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CALCULUS I
Thai-Duong Tran, Ph. D.

Room O2-610
July 19, 2015
Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 1 / 208

Absolute value of a real number
Definition
x x ≥0
|x| =
−x x ≤ 0
Properties
| − x| = |x| ≥ 0
|xy | = |x||y |
|x ± y | ≤ |x| + |y |
|x| < a ⇔ −a < x < a
|x| > a ⇔ −a > x or x > a
Intervals
Open interval (a, b) = {x ∈ R|a < x < b}
We also write R = (−∞, ∞).
Closed interval [a, b] = {x ∈ R|a ≤ x ≤ b}
Boundedness.
A set X ⊂ R is bounded if there exists an integer
n such that
|x| ≤ n, ∀x ∈ X
or equivalently, X ⊂ [a, b] (i.e X is contained in a
closed interval.)
Example. The following set is bounded

t
X = t∈R
t2 + 1
Proof. By Cauchy inequality, 2|t| ≤ (t 2 + 1).
Therefore ∀x ∈ X

t 1
|x| = 2 ≤ <1
t + 1 2

Example. The following set is not bounded

t
X = t∈R
t + 1
Proof. Given n > 0, choose t = −1 − n1 , then
t = (n + 1)(t + 1)
and
t
x= >n
t +1

Exercises 1. Find the solutions x of the equation
f (x) = 2

1 − x for x ≤ 1
f (x) =
x2 for x > 1
n o
3x+5
2. Show that the set x 2+2 x ∈ R is bounded

2

3. Show that the set x−5 x ∈ R is not
bounded

A function f is a rule that assigns to each
element x ∈ A exactly one element f (x) ∈ B.
f (x), the value of f at x, is read f of x.
A is the domain of f . The range of f is the set of
all possible values of f (x) as x varies throughout
the domain A.
Example. Domain A = (0, 1), and the function
1
f : A → R is defined by f (x) = x(x−1) .

Show that Range(f)=(−∞, −4].
Proof. For any x ∈ (0, 1), f (x) < 0 and
2
x+(1−x) 1
|x(x − 1)| ≤ 2 = 4 . Therefore,
Range(f ) ⊂ (−∞, −4].
1
For any y ∈ (−∞, −4], solve f (x) = x(x−1) = y,
or equivalently yx 2 − yx q
− 1 = 0.
The roots are x = 21 ± 12 1 + y4 ∈ (0, 1). Hence
(−∞, −4] ⊂ Range(f ).

The graph of a function f is the set of ordered
pairs (or points)
{(x, f (x))|x ∈ Domain(f )}
Example.
Domain(f ) = (−3, 3),

x
f (x) = 2
x +1
Range(f ) = [− 21 , 12 ]

A function f is called increasing on an interval I if
∀x, y ∈ I , x ≤ y → f (x) ≤ f (y )
A function f is called decreasing on an interval I if
∀x, y ∈ I , x ≤ y → f (y ) ≤ f (x)
Remarks:
• If ≤ is replaced by <, we say f is strictly
increasing (or decreasing).
• Increasing and decreasing functions are
monotone.
Polynomials
P(x) = an x n + . . . + a1x + a0
a0, . . . , an are coefficients, n is the degree of P.
A rational function is a quotient of two
polynomials.
P(x)
Q(x)
Example
x3 + 1
x 2 − 6x − 2
Linear function y = ax + b
Equation of a straight line going through two
points (x0, y0), (x1, y1) is y = y0 + m(x − x0),
where the slope is given by
y1 − y0
m= .
x1 − x0
Example. Given P(3, 5), Q(4, 7)
7−5
m=
=2
4−3
The equation of the line through P, Q is
y = 5 + 2(x − 3) = 2x − 1.
Application.
Find a linear function to convert a temperature
from Celsius to Fahrenheit degree, using the fact
that 0◦C equals 32◦F and 100◦C equals 212◦F.
Two points are (0,32) and (100,212) and
212 − 32 9
m= =
100 − 0 5
Hence the converting function is f (t) = 95 t + 32.
For example, 10◦C equals f (10) = 50◦F.

Quadratic function
Example.
Solutions of
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are 2x 2 + 5x + 3 = 0
√ √
−b ± ∆ −5 ± 1 3
x= x= = −1, −
2a 4 2
where ∆ = b 2 − 4ac is that gives the factorization
the discriminant. 2x 2+5x+3 = (2x+3)(x+1)

The graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c, (a 6= 0) is a
b
parabola with a vertex at x = − 2a .

Application.
A missile is projected upward such that t seconds
after launch, it is s feet above the ground, where
s(t) = −16t 2 + 800t − 15
When is the missile at its highest point? What is
its maximum height?
Answer. The missile is at its highest point when
800
t = − 2(−16) = 25 seconds, and its maximum
height is
s(25) = −16(252) + 800(25) − 15 = 9985 feet.
Exercise The chirping rate of a species of
crickets is related linearly to the temperature: A
cricket produces 110 chirps per minute at 70◦F
and 170 chirps per minute at 80◦F.
Find the temperature if the cricket is chirping at
150 chirps per minute.

Exponential function b
x
b is called the base, b > 0, b 6= 1.
Properties
b x b y = b x+y , (b x )y = b xy

Logarithmic functions are inverses of exponential
functions, i.e.
y = b x ⇔ x = logb y
Properties
logb (xy ) = logb x + logb y
logb x y = y logb x, x > 0
loga x ln x
logxb = =
loga b ln b
Examples.
• 16 = 24 ⇔ 4 = log2 16
1
• Find x such that log4 x = 2
1 1
= log4 x ⇔ x = 4 2
2
• Find x = log64 16
x = log64 16 ⇔ 16 = 64x ⇔ 42 = (43)x ⇔ 2 = 3x
• Find x such that logx 27 = 3
logx 27 = 3 ⇔ x 3 = 27 = 33 ⇔ x = 3
Composite functions Given f : X → Y , and
g : Y → Z , we define
(g ◦ f )(x) = g (f (x))
Given f : X → Y , the inverse of f is a function
g : Y → X such that
∀x ∈ X , g (f (x)) = x; i.e (g ◦ f ) = idX
∀y ∈ Y , f (g (y )) = y ; i.e (f ◦ g ) = idY
(also f is the inverse function of g .)
Exercises 1. Use the table below to
• evaluate (f ◦ g )(5), and (g ◦ f )(8)
• solve (g ◦ f )(x) = 4
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
f(x) 3 0 5 2 7 9 1 2 6 4
g(x) 6 3 4 1 7 9 5 2 4 0
2. Let f (x) = x + 2, and g (x) = x − 1, show that
f −1 = g ◦ g

Inverses of common functions
Functions f Inverse functions f −1
x −3 x +3
5x x
5
2 2
x x
ln(x − 1), x > 1 ex + 1

√
x − 1, x ≥ 1 x2 + 1

Properties of inverses
f is invertible iff f is 1-1; i.e ∀x, y ∈ Domain(f ),
x 6= y → f (x) 6= f (y )
Domain(f )=Range(f −1), Range(f )=Domain(f −1)
(f ◦ g )−1 = g −1 ◦ f −1
Example. f (x) = x 2 on [0, ∞) and g (x) = x 2 on
√
(−∞, 0] are invertible and (f ◦ g )−1(x) = − 4 x.

