulgaria and at least east of
Berlin; his plan succeeded and he established what Winston
Churchill would call an “iron curtain” that restored the
old Russian empire and made a barrier of puppet Soviet
states to protect the Soviet Union

B. many French and British taxpayers believed that Hitler

should be left alone and that the war would benefit only arms
dealers and the Communists; American poet Robinson Jeffers
destroyed his reputation by publishing a book in 1948
denouncing United States participation in World War II; many
European nations were or were all but open allies of Nazi
Germany including Finland (traditional enemy of Russia), Sweden
(sold steel to Germany), Switzerland (did Germany’s banking),
and Rumania (sold oil to Germany); Denmark and Vichy France
cooperated with Nazi Germany; anti-Russian groups across
Eastern Europe supported the Nazis; Spain remained neutral and
thus saved Gibraltar and the war for Britain but the British
had to pay huge bribes to Spain’s dictator Francisco Franco and
Spaniards often quietly help the Germans; 100,000 children will
be born in France to German soldiers and ten percent of
Norway’s women had sex with German soldiers and sailors

C. World War II began in 1937 when Japan invaded China but most
of the world (although not U. S. President Franklin Roosevelt)
ignored the war there because it was “yellow people vs. yellow
people”; Asian war fought between Japanese Empire and the
United States Empire; even war with China so drains Japan that
it has to ration food; China might have won the war with Japan
by just waiting out the Japanese; United States forces after
Pearl Harbor are only what garrisons the Philippines, Midway,

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Hawaii, and Wake Island; Japanese seem poised to take China and
Burma, to threaten India, Australia, and the west coast of the
United States and the Panama Canal

1. Japan sought to create an impenetrable ring of resource

rich lands around the Japanese home islands from Russia to
India and Australia; rule would be by brutality and terror;
Japanese army killed millions of soldiers and civilians by
arms and work camps, most of them Asians

2. American-British plan to defeat Japanese in December 1941

3. Japanese strategy was to make Americans pay a terrible

price against dedicated Japanese soldiers until the cost
becomes so high that Americans will negotiate; plan almost
works except against General Douglas McArthur who alone
ordered island hoping to avoid battles and who worked to
keep down casualty rates; who long and bloody naval war to
reach Japan; United States turned the war around on courage
and luck but wasted huge number of lives through
incompetence and bad torpedoes, anti-aircraft, planes etc.;
United States finally wins with overwhelming industrial and
human resources, the products of Enlightenment technology,
industry, and free market economics; United States succeeds
to turning the war around in the Pacific before first
invasions of Africa/Europe

4. Japanese diplomatic strategy; can’t make United States

tire of the war and cut a deal; truce with Soviet Union
saves Soviet Union from Hitler and allows Japan to fight
the United States unhindered

5. Japan loses almost 100 cities to United States’ bombing,

including two by atomic bomb (weapon that could only be
built by the United States); each atomic bomb killed more
people (70,000 each) than died in German blitz of London;
aside from nuclear bombs; United States hoped that the
nuclear weapons would compel Japan to surrender before
Russia entered the war against Japan; Japan lost 250,000
lives and 8,000,000 people made homeless in American
firebombing; Japan only surrenders when Soviet Union enters
the war and overruns Manchuria; Japan is faced with decision
of conquest by Communist Soviet Union or Democratic United
States

6. Japan had too few material resources and creating an

empire stretched its manpower resources past the breaking
point; this crisis already reached at the beginning of the
war; its racist policies, as with Germany, meant that troops

21
 had to be used as garrisons everywhere; even people of Japan
were treated, even before the war, as prisoners by their
own government; Japanese military lied about its defeats
until it finally admitted to having nothing left but
defending the homeland and as the Japanese people starved,
did without fuel, and saw metals become scarce

D. President Roosevelt strategy to enter the war; U. S. has

sixteenth largest army in 1938 and nearly disbands most of its
military in 1940; neutrality acts

E. United States material and industrial might, although

weakened by Great Depression, is so huge that it overwhelms the
Germans and the Japanese simultaneously and leads to huge
American victory; United States economy is enhanced by
including women and minorities

