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Hypertension
- Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a
long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is
persistently elevated
- It is a sustained elevation of Blood Pressure. Systolic Blood pressure of > 140 mmHg
and Diastolic Blood Pressure of > 90mmHg.
- Classification of Hypertension
o Primary
o Secondary
- Risk Factors for primary hypertension
o Age (>55 for men; >65 for women)
o Alcohol
o Cigarette Smoking
o Diabetes Mellitus
o Elevated Serum Lipids
o Excess Dietary Sodium
o Gender
o Family History
o Obesity (BMI >30)
o Sedentary Lifestyle
o Stress
- Clinical Manifestation
o Frequently asymptomatic until severe and target organ disease has occurred
o Fatigue, reduced activity tolerance
o Dizziness
o Palpitations, angina
o Dyspnea
- How to prevent Hypertension
o Lifestyle Modifications
- Mechanism of action
o The calcium channel blocker inhibits the movement of calcium ions across
the membranes of myocardial and arterial muscle cells, altering the
action potential and blocking muscle cell contraction.
o This effect will depress myocardial contractility, slow cardiac impulse
formation in the conductive tissues, and relax and dilate arteries, causing
a fall in blood pressure and decrease in venous return.
- Contraindications
o Presence of allergy
o Patients with heart block or sick sinus syndrome
o Patients with renal and hepatic dysfunction
- Adverse Effects
o Dizziness, headache, fatigue
o Hepatic injury
o Hypotension, bradycardia, peripheral edema and heart block
o Skin flushing, rash
- Indications
o Angina
o Hypertension
o Vascular Spasm
- Implementation
o Monitor Blood pressure carefully while patient is on therapy because of
increased hypotensive episodes.
o If possible, obtain serum ECG tracing
o Provide comfort measures to help patients tolerate drug effects – serving
small frequent feeding, safety precaution due to hypotension and
dizziness.
o Provide health teaching as to drug name, dosage, administration, side
effects and warning manifestations to report.
D. Vasodilators
- Produce relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, decreasing peripheral resistance
and reducing blood pressure.
- Use to treat severe hypertension
- Mechanism of Action