Example.
x 1
f (x) = =1− = f3(f2(f1(x)))
x +1 x +1
where
1
f1(x) = x + 1, f2(x) = , f3(x) = 1 − x
x
1
f1−1(x) = x − 1, f2−1(x) = , f3−1(x) = 1 − x
x
1 x
f −1(x) = f1−1(f2−1(f3−1(x))) = −1 =
1−x 1−x
The graph of the inverse f −1(x) is the reflection
of the graph of f (x) over the line y = x

Basic Trigonometric identities
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
π
sin − x = cos x, sin(x + 2π) = sin x
2
sin(x + y ) = sin x cos y + sin y cos x
cos(x + y ) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
Exercise. Show that sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
1 + cos 2x 1 − cos 2x
cos2 x = , sin2 x =
2 2
Fill in the values

π
Exercise Assume 0 ≤ θ < 2 and sin θ = 35 , find
cos θ
tan θ
sin 2θ
cos 2θ
sin 2θ
cos 2θ

Inverses of trigonometric functions
−1 π π −1

sin x ∈ − 2 , 2 cos x ∈ [0, π]

π π
−1
tan x∈ − ,
2 2

Find cos(sin−1 x)
−1 π π

Let sin x = y ∈ − 2 , 2 , then
cos(sin−1 x) = cos y
q
= 1 − sin2 y
p
= 1 − x2
Show that tan(sin−1 x) = √ x , and
1−x 2
1 x
cos(tan−1 x) = √ , sin(tan−1 x) = √
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Exercises 1. From the formula
π
sin − x = cos x,
2
find a formula relating sin−1 x and cos−1 x
x−2
2. Express f (x) = x−1 as a composition of
1
f1(x) = , f2(x) = x − 1, f3(x) = 1 − x
x
Then find the inverse function f −1(x)

3. Show that for any x ≥ 1,
2x
2 tan−1 x + sin−1 =π
x2 + 1
4. Suppose g (x) is the inverse of f (x). What are
the inverses of
(a) f (x + 1) (b) 4f (x)
g (x)
(c) 4 (d) g (x − 1)

Limit as x → ∞
We say f (x) converges to L as x → ∞ and write
lim f (x) = L
x→∞
if, for every > 0, there exists a number M such
that |f (x) − L| < for all x > M.
Example: For any > 0, whenever x > M = 5 ,

3x − 1
= 8.5 < 5 <

2x + 5 − 1.5 2x + 5 x
Hence
3x − 1
lim = 1.5
x→∞ 2x + 5
Limit as x → −∞
We say f (x) converges to L as x → −∞; i.e.
lim f (x) = L
x→−∞
if, for every > 0, there exists a number M such

that |f (x) − L| < for all x < M.
−1
Example:
For any
> 0, whenever x < M = ,
x 1 1
√
x 2+1 − (−1) = √x 2+1(√x 2+1−x) < −x <

Hence lim √ x2 = −1
x→−∞ x +1

Example: For any > 0, and x < − 1 or x > 1 ,
2
x − 1 2
− 1= < 1 <
x2 + 1 x 2 + 1 |x|
x 2 −1
Hence lim 2 = 1.
x→±∞ x +1
The function has a horizontal asymptote y = 1.

Limit from the left as x → a−
We say f (x) converges to L as x tends to a from
the left and write
lim f (x) = L
x→a−
if, for every > 0, there exists a number M < a

such that
|f (x) − L| <
for all x such that M < x < a.
(equivalently, a − δ < x < a, for some δ > 0.)
Limit from the right as x → a+
lim f (x) = L
x→a+
if, for every > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that

|f (x) − L| < , whenever a < x < a + δ.
Limit as x → a
lim f (x) = L,
x→a
if for every > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that
|f (x) − L| < whenever 0 < |a − x| < δ.
( lim f (x) = L does not depend on f (a).)
x→a
√
Example. Show that lim 1 − x 2 = 0.
x→1−
For any > 0, choose M ∈ (0, 1) such that
2
δ = 1 − M < 2 . For 1 − δ = M < x < 1,
p p √
2 2
1 − x < 1 − (1 − δ) < 2δ <
x 2 −1
Example. Show that lim = 2.
x→1 x−1
Choose δ = , for 0 < |1 − x| < δ,
2
x − 1

x −1 − 2 = |1 − x| <


Theorem
lim f (x) = L
x→a
if and only if
lim f (x) = L = lim f (x)
x→a− x→a+
|x|
Example. lim does not exist because
x→0 x
|x|
lim = lim (−1) = −1
x→0− x x→0−
|x|
lim = lim (1) = 1
x→0+ x x→0+
Arithmetics with Limits
lim x = a, lim k = k
x→a x→a
lim (f (x) + g (x)) = lim f (x) + lim g (x)

x→a x→a x→a
lim (f (x) − g (x)) = lim f (x) − lim g (x)
x→a x→a x→a
lim (f (x)g (x)) = ( lim f (x))( lim g (x))
x→a x→a x→a
f (x) limx→a f (x)
lim = , if lim g (x) 6= 0
x→a g (x) limx→a g (x) x→a

Example.
lim (3t − 5) = (lim (3t) − (lim 5)
t→2 t→2 t→2
= (lim 3)(lim t) − (lim 5)
t→2 t→2 t→2
= 3 · 2 − 5 = 1.

Exercise Evaluate
3t − 14
lim
t→4 t + 1
Does the following limit exist?

lim f (x)
x→0
where 
 4−x x <0
f (x) = 2 x =0
x +1 x >0

Exercise
Evaluate
lim f (x)g (x)
Assume x→−4
lim f (x) = 2 lim (2f (x) + 3g (x))

x→−4
x→−4
g (x)
lim g (x) = 3 lim
x→−4 x→−4 x 2
f (x) + 1
lim
x→−4 3g (x) − 2

Sandwich Theorem If, for 0 < |x − a| < ,
l (x) ≤ f (x) ≤ u(x)
and
lim l (x) = L = lim u(x),
x→a x→a
then
lim f (x) = L.
x→a

Example. For 0 < |x − 0| < π2 ,
sin x
cos x ≤ ≤1
x
By Sandwich Theorem,
sin x
lim =1
x→0 x

Example.
Let x = 3t,
sin 3t sin 3t
lim = 3 lim
t→0 t t→0 3t
sin x
= 3 lim
x→0 x
= 3

Example.
Let x = 2t . As t → 0, x → 0 and
1 − cos t 1 − cos 2x
lim = lim
t→0 t x→0 2x
2
sin x
= lim
x→0 x
2
sin x
= lim lim x
x→0 x x→0
= (1)2(0) = 0

Infinite limits.
lim f (x) = ∞
x→a
if, for every M > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that

f (x) > M whenever 0 < |a − x| < δ.
1
Example. Show that lim x 2 = ∞.
x→0
For any M > 0, choose δ = √1 , then
M
1 1
> =M
x 2 δ2
whenever 0 < |x − 0| < δ
Example. Show that lim ln |x| = −∞.
x→0
For any M, choose δ = e M > 0, then
ln |x| < ln δ = M whenever 0 < |x − 0| < δ.
2 2
Similarly, lim x−3 = ∞, lim x−3 = −∞
x→3+ x→3−
For any M > 0, choose δ = M2 > 0, then
2 2
x−3 > δ = M whenever 3 < x < 3 + δ.
For any M < 0, choose δ = − M2 > 0, then
2 2
x−3 < −δ = M whenever 3 − δ < x < 3.