F. United States racial problems exposed during the war by race

riots, whites vs. Japanese, black, and Hispanic Americans;
Japanese Americans placed in internment camps; racial
discrimination in the military and in civilian jobs; race
riots; American corporations used war to justify robbery and
waste of the taxpayer funds while government suppresses unions
and imposes price controls; Truman Commission and Spruce Goose;
United States nearly forced to negotiate peace with Japan
because American people will not buy more war bonds; Americans
come home from World War II determined to build a new modern
United States with education, infrastructure, social services
etc. at least as good as they saw in Hitler’s Germany

G. World War II became the first war where weather prediction,

rockets, and intelligence played key roles, a harbinger of the
future of wars; earth seemed at war with itself as volcanoes
interrupted battles in Italy and Asia; 1944-1945 was coldest
winter on record in Europe; mud and winter decided the war in
Russia

H. oil is critical for the first time

1. German submarines sink so many tankers in American waters

that east coast faces an oil shortage and America has to
build huge pipeline system to bypass the U-boats; had the
Japanese attacked the oil storage facilities at Pearl
Harbor, the American war effort would have been seriously
hurt

2. Germans under Rommel unknowingly passed by a fuel dump

that could have give him enough oil to take the Suez Canal
and force Britain out of the war (British oil supplies from
the Middle East would have been made to take a brutally long
detour around Africa)

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3. Germany has to make oil from coal and is so desperate

that its army is chiefly horse drawn; other oil comes from
Rumania, near Soviet Union and later under American bomber
attack

4. Hitler would have defeated Russia if he had taken the

Russian oil fields in the Caucus Mountains, the attempt was
bungled and some accounts have it that the Germans almost
succeeded but they ran out of gas

5. World War II in the Pacific was largely fought over the

oil fields in the Dutch East Indies; Japanese lost much of
the war from having its limited tankers and oil carrying
freighters sunk

I. Hitler wrote a second book where he explained that his

invasion and conquest of Russia was necessary to obtain the raw
materials to defeat Germany’s only real threat, the United
States; he has German officers trained to serve as military
governors of occupied areas of the United States

J. Germany and Japan demonstrated that the modern world created

by the Enlightenment demanded human rights, open trade, and
unrestricted scientific endeavor with racial, sexual, religious
etc. prejudice for a nation to succeed in peace or war; Soviet
Union nearly lost the war for the same reasons

K. attack on Pearl Harbor was a failure; eight modern

battleships, none sunk, Arizona exploded and Oklahoma
capsized; other six battleships soon back in action; planes
lost but Japanese had only one target that they could have
effectively destroyed, the oil farms, but third wave that
would have put them out for a year was cancelled from
misguided fear that America’s two aircraft carriers might show
up and challenge Japan’s four; Japanese risked everything to
try to sink two aircraft carriers that were not even there and
ultimately lost everything; better plan would have been to
have seized the oil fields of the Dutch Indies, blame it on
American sanctions and this force Roosevelt to beg a pacifist
America for a declaration to fight somebody else's war that the
United States started

X. Effects of World War II

A. Historians Nicholson Baker and Nail Fergusson argue that

World War II was not a “good war” because so much destruction
and death occurred for no better end that saving society as it
was; it was not with any effort to make the world a better

23
place (unlike Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points at the end of
the First World War); winners committed many acts as savage as
the losers and the end produced some good in the long run but
also much bad; Nazi Fascist empire replaced by Soviet Communist
empire; suffering still goes on despite World War II

B. more than seventy million people killed, most of them

civilians (50,000,000 die in Europe); mass exterminations in
the name of nationalism: Japanese against everyone; Germans
against Jews, Russians, Gypsies, Christian Germans who opposed
Hitler etc. (only 900,000 European Jews survived; at least six
million were murdered, half the Jews on Earth); Japan and
Germany conducted medical experiments and weapons tests on
prisoners; Nazi’s murdered at least 9,000,000 people but only
the Jews are remembered; countries like Great Britain and
France had large populations that wish they had stayed out of
the war altogether or surrendered early

C. huge numbers of people were varying degrees of collateral

damage in World War II including native peoples of Pacific,
Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, Southeast Asia, and North Africa

