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BIOLOGY
SECTION A
PAPER 2 [4551/2]
No. Marking Criteria / Sample Answers Marks

1 (a) (i) Gills 1

(ii) Tracheal system 1

(b) P : Filaments 1
Q: Spiracles 1 2

(c) (R is ring of chitin which) support the tracheal / prevent the tracheal 1
from collapsing.

(d) Diagram 1.1(b):

P1: The filament have numerous thin-walled lamellae to maximise
the surface area for gaseous exchange.
P2: The gill filaments have thin membrane and covered by a net
work of capillaries to transport respiratory gases.
P3: The surface of the gills is moist which allows the gases to be
dissolved.
Any 1P 1

Diagram 1.2(b)
P1: The large number of tracheoles provides a large surface for the
diffusion of gases.
P2: Tip of tracheoles have thin permeable walls and contain fluid in
which respiratory gases can dissolve.
P3:Terminal ends of the tracheol remains moist which allows the
gases to be dissolved. 1
Any 1P

(e) (i) P1:( The gaseous exchange process occurs over the whole body 1
surface in an Amoeba sp) through simple diffusion.
P2:Higher concentration of oxygen in the water surrounding causes 1
oxygen to diffuse into the Amoeba.
P3:Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the cell causes carbon 1
dioxide to diffuse out of the Amoeba.
Any 2P 2
(ii) S: Contractile vacuole 1

(iii) P1: Freshwater is hypotonic to the cytoplasmic fluid of Amoeba sp . 1

P2: Water diffuses into the cell and fill the contractile vacuole by 1
osmosis
P3: When the contractile vacuole is filled with water to its maximum 1
size, it contracts to expel its content from time to time.
Any 2P 2
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No. Marking criteria/ Sample answers Mark

2 (a) (i) Osmosis 1

(ii) P1 : Sucrose solution is hypertonic / more concentrated. 1

P2 : Water diffuse from distilled water into the sucrose solution 1
P3 : The level of sucrose solution in the capillary tube stop rising 1 2
at the equilibrium stage / the concentration inside and outside
of the visking tubing is the same / the amount of water
diffuse into and out from the visking tubing is the same.
Any 2 Ps
(b) F- Sucrose molecules are too large 1

E- The visking tubing is a semi permeable membrane/ 1 2

which only allows certain substances to pass through.

(c) (i) Y : crenation 1

Z : haemolysis 1 2

(ii) P1- Solution Z is hypotonic compare to red blood cell. 1

P2- Osmosis occur 1
P3- water leaves/ diffuses into the cell 1
P4- Red blood cell expand/ swell and burst. 1
Any 3P 3

(iii) F : No 1
P1 : Plant cell consists of cell wall 1
P2 : Cell wall is made up of cellulose 1 2
// Cell wall able to withstand the pressure.

Any 2

Total 12
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No. Marking criteria/ Sample answers Mark

3 (a) (i) Absorption / Simple diffusion / facilitated diffusion 1

(ii) F1 thin wall/ one cell thick 1

E1 increase rate of diffusion of digested food/ nutrients 1

F2 large surface area/ has microvilli 1

E2 increase rate of absorption of digested food/ nutrient 1

F3 has a network of capillaries/ blood vessels 1

E3 to transport the absorbed nutrients 1
2
Any F + E

(b) P: hepatic portal vein 1

Q: lymphatic/lymph vessel/ duct 1 2

(c) P1: Deamination.// The amino group is removed (from amino acid)/ 1
converted to ammonia .
P2: (Ammonia) is converted to urea. 1
P3: urea will be excreted through the kidneys. 1 2
Any 2 Ps
(d) L1: A major energy reserve in the body// 1
L2: (phospholipids are) components of the plasma membrane// 1
L3: Lipids is used as a respiratory substrate// 1
L4: Excess fats are stored in adipose tissues (under the skin, around 1
internal organs)
Any 1L
A1:Amino acids are used in protein synthesis// 1
A2:For repair and production of new protoplasm/growth and repair// 1
A3:Used in the formation of enzymes/ some hormones/protein part of 1
haemoglobin/ antibodies
Any 1A

G1:Glucose is used as the main respiratory substrate// It is oxidised to 1

release energy (water and carbon dioxide)//
G2:Excessive glucose is converted to glycogen 1
// Blood glucose level rise / increase.
Any 1 G 3

(e) P1: Diabetes mellitus // Blood sugar level increases// Hyperglycemia 1

P2: Excess glucose cannot be converted to glycogen. 1 2

Total 12
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No. Marking criteria/ Sample answers Mark

4 (a)

Both arrows correct 1

(b) A – Pulmonary artery 1

B – Pulmonary vein 1 2

(c) F : Contraction of ventricle / heart 1

E1: generates a (high) pressure 1
E2 : (to) propel/ force / pump the blood flow from the heart/ ventricle to 1 2
vessel A

Any two

(d)(i) Coronary artery 1 1

(ii) P1: Cut the supply of O2/ nutrients to the heart muscle 1
P2: causing chest pain / angina / heart attack / myocardial infarction 1 2
Reject ‘Heart problem’
(e) (i) P1: platelets break down and release chemicals 1
P2: to cause platelets to stick to each other 1
P3: platelets clump together to form a plug to prevent blood loss . 1
P4: released thrombokinase and other clotting factors 1 2

Any 2P

(ii) P1 : Fibrinogen is soluble, fibrin is insoluble / not soluble 1

P2 : Fibrin able to form fibres / meshwork / thread to trap 1 2
blood cells, fibrinogen is not able to do so.

Total 12
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No. Marking Criteria / Sample Answers Marks

5 (a) (i) (Transfer/flow of) energy 1

(a) (ii) F : Phytoplankton is an autotrophic organism. 1

P1 : Able to absorb light energy / consists of chloroplast. 1
P2 : synthesis their own food / carry out photosynthesis 1 2
Any 2

(b) F1 : population of small fish increases 1

P1 : no shark feed on small fish // shark is the predator 1
F2 : population of plankton decreases 1
P2 : more small fish feed on the plankton 1
F3 : Eventually the population of small fish decreases 1 3
Any 3

(c) F : Commensalism 1
P1 : Shark is the host / neither gain any benefit nor harmed. 1
P2 : Remora benefits 1
P3 : Remora obtain protection / food / transport from the shark. 1 3
Any 3

(d) P1 : Fertilizer washed away by rain water into the lake 1

P2 : Nutrient / minerals content in the lake increase. 1
P3 : alga bloom / alga grow rapidly in the lake. 1
P4 : eutrophication occur. 1
P5 : Oxygen content in the lake decrease / drop 1
P6 : Fishes die / population decrease 1 3
Any 3 P

Total 12