Continuity
Suppose f (a) is defined, then f is continuous at a
iff for any > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that
|f (x) − f (a)| < whenever |x − a| < δ and f (x)
is defined.
If f is defined in an open interval that contains a,
then f is continuous at a if and only if
lim f (x) = f (a).
x→a
Example. Each rational function is continuous on

its domain.
Example. f (x) = x, and g (x) = k (constant)
are continuous everywhere.
Proof. For any > 0, choose δ = , then
whenever |x − a| < δ, |f (x) − f (a)| = |x − a| <
(also |g (x) − g (a)| = 0 < .)
Another Proof
lim f (x) = limx→a x = a = f (a)
x→a
lim g (x) = limx→a k = k = g (a).
x→a

Examples.

1 x >0
f (x) = is not continuous at 0
0 x ≤0
Proof. Given = 1 and any δ > 0,
|f (x) − f (0)| = |1 − 0| <
6 , where |x − 0| < δ
(n is chosen so that nδ > 1, and x = n1 ).
1
x 6= 0
f (x) = x is not continuous at 0.
0 x =0
Proof. Given = 1 and any δ > 0,
|f (x) − f (0)| = |n − 0| <6 , where |x − 0| < δ
(n is chosen so that nδ > 1, and x = n1 ).
Exercises 1. Show that
1
x 6= 3
f (x) = x−3
0 x =3
is defined everywhere and is not continuous at 3.
2.
x sin( x1 ) x 6= 0

f (x) =
0 x =0
is continuous at 0.

Theorem. Suppose f , and g are continuous at a.
Then f + g , f − g , and fg are continuous at a.
f
g is also continuous at a if g (a) 6= 0. The
constant function is continuous at every point.
Example. Every rational function is continuous
on its domain.
Theorem. All the functions ax , loga x, sin x,
cos x, tan x, sin−1 x, cos−1 x, and tan−1 x are
continuous at every point of their domains.

Theorem. If f is a continuous bijection from an
interval I onto an interval J, then f −1 is
continuous on J.
√
Example. For any positive integer n, n x is
√
continuous on [0, ∞). If n is odd, n x is
continuous on R.
Theorem. If f is continuous at a and g is
continuous at f (a), then (g ◦ f )(x) = g (f (x)) is
continuous at a. (However, lim f (x) = b, and
x→a
lim g (x) = c does not imply lim g (f (x)) = c.)
x→b x→a
√ √
3
Example. + 1 and x2 x 5 + 4x 2 − 7x + 3 are
continuous everywhere.
Example.
√
x −6−2 (x − 6) − 4
lim = lim √
x→10 x − 10 x→10 (x − 10)( x − 6 + 2)
1
= lim √
x→10 x −6+2
1 1
= √ =
10 − 6 + 2 4
Example. f (x) ≡ 0, g (0) = 0, g (x) = 1 if x 6= 0.
Continuity on an interval
Suppose f is continuous on [a, b], then for every
value L between f (a) and f (b), there exists
c ∈ [a, b] such that f (c) = L.
If f (a)f (b) < 0, the equation f (x) = 0 has a
solution c ∈ (a, b).
Example. Suppose b > 5 and f (x) = 5x − bx.
Then f (0) = 1 > 0 and f (1) = 5 − b < 0.
Hence, there exists a solution c ∈ (0, 1) of the
equation 5x − bx = 0.
Exercise. Find the numbers at which the function

 x +2 x <0
f (x) = e x 0≤x ≤1
2−x x >1

is not continuous.

Derivative of a function f at a point a is
f (x) − f (a) f (a + h) − f (a)
f 0(a) = lim = lim
x→a x −a h→0 h
If f is defined in an interval containing a and the
limit exists, we say f is differentiable at a
(one-sided limit is used at the endpoints). If f is
differentiable at a point, it is also continuous at
that point.
P(x)
Example. Every rational function Q(x) is
differentiable at every point of its domain (except
where Q(x) = 0).
Derivative of P(x) = x 2 + x
P(x + h) − P(x)
P 0(x) = lim
h→0 h
(x + h) + (x + h) − x 2 − x
2
= lim
h→0 h
= lim (2x + 1 + h)
h→0
= 2x + 1

x
Derivative of R(x) = x−1
R(x + h) − R(x)
R 0(x) = lim
h→0 h
x+h x
x+h−1 − x−1
= lim
h→0 h
−1
= lim
h→0 (x + h − 1)(x − 1)
−1
=
(x − 1)2

Examples. The following functions are continuous
but are not differentiable
( at 0:
1 2 1 − x 2 if x < 0
x 3 , x 3 , |x|, and 1
x+1 if x ≥ 0

1 − x2 x < 0

Let f (x) = 1 , then
(x+1 x ≥ 0
f (0+h)−f (0) −h h<0
h = 1
h+1 −1
diverges as h → 0.
h h ≥ 0

Slope. f 0(a) is the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of f at the point (a, f (a)). An equation
of the tangent line is y = f 0(a)(x − a) + f (a).
Example. Let f (x) = x 2 + x, a = 0.5, then
f (a) = 0.75, f 0(a) = 2 and the tangent line is
y = 2(x − 0.5) + 0.75 = 2x − 0.25.
Monotonicity. Suppose f is differentiable on
(a, b), then f is increasing on (a, b) if and only if
f 0(x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ (a, b); f is decreasing on (a, b) if
and only if f 0(x) ≤ 0, ∀x ∈ (a, b).
Basic rules of differentiation Power Rule
d n
x = nx n−1
dx
Linearity Rule
(f + g )0 = f 0 + g 0
(cf )0 = cf 0
Example
√