D. international war crimes trials; 200,000 Nazis arrested,

100,000 indicted, 800 executed, phenomenally large numbers
compared to what happens when most dictatorships are
overthrown; seven Japanese leaders hanged and many more
imprisoned (many Japanese leaders commit suicide before
arrest); United States and Soviet Union took in Nazi war
criminals to help on postwar missile and intelligence
projects; many Nazis escaped also escaped to the Middle East
and Argentina, sometimes with the help of friends and family
in the Vatican, they helped the Arabs to wage war against
Israel and dictators in South America to crush local
dissenters; Odessa; one Nazi war criminal was only exposed
when he became Austria’s president (he had previously been the
Secretary General of the United Nations)

E. only one great dictatorship left, Soviet Union and it is

countered by the United States as world power (beginnings of
the Cold War); decolonization of world that began before World
War II continues after the fighting; both nations would give up
their social ideals on the excuse that sacrifices must be made
to survive against the other

F. World War II won and lost on industrial power and scare raw
materials (rubber, oil, etc); Germany's guns and butter policy
vs. U. S. Rosey the Riveter; Germany, however, employed more
women (as a percentage) than any other nation although it
poorly managed its limited resources and economy, a situation
made worse by using forced labor and by allied bombing

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World History Chapter 30

G. weapons such as airplane, aircraft carrier, tank, submarine

etc. came unto their own with weapons like rockets, jets, and
helicopters developed; exploding mines saved Egypt from the
Germans and were successfully used as an offensive weapon
against the Japanese by the United States

H. Atomic bomb and other weapons of mass destruction render World

War III too horrible to contemplate; United States/Soviet Union
conflict will cost many lives and many resources better spent on
other uses, it will be called the World War III no one noticed;
some cynics claim that the atomic bomb was dropped on Japan to
prove to the Soviet Union that it did exist and we would use it

I. new era of mass communication that began before the war with
phone cables and movies to later radio and finally television and
the Internet; people can witness history as it happens and more
information is available to more people than ever before; and
more people are better able to understand it

J. agreements between United States, Great Britain, and Soviet

Union on future of the world at Tehran and Yalta

K. Peace

1. despite agreements and diplomacy, United States/Great

Britain will not allow Communism to take over in areas under
Western control and Soviet Union will not allow anything but
its Communism where it controls; neither side wants to go to
war to force the other to act differently; Great Britain
supports a Greek civil war against the Communists that cost
more than one million lives; United States tolerates insults
from French President De Gaul in order to keep France from
becoming Communist, it rigs elections in France and supports
the Mafia in Italy to stop Communist populist takeovers;
Soviet Union reneges on promises of democratic elections in
eastern European countries; United States taxpayer had paid
the Red Army to prevent them from just taking what they wanted
and needed

2. Germany wrecked by the war; Russian army rapes as many

as 2,000,000 women there and in Eastern Europe; in post war
some 500,000 German women turn to prostitution to survive; for
one year the average German survives on only 700 to 800
calories per day; United States still used German prisoners of
war as laborers as late as 1948; Russia did not release the
survivors of its prison camps until 1954 (one in ten POWs);
Germany has no government until 1949 and is still occupied
until 1955; economy and cities in ruins, Russia makes its
occupied East Germany and Eastern Europe pay war reparations;

25
12,000,000 Germans and Nazi allies forced to move to the
ruined Germany as revenge for World War II

3. Great Britain ends the war in worse shape than if it had

made peace with Hitler (Hitler was willing to leave the
British Empire alone if he were allowed a free hand in Eastern
Europe)

a. Britain is so destitute that it considers lowering

the average person’s daily calorie intake to less than
during the war; wartime ration restrictions not over until
1954

b. Britain was so bad off that in the early 1950s that

Winston Churchill was prime minister for the third time
after being voted out twice and soon to be voted out
again; he was in his eighties and senile

c. Britain has 100,000 military deserters; deserters are

not allowed health care or ration cards until 1953 and are
forced to become criminals

d. British economy has only recovered in the last few

decades but many middle class Britains, despite national
health care and social services, as well as Britain’s oil
boom, feel they have a lower quality of life than in World
War II; value added tax; Scottish and possible Welsh
secession

4. Britain, Greece, and Italy may today be suffering from

paying for borrowing their way out of World War II losses;
Britain was still paying debts to the United States as late as
the 1950s and trying to rebuild and keep obligations to NATO,
European Union, former colonies etc.; some nations like Sweden
and Germany have overcome problems to become great success
stories; nations like France, Greece, Italy, and Spain have
histories of political instability and/or corruption that
magnify their economic problems