d 2 1 2
3x 4 − x − = 12x 3 − √ + 2
dx x 2 x x
Examples.
(Linear function) f (x) = mx + b, the slope is
f 0(x) ≡ m
(Quadratic function) f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c,
b
f 0(x) = 2ax + b = 0 ⇔ x = −
2a
that is • the x-coordinate of the vertex
• where the slope is zero,
• where f gets its maximum or minimum value.
Product Rule: (fg )0 = f 0g + fg 0
Quotient Rule:
0
f f 0g − fg 0
=
g g2
Chain Rule: [f (g (x))]0 = f 0(g (x))g 0(x).
Example
√ 1 √ 2 x
( x + 1) = ( x + 1)−1/2(2x) = √
2 0
2 x2 + 1
Exercise. Find the derivative of f (x) = √ x
x 2 +1
Show that (sin x)0 = cos x, (cos x)0 = − sin x.
Proof. Let h → 0 in the following identities
sin(a + h) − sin a sin h cos h − 1
= cos a + sin a
h h h
cos(a + h) − cos a cos h − 1 sin h
= cos a − sin a
h h h
Exercise. Show that (sec x)0 = cos
sin x
2 x , and
(tan x)0 = 1
cos2 x
= 1 + tan2 x

e h −1
Exercise. Assume that lim = 1, show that
h→0 h
• (e x )0 = e x
• (ax )0 = (ln a)ax
ln(1+t)
• lim t = 1. (Hint: Let t = e h − 1)
t→0
• (ln |x|)0 = x1 .
Exercise. Find the derivatives of the following
functions: e x sin x, x 2 ln x, sin5 x, x 2 sin x, sinx x .

Example. Water pours into a fish tank at the rate
of 3ft 3/min. The base of the tank is a 2 × 3 ft
rectangle . How fast is the water level rising?
h = V6
0
h0 = V6 = 0.5ft/min

Example. Water pours into a conical tank of 10-ft
height at the rate of 10ft 3/min. The radius of the
top is 4 ft. How fast is the water level rising when
it is at 5-ft high?
r = 4h
10
V = 13 πhr 2 = 4π
75 h
3
V 0 = 4π 2 0
25 h h
When h = 5,
V0
h0 = 4π 10
= 4π = 2.5
π ft/min

Example. A 16-ft ladder
leans against a wall. The
bottom of the ladder is 5 ft
from the wall at t=0 and
slides away from the wall at
a rate of 3ft/s. Find the
speed of the top of the
ladder at t=1. p
2 2 2
(5 + 3t) + h = 16 , h(t) = 162 − (5 + 3t)2
0 −(5+3t)(3) 48
√
h = √ 2 2
= − 16 3 = − 3
√
16 −(5+3t)

Exercise A 6-ft man walks away from a 15-ft
lamppost at a speed of 3 ft/s. Find the rate at
which his shadow is increasing in length

Second derivative of a function f at a point a is
2 0

d f d (f )
f 00(a) = f (2)(a) = 2 =
dx x=a dx x=a
Second derivative is the rate of change of a rate
of change.
Examples. Acceleration of a car is the second
derivative of its position.
Although inflation is increasing, it is doing so at
a decreasing rate; i.e. the second derivative of
inflation is negative.
Example. (Acceleration by gravity) A ball is
thrown up, its height(in meters) at time t(in
seconds) is (by Galileo’s formula)
h(t) = h0 + v0t − 4.9t 2
The initial height and vertical speed are
h(0) = h0, and h0(0) = v0. The acceleration is
h00(t) = −9.8m/s 2.
− 34
Example.
Let x = t ,
d 4x 3 7
11 15 − 19 3465
dt 4 = − 4 − 4 − 4 − 4 16 4 = 227
t=16
Example. The following figure shows f , f 0, f 00.
Find which is which based on the positivity of the
derivative of an increasing function.
Another example.

Derivative of an Inverse Function
Suppose f is continuously differentiable on an
open interval containing a and f 0(a) 6= 0, then
(f −1)0(f (a)) = f 01(a)
Example. f (x) = e x , f −1(y ) = ln y , y = e x ,
1 1 1
(ln y )0 = (f −1)0(f (x)) = = =
f 0(x) e x y
√
Example. y = f (x) = x n , x = f −1(y ) = n y
√ 1 1 1 −1
( n y )0 = (f −1)0(f (x)) = n−1
= yn
nx n
Example. y = tan x, x = tan−1 y
1 1 1
(tan−1)0(y ) = = 1 =
(tan x)0 cos2 x
y2 + 1
Exercise. Find the derivative of sin−1 x.
Let y = sin x, x = sin−1 y , then
(sin−1)0(y ) = (sin1x)0 = cos1 x = · · ·
Exercise. Find the derivative of cos−1 x.

Implicit Differentiation Suppose F (x, y ) = 0 is
an equation in two variables where (a, b) is a
solution
F is defined, continuously differentiable near (a, b)
and dF
dy (a, b) 6= 0.
Then values of y near b is determined uniquely
(implicitly) by values of x near a, and
dF
0 dx (a, b)
y (a) = − dF
dy (a, b)

Example Consider the equation
F (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0, and a solution ( 35 , 45 )
of the equation.
dF 3 4

3 dx 5 , 5 3
y0 = − dF 3 4
= −
5 dy 5 , 5
4
The equation of the tangent line is
3x 5
y =− +
4 4

Example Consider a point (2, 1) that satisfies the
equation
x 2y 3 + 2y = 3x
dF
0 dx (2, 1) 2(2)(13) − 3 1
y (2) = − dF = − 2 2 =−
dy (2, 1)
3(2 )(1 ) + 2 14
2 3
where F (x, y ) = x y + 2y − 3x.
The equation of the tangent line is
x 8
y =− +
14 7
Example Given y 4 + xy − x 3 + x − 2 = 0 and
solution (1, 1).
dF
(1, 1) = 4(1)3 + (1) = 5
dy
dF
(1, 1) = (1) − 3(1)2 + (1) = −1.
dx
Hence y 0(1) = −(−1)/5 = 1/5 and equation of
the tangent line is
x 4
y= +
5 5
Example Find an equation of the tangent line at
2 4
3 3
,
3 3 of the folium of Descartes x + y = 3xy
2 4

3, 3
is on the graph and
3( 32 )2 − 3( 43 ) 4

dy 2
=− 4 2 =
dx 3 3( 3 ) − 3( 23 ) 5
4x 4
y= +
5 5
3 3
(F (x, y ) = x + y − 3xy )

Logarithmic Differentiation.
0 (x)
From (ln Q(x))0 = QQ(x) , we have
Q 0(x) = Q(x)(ln Q(x))0

Example. Let f (x) = x x , then
f 0(x) = f (x)(ln f (x))0 = x x (x ln x)0 = x x (1 + ln x)
(x+1)2 (2x 2 −3)
Example. f (x) = √
x 2 +1
ln f (x) = 2 ln(x + 1)+ ln(2x 2 − 3) − 21 ln(x 2
+ 1)
2 2
√ (2x −3) x+1
f 0(x) = (x+1) 2
+ 4x 2 − 2x
x 2 +1 2x −3 x +1
ex
Example. Let f (x) = 2
x +1
and g = f −1.
e x (x−1)2
Then f (0) = 1, f 0(x) = (x 2 +1)2
,
f 0(0) = 1, and f 00(0) = −1.
Hence g (1) = 0, g 0(1) = 1
f 0 (0) = 1
1 = 1, and
0
(x 2 +1)2
g 00(f (x))f 0(x) = (g 0(f (x))0 = e x (x−1)2
.
Therefore, g 00(1) = g 00(f (0)) = 1.
Exercise. Can you find g 0( e2 ), g 00( e2 )?