5. hundreds of thousands of men are crippled and in many

different ways from lose of sight and limbs to post traumatic
stress disorder; one man in Britain fathers over 500 children
for men rendered impotent by the war; families scattered and
millions of people refugees; thousands of European women
marry American soldiers and move to America (thousands of
illegitimate children of American soldiers scattered across
Europe)

6. United States uses the Marshal Plan (under General George

Marshal who receives the Nobel Peace Prize) in 1947 to
rebuild western Europe, to keep those countries from going

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World History Chapter 30

Communist, even when that means using ex-Nazis and companies

that backed Hitler; Herbert Hoover had saved children of
Europe and Soviet Union after World War I, President Harry
Truman asks him to do so again; Soviet Union refuses to allow
its occupied countries to participate in the Marshall Plan and
rebuilds them itself

7. General Douglas MacArthur turns Japan into a true

constitutional monarchy but Truman Administration is so
desperate to fight Communists that it undoes many of his
reforms to allow wartime companies to rebuild unchecked;
by 1970s, economically the United States would be technically
a colony of Japan

8. during World War II Nazis had lists of German art stolen

during Napoleonic wars for recovery but then confiscated any
Jewish art collections, American art dealers helped sell this
on the world market; Monuments men rescued art from
destruction and plunder; allied nations gave Germany back art
taken from there but France "gave" each United States' state a
railroad car full of art; much of what was stolen or recovered
in France by allied troops was never returned

10. land mines and unexploded ordnance discovered by farmers

(both World Wars) still a problem in Europe; began new era of
exploding mines would mutate into a major problem world-wide
by the end of the Twentieth Century and led to the development
of the suicide bomber

27
Winston Churchill quotes:

We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in

France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing
confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island,
whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the
landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall
fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.

Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.
We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give.

Some see private enterprise as a predatory target to be shot, others as a cow

to be milked, but few are those who see it as a sturdy horse pulling the
wagon.

The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the

inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.

An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile—hoping it will eat him last.

The problems of victory are more agreeable than the problems of defeat, but
they are no less difficult.

A fanatic is one who can’t change his mind and won’t change the subject.

A lie gets halfway around the world before the truth has a chance to get its
pants on.

Once in a while you will stumble upon the truth but most of us manage to pick
ourselves up and hurry along as if nothing had happened.

If you are going to go through hell, keep going.

You have enemies? Good. That means you’ve stood up for something, sometime in
your life.

If you have ten thousand regulations, you destroy all respect for the law.

You can always count on Americans to do the right thing—after they’ve tried
everything else.

History will be kind to me for I intend to write it.

Writing a book is an adventure. To begin with, it is a toy and an amusement;

then it becomes a mistress, and then it becomes a master, and then a tyrant.
The last phase is that just as you are about to be reconciled to your
servitude, you kill the monster, and fling him out to the public.

The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see.

A sheep in sheep’s clothing. (On Clement Atlee)

A modest man, who has much to be modest about. (On Clement Atlee)

I am ready to meet my Maker. Whether my Maker is prepared for the ordeal of

meeting me is another matter.

The truth is incontrovertible, malice may attack it, ignorance may deride it,
but in the end; there it is.

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A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the

opportunity in every difficulty.

Politics is the ability to foretell what is going to happen tomorrow, next

week, next month and next year. And to have the ability afterwards to explain
why it didn’t happen.

Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm.

The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the

average voter.

It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the
others that have been tried.

Everyone has his day and some days last longer than others.

The whole history of the world is summed up in the fact that, when nations are
strong, they are not always just, and when they wish to be just, they are no
longer strong.

If Hitler invaded hell I would make at least a favorable reference to the

devil in the House of Commons.

Those who can win a war well can rarely make a good peace and those who could
make a good peace would never have won the war.

Courage is the first of human qualities because it is the quality that

guarantees all the others.

The problems of victory are more agreeable than those of defeat, but they are
no less difficult.

If you will not fight for right when you can easily win without blood shed; if
you will not fight when your victory is sure and not too costly; you may come
to the moment when you will have to fight with all the odds against you and
only a precarious chance of survival. There may even be a worse case. You may
have to fight when there is no hope of victory, because it is better to perish
than to live as slaves.

We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in

France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing
confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island,
whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the
landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall
fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.

Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if
the British Empire and its Commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, men will
still say, “This was their finest hour!”

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