Applications of derivatives
Derivatives are used to represent the following:
• Velocity in physics
• Rate of reaction in chemistry
• Rate of growth in biology
• Marginal value in economics
• Rate of spread of a rumor in sociology
Example. The cost function is
C (n) = 10000 + 5n + 0.01n2.
The marginal cost is C 0(n) ≈ C (n + 1) − C (n)
C 0(500) = 15 ≈ 15.01 = C (501) − C (500)
Lab culture
A bacteria population is modeled by
a
P(t) = n =
1 + be −0.7t
The initial population is P(t) = 20 and initial
increasing rate is P 0(t) = 12. Find a and b.
Answer. P(0) = a
1+b = 20, P 0(0) = 0.7ab
(1+b)2
= 12
a a 12a2
equivalently, b = 20 − 1, 0.7a( 20 − 1) = 400 .
Hence a = 140, and b = 6.
Q 0 (x)
Relative Rate of Change is Q(x)
0
( 100Q (x)
Q(x) is percentage rate of change).
Example. The biomass Q(t) of a fish species in a
dQ Q

given area changes at the rate dt = rQ 1 − a ,
where r is the natural growth rate of the species
and a is a constant. The relative rate of growth is
r 1 − Qa . It is decreasing if Q(t) > a, growing if
Q(t) < a, the change is slow when Q(t) is close
to a. Q(t) is stable near a. Show that the
maximum rate of change is ra4 when Q = 2a .
Example. Your current salary is $45000, and you
will get a raise of $2000 each year. Then the
percentage rate of change is
100(S 0(t)) 200
=
S(t) 45 + 2t
Example. Electronic export is E (t0) = 11 and is
growing at 9%. Textiles export is T (t0) = 8 and
is growing at 2%. Then percentage growing rate
of the total S=E+T is
100S 0(t0) 100(0.09(11) + 0.02(8))
= = 6.05%
S(t0) 11 + 8
Exponential Growth and Decay
In many natural phenomena, quantities grow or
decay at a rate proportional to their size; i.e.
f 0(t) = kf (t)
Examples
• Population under ideal conditions.
• Mass of a radioactive substance decaying.
• Value of a savings account with continuously
compounded interest.
The quantity is decaying if k < 0.
Exponential growth (or decay) has a constant
0 (t)
relative growth rate k = ff (t) and we have
f (t) = Ce kt , where C = f (0)

Example. A bacteria culture grows with constant
relative growth rate k. At 3PM there are 600
bacteria and at 11PM, the count is 75000.
Let t = 0 at 3PM, then P(t) = 600e kt , and
P(8) = 75000 = 600e 8k which implies
k ≈ 0.6035.
Newton’s law of cooling
An object at temperature T (t) is placed in an
environment which is at a constant temperature
Ts . Then T (t) − Ts has a constant relative
growth rate k, therefore
T (t) = Ts + (T (0) − T (s))e kt
Example. A 95◦C cup of coffee is placed in a 20◦C
room. When the cup is at 70◦C, it is cooling at a
−1
rate of 1◦C per minute. Then k = 70−20 = −0.02
and T (t) = 20 + 75e −0.02t .
Continuously compounded interest
Suppose an amount P(0) is initially invested with
continuously compounded interest, then the value
of the account is
P(t) = P(0)e kt
where the relative growth rate is the constant k,
called the nominal rate of interest.
Example. Let P(0)=$3000,k=5%=0.05. The
balance of the account at the end of 5 years is
3000e 0.05(5) = 3852.08
Radioactive decay. Radioactive substances
decay by emitting radiation. The relative decay
rate is constant. Therefore, the remaining mass is
m(t) = m0e kt , where k is negative.
Physicists express the rate of decay in terms of
half-life, the time required for half of the initial
quantity to decay. Half-life = − lnk2 .
Example. The half-life of radium-226 is 1590
ln 2
years, k = − 1590 ≈ −0.000436. After 1000 years,
−.436
it remains e ≈ 65%
Weierstrass Theorem
Suppose f is continuous on [a, b], then
{f (x)|x ∈ [a, b]} = [c, d ]
c is the minimum (value); d is the maximum of f
Remarks:
• f (x) = x has no maximum nor minimum value
over the open
interval (0, 1).
x x ∈ (0, 1)
• f (x) = has no maximum nor
0.5 x ∈
/ (0, 1)
minimum value over the closed interval [0, 1].
Local Extremum
f has a local maximum at a iff f (x) ≤ f (a)
whenever |a − x| < δ for some δ > 0.
Similarly, f has a local minimum at a iff
f (x) ≥ f (a) whenever |a − x| < δ for some δ > 0.
Fermat Theorem. If f is defined on (a, b), f
has a local extremum (maximum or minimum) at
c ∈ (a, b), and if f 0(c) exists, then f 0(c) = 0.
Remark. A point c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0(c) does
not exists or equals 0 is a critical point of f .
Example. Let f (x) = 2x 3 − 15x 2 + 24x + 7,
then f 0(x) = 6x 2 − 30x + 24 = 6(x − 1)(x − 4).
The critical points of f are x = 1 and x = 4.
• On [0, 5], compare the values f (0), f (1), f (4),
f (5), we find the maximum value f (1) = 18 and
minimum value f (4) = −9.
• On [−1, 6], compare the values f (−1), f (1),
f (4), f (6), we find the minimum value
f (−1) = −34 and maximum value f (6) = 43.
(Local max is still f (1) and local min is still f (4).)

Graph of 2x 3 − 15x 2 + 24x + 7
On [-1,6],
Max=f(6)=43
Min=f(-1)=-34
Local Max=f(1)=18
Local min=f(4)=-9
First Derivative Test
Suppose f (x) is continuous on an interval I where
c ∈ I is the only critical point. Then,
a) If f 0(x) > 0, ∀x < c and f 0(x) < 0 ∀x > c,
then f (c) is the maximum value of f over I .
b) If f 0(x) < 0, ∀x < c and f 0(x) > 0 ∀x > c,
then f (c) is the minimum value of f over I .
Example.
f (x) = x 21+1 , and f 0(x) = − (x 22x
+1)2
.
By First Derivative Test, f has maximum value 1
at x = 0
Example. Consider a quadratic function
2 2

b b
f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c = a x + + c−
2a 4a
b
f (x) = 2a(x + 2a ) and f has the only critical
b
point x = − 2a which is a minimum if a > 0 and a
maximum if a < 0.
Example. Let f (x) = 1 − (x − 1)2/3, then
f 0(x) = − 3(x−1)
2
1/3 . The only critical point is
x = 1 where f is not differentiable and f (1) = 1.

Example f (x) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 − 12x − 7
f 0(x) = 6(x + 2)(x − 1) < 0, ∀x ∈ (−2, 1)
On (−2, ∞), the function

has only one critical point
which is a minimum.
On (−∞, −2), the function
has only one critical point
which is a maximum.
Example. f (x) = (2x − x 2)e x ,
0 2 x
√ √
f (x) = (2 − x )e > 0 ⇔ x ∈ (− 2, 2).
By First
√ Derivative Test, f has local minimum
√ at
x = − 2 and local maximum at x = 2.
Example. Let f (x) = x 2 − 8 ln x, for x ∈ [1, 4].
f 0(x) = 2x − x8 > 0 ⇔ x ∈ (2, 4]. The only
critical point in [1, 4] is x = 2, and the minimum
value is f (2) = 4 − 8 ln 2 ≈ −1.545. Compare
f (1) and f (4), we get the maximum f (4) ≈ 4.91
Application. The population of a colony of
bacteria (in millions) t hours after a toxin is
introduced is
t +1 (1 − t)(t + 3)
P(t) = 2 , and P 0(t) = 2
t +t +4 (t + t + 4)2
Therefore P 0(t) > 0 ⇔ t < 1.
By the First Derivative Test, the maximum
population is P(1) = 31 .
Second Derivative Test
Suppose f (x) is continuous on an interval I where
c ∈ I is the only critical number and f 0(c) = 0.
a) If f 00(c) > 0, then f (c) is the minimum value
of f over I .
b) If f 00(c) < 0, then f (c) is the maximum value
of f over I .
2 2
Example. f (x) = xe −x , f 0(x) = (1 − 2x 2)e −x .
Therefore, on (0, ∞), the only critical point is
1 2
x = 2− 2 , f 00(x) = (4x 3 − 6x)e −x , and
f 00( √12 ) < 0. The maximum value is f ( √12 ) = √12e .
Example. f (x) = e x + e −2x , f 0(x) = e x − 2e −2x .
The only critical point is x = ln32 .
Since f 00(x) = e x + 4e −2x > 0, ∀x, the minimum
value is f ( ln32 ) = √33 .
4
Example. (Biggest Rectangle) Find the rectangle
with biggest area while circumference is L. The
area is calculatedby
A(x) = x L2 − x , 0 ≤ x ≤ L2 , where
A0(x) = L2 − 2x. Hence, the area is biggest when
x = L4 and our rectangle is a square.
Minimize travel time. A ranch is 4 miles from
the highway, and the city is 9 miles down the
highway. Driving speed is 20mph from the ranch
to the highway and 55mph on the highway. Where
should the road meet the
√ highway?
16+x 2
Travel time is T (x) = 20 + 9−x
55 ,
T 0(x) =
√x 1
− 55 =0
20 2
16+x
when x = √16 .
105
Shortest path from A(0, h1) to an arbitrary
point P(x, 0) on the
px axis, thenpcontinue to
B(L, h2) is f (x) = x 2 + h12 + (L − x)2 + h22
f 0(x) = √ x2 2 − √ L−x2 2 .
x +h1 (L−x) +h2
The path is shortest

when f 0(x) = 0; i.e
cos θ1 = cos θ2,
or θ1 = θ2.
Closest point. Distancep from (3, 0) to a point
(x, x 2) of the parabola is f (x) where
f (x) = (x − 3)2 + (x 2 − 0)2 = x 4 + x 2 − 6x + 9
f 0(x) = 4x 3 + 2x − 6 = 2(x − 1)(2x 2 + 2x + 3).
The unique critical point is x = 1 and

f 00(1) = 14 > 0. Hence the closest point is (1, 1)
Exercises
1. A carton is oversized if the sum of its height
and girth (the perimeter of its base) exceeds 108
inches. Find the maximum volume of a carton
with square base that is not oversized.
2. Janice is at one bank of a 300 ft wide river, she
will swim diagonally across the river and then jog
along the river bank to reach a point located 200
ft downstream on the other side as quickly as
possible. Find the best route for Janice if she can
swim 3 mph and run 8 mph.
Cauchy Theorem
Suppose f and g are continuous on [a, b] and
differentiable on (a, b), then there exists
c ∈ (a, b) such that
[f (b) − f (a)]g 0(c) = [g (b) − g (a)]f 0(c)
Lagrange Theorem. Let g (x) = x, we have
f (b) − f (a) = (b − a)f 0(c), for some c ∈ (a, b)
Rolle theorem
If f (a) = f (b), then f 0(c) = 0 for some c ∈ (a, b)
Example. f (x) = x 3 + 9x − 4 has at most one
real root because its derivative is always positive.
Property. Suppose f is differentiable in (a, b).
• f 0(x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ (a, b) iff f is increasing in
(a, b).
• If f 0(x) > 0, ∀x ∈ (a, b), then f is strictly
increasing in (a, b).
• If f is strictly increasing in (a, b), we may have
f 0(x) = 0 at many points.
Example f (x) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 − 12x − 7
f 0(x) = 6x 2 + 6x − 12 = 6(x + 2)(x − 1)
f 0(x) > 0 for x ∈ (−∞, −2)

f 0(x) < 0 for x ∈ (−2, 1)
f 0(x) > 0 for x ∈ (1, ∞)
Examples.
1
Let f (x) = x for x ∈ [1, 4], then
f (4) − f (1) 1
= − = f 0(2), 2 ∈ (1, 4)
4−1 4
√
Let f (x) = x, x ∈ [4, 9], then
f (9) − f (4) 1 1
= = f 0(c) = √
9−4 5 2 c
25
where c = 4 ∈ (4, 9)
L’Hôpital’s rule
0
Suppose lim gf 0(x)
(x) exists (f , g are differentiable
x→a
near a), and
• lim g (x) = ±∞ or
x→a
• lim f (x) = lim g (x) = 0.
x→a x→a
f (x) f 0 (x)
Then lim = lim 0 .
x→a (x)
g x→a g (x)
f 0 (x)
Remark: a and the limit of g 0 (x) can be ±∞. For
f 0 (t)
t close to a, g 0 (t) is defined, therefore g 0(t) 6= 0.
Proof. Let x, y be different and close to a. By
Cauchy theorem, we have t between x, y such that
f (x) − f (y ) f 0(t)
=
g (x) − g (y ) g 0(t)
Let y → a and then x → a, we have
f (x) f 0(t)
lim = lim 0
x→a g (x) t→a g (t)
Note that, g (x) − g (y ) 6= 0 by Rolle’s theorem.
Example.
1
ln(x + 1)
lim = lim x+1 = 1
x→0 x x→0 1
Example.
ln x 1
lim x 1/x = lim e x = lim e x = e 0 = 1
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
Example.

x +1 ln(x + 1) − ln x
lim x ln = lim 1
x→∞ x x→∞
x
1
x+1 − x1 x2
= lim = lim =1
x→∞ − x12 x→∞ x(x + 1)
Then
x x
1 x +1
lim 1 + = lim = e1 = e
x→∞ x x→∞ x
Exercise. Try to apply l’Hopitale rule
3x − 12 12x − 3 x 2 − 2x
lim , lim , lim
x→4 x 2 − 16 x→4 x − 4 x→0 3x − 2
Taylor polynomial of f (x) at a of degree n is
n
X f (k)(a)
P(x) = (x − a)k
k!
k=0
Taylor’s polynomial of degree 1 is the linear

approximation
P(x) = f (a) + f 0(a)(x − a)
Example. Let f (x) = ln x and a = 1,
f (1) = 0, f 0(1) = 1, f 00(1) = −1, f 000(1) = 2
Estimates of degree 0, 1, 2, 3 of ln(1.1) are
0, 0.1, 0.095, 0.0953333
The linear approximation is 0.1 and
ln(1.1) ≈ 0.09531
Taylor Expansion of f (x) = e x
f (n)(0) = 1, ∀n
the Taylor polynomial of degree n at 0 is
n
X xk x x2 xn
= 1 + + + ... +
k! 1! 2! n!
k=0
Example.
√
Let f (x) = x + 3, a =√1, f (a) = 2, f 0(a) = 14 .
Linear approximation is x + 3 ≈ 2 + 41 (x − 1).
In particular,
√ −0.02
1.99499 = 3.98 ≈ 2 + = 1.995
4
√ 0.05
2.01246 = 4.05 ≈ 2 + = 2.0125
4
Newton method
Given an equation f (x) = 0 and an initial guess
x0, we find better answers x1, x2, . . . by solving
f (xk ) + f 0(xk )(x − xk ) = 0, and get
f (x0)
x1 = x0 −
f 0(x0)
f (xk )
xk+1 = xk − 0
f (xk )
Answers and accuracy
Solve f (x) = x 2 − 27 = 0 with initial guess x0 = 6
x2 = 5.196, f (x2) = −0.0016
It is obvious we have a unique positive solution
c ∈ (5, 6). Since f 0(x) = 2x > 10 for x > 5,
Lagrange Theorem gives
|f (c) − f (x2)| |f (x2)|
|c − x2| < = < 0.0002
10 10
Solve f (x) = x 4 − 6x 2 + x + 5 = 0 with x0 = −1,
x2 = −0.888286, |f (x2)| < 5 × 10−7
f (−1) < 0 < f (−0.88) and
f 0(x) > −4−12(−0.88)+1 > 7, ∀x ∈ (−1, −0.88)
We have a unique solution c ∈ (−1, −0.88) where
|f (c) − f (x2)| |f (x2)|
|c − x2| < = < 10−7
7 7
Solve f (x) = x 4 − 6x 2 + x + 5 = 0 with x0 = −2,
x6 = −2.349426935, |f (x6)| < 7 × 10−9
f (−2.4) > 0 > f (−2.3) and ∀x ∈ (−2.4, −2.3)
f 0(x) < 4(−2.3)3 − 12(−2.4) + 1 < −19
We have a unique solution c ∈ (−2.4, −2.3) and
|f (c) − f (x6)| |f (x6)| 10−9
|c − x6| < = <
19 19 2
Riemann Integral
Suppose f is defined on (a, b). With each
partition x0 = a < x1 < · · · < xn = b, and
ti ∈ (xi , xi+1) for 0 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, we have a
n−1
P
Riemann sum f (ti )(xi+1 − xi ).
i=0
If the Riemann sum converges as (xi+1 − xi ) → 0,
then f is Riemann integrable, and the limit
R b is the
Riemann integral of f on [a,b], written a f (x)dx
Rb
or a f .
Example. Find the integral on [0, 1] of

1 for x < c
f (x) = 0.5 for x = c
0 for x > c

Suppose xm ≤ c < xm+1, the Riemann sum is

m−1
X
S = (xi+1 − xi ) + f (tm )(xm+1 − xm )
i=0
= xm + f (tm )(xm+1 − xm )
R1
As all (xi+1 − xi ) → 0, S converges to c = 0 f.
Theorem. Every continuous function on a closed
interval is Riemann integrable.
Example. f (x) = x 2, 0 ≤ x0 = a < . . . < xn = b.
Apply the MVT, choose ti such that
xi2 + xi xi+1 + xi+1
2
f (ti ) =
3
n−1 n−1 3
− xi3 b 3 − a3

X X xi+1
f (ti )(xi+1 −xi ) = =
3 3
i=0 i=0
Therefore
b
b 3 − a3
Z
f (x)dx =
a 3
Exercise. f (x) = x, 0 ≤ x0 = a < . . . < xn = b.
Choose ti ∈ (xi , xi+1) such that
n−1
X b 2 − a2
f (ti )(xi+1 − xi ) =
2
i=0
Exercise. Given b > a > 0. Calculate the

following integrals by limits of Riemann sums
Z b Z b
√ 1
xdx 2
dx
a a x
1
Example. f (x) = x is not integrable on [0,1].
Choose xi = ni , and t0 = 1
n2
∈ (x0, x1), then
n−1
X
f (ti )(xi+1 − xi ) > f (t0)(x1 − x0) = n
i=0
Hence, the Riemann sum does not converge and f

is not integrable on [0, 1].
Rb
Property. Suppose f (x) ≥ 0 on [a, b]. Then a f
is the area between the x-axis and the graph of f ,
for a ≤ x ≤ b.
Exercise. Let 0 < a < b and f : [a, b] → [c, d ] be
an increasing bijection. Then f −1(y ) is also
increasing. Prove that
Z b Z d
bd − ac = f (x) dx + f −1(y ) dy
a c
as the sum of two areas.

Linear Properties
RFor
b
any constant k, any integrable functions f , g .
a k = k(b − a),
Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb
a kf = k a f , a (f ± g ) = a f ± a g
Rc Rb Rc Ra Ra Ra
a f = a f + b f , b f = − b f , a f = 0.
Monotonicity. Rb Rb
If f (x) ≤ g (x), ∀x ∈ (a, b), then a f ≤ a g
Boundedness.
R If |f − g | ≤ , ∀x ∈ (a, b), then
b R b
a f − a g ≤ (b − a).
Rx
Example. Find F (x) = 0 f (t)dt where f is the
given in the graph. F (x) is given below



 2x for 0≤x ≤1
x +1 for 1≤x ≤2


 5−x for 2≤x ≤3
3≤x ≤4

2 for
Newton-Leibnitz Theorem
Suppose f is continuous on [a, b] and
Z x
G (x) = f , ∀x ∈ [a, b]
a
Then G (x) is an anti-derivative of f on [a, b], and

Z b
G (b) − G (a) = f
a
The
R anti-derivatives of f are 0
f (x)dx = F (x) + C , where F = f .
3
Example. Let f (x) = x 2, then G (x) = x3 is an
anti-derivative of f (x). Therefore,
Z b Z b
2 b 3 − a3
f = x dx = G (b) − G (a) =
a a 3
Example.
Z 6 Z 3 Z 6
|3 − x|dx = (3 − x)dx + (x − 3)dx
0 0 3
2 3
2
6
x x
= 3x − + − 3x = 9
2 0 2 3
The following examples are wrong.
Example. f (x) = cos12 x , and G (x) = tan x is an
anti-derivative of f . Therefore,
Z 2π
1
2x
dx = tan(2π) − tan(0) = 0
0 cos
Example. f (x) = x 22x+3
+3x+2
, G (x) = ln |x 2 + 3x + 2|
is an anti-derivative of f . Therefore,
Z 3
f (x) = G (3) − G (−3) = ln 20 − ln 2 = ln 10
−3
Some common anti-derivatives
x n+1
Z
n
x dx = + C , ∀n 6= −1
Z n
Z + 1
1
x −1dx = dx = ln |x| + C
Z x
ex = ex + C
Example
Z
1 3
(3x 3 + −5e x −2)dx = x 4 +ln |x|−5e x −2x+C
x 4
Example. Suppose a quantity Q(t) has a constant
Q 0 (t)
relative growth rate; i.e. Q(t) = k. Hence, the
Q 0 (t)
anti-derivatives of Q(t) are kt + C .
ln |Q(t)| = kt + C ⇒ Q(t) = C0e kt
Substitution rule
Z b Z u(b)
f (u(x))u 0(x)dx = f (u)du
a u(a)
R2 √
Example. Evaluate 0 x 2 x 3 + 1dx.
Let u = x 3 + 1, u 0(x) = 3x 2, u(0) = 1, u(2) = 9,
Z 2 √ Z 9 9
√ 3/2
2 1 1 u
x x 3 + 1dx = udu =

3 3 3
0 1 2 1
2 3/2 3/2
52
= 9 −1 =
9 9
R3
Example. Evaluate 1 x 2x+1 dx
Use u = x 2 + 1, u 0(x) = 2x, u(1) = 2, u(3) = 10,
Z 3
1 10 du 1
Z
x ln 5
2
dx = = (ln 10−ln 2) =
1 x +1 2 2 u 2 2
Example. Let u = 3x + 7, u 0(x) = 3,
u − 7 20
Z Z
1
x(3x + 7)20 dx = u du
3 3
1 u 22 7u 21 (3x + 7)22 (3x + 7)21

= − = −
9 22 21 198 27
Exercise
Show that the two areas equal
Hint: Choose u(x) such that

Z 1p Z π
2
1 − x 2 dx = cos2 u du
0 0
Some easy problems
Problem 1. Find G 0(3) where
Z x2 √
G (x) = t 3 + 3 dt
0
G (x) = F (x 2) where
Z u√ √
0
F (u) = t + 3 dt , F (u) = u 3 + 3
3
0
Therefore √ √
0 0
G (3) = F (9)(2(3)) = 6 732 = 12 183
Problem 2. R
x
Let A(x) = 0 f (t) dt where f (t) is given below
a) Does A(x) have a local maximum at P and a

local minimum at Q?
b) Where does A(x) have a local extremum?
Problem 3. Evaluate
Z 2 p
3
I = sin(x ) 9 − x 2dx
−2
Let u=-x, we have

Z 2 p Z −2 p
sin(x 3) 9 − x 2dx = 3
sin(u ) 9 − u 2du
−2 2
Therefore I = −I ; i.e. I = 0.
Numerical Integration
Common notation: ∆x = b−a N
Midpoint rule
Z b N
X 1
f ≈ ∆x f (tj ) , tj = a + (j − )∆x
a 2
j=1
Trapezoidal rule
 
Z b N
X f (a) + f (b) 
f ≈ ∆x  f (tj ) −
a 2
j=0
where tj = a + j∆x
Simpson’s rule (N must be even)
∆x
[f (a) + 4f (t1) + 2f (t2) + · · · + 4f (tN−1) + f (b)]
3
where tj = a + j∆x.
Example. Approximate the following integral
Z 5
dx
= ln 5 ≈ 1.6094
1 x
by Midpoint, Trapezoidal, and Simpson’s rules,
with N = 4.
Midpoint

1 1 1 1 496
1 + + + = ≈ 1.5746
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 315
Trapezoidal

0.5 1 1 1 0.5 101
1 + + + + = ≈ 1.6833
1 2 3 4 5 60
Simpson

1 1 4 2 4 1 73
+ + + + = ≈ 1.6222
3 1 2 3 4 5 45
Integration by parts
Z Z
u(x)v 0(x)dx = u(x)v (x) − u 0(x)v (x)dx
Example
u(x) = x n , u 0(x) = nx n−1,
v (x) = v 0(x) = e x .
Z Z
x n e x dx = x n e x − n x n−1e x dx
Example
Z Z
x 3e x dx = x 3e x − 3 x 2e x dx
Z
= x 3e x − 3(x 2e x − 2 xe x dx)
= x 3e x − 3(x 2e x − 2(xe x − e x + C ))
= x 3e x − 3x 2e x + 6xe x − 6e x + C
= e x (x 3 − 3x 2 + 6x − 6) + C
Example.
u(x) = ln x, u 0(x) = x1 , v (x) = x, v 0(x) = 1
ln x dx = x ln x − xx dx = x ln x − x + C .
R R
Example.
u(x) = ln x, u 0(x) = x1 , v (x) = 13 x 3, v 0(x) = x 2.
x 3 ln x
R x2 3 3
x ln xdx = 3 − 3 dx = x 3ln x − x9 + C .
R 2
Example. u(x) = x, u 0(x) = 1,
v (x) = − cos x, v 0(x) = sin x.
Z Z
x sin x dx = −x cos x − − cos x dx
= −x cos x + sin x + C
Example. u(x) = cos−1 x, u 0(x) = − √ 1 ,
1−x 2
v (x) = x, v 0(x) = 1.
Z Z
x
cos−1 x dx = x cos−1 x − − √ dx
1 − x 2
p
−1
= x cos x − 1 − x 2 + C
Example.
u(x) = sin x, u 0(x) = cos x, v (x) = v 0(x) = e x
Z Z
e x sin x dx = e x sin x − e x cos x dx
v 0(x) = sin x, v (x) = − cos x, u(x) = u 0(x) = e x

Z Z
e x sin x dx = −e x cos x − −e x cos x dx
Add them we have

Z
2 e x sin x dx = e x (sin x − cos x) + C
RRecursive formula.
n sinn xdx =
n−1
R n−2
− sin x cos x + (n − 1) sin xdx
R R
n cos xdx = cos x sin x +(n−1) cosn−2 xdx
n n−1
Exercise. Find the following antiderivatives

Z Z Z Z
dx dx
(ln x)2dx, , sin3
xdx,
cos2 x cos4 x
Trigonometric techniques
Example. u = cos x, u 0 = − sin x.
Z Z
sin3 xdx = (− sin2 x)(− sin x)dx
Z
= (cos2 x − 1)(cos x)0dx
Z
= (u 2 − 1)du
cos3 x
= − cos x + C
3
Example. For −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − π2 ≤ t ≤ π2 , let
p
x = sin t, dx = cos t dt, 1 − x 2 = cos t
Then
Z p Z Z
1 + cos 2t
1 − x 2dx = cos2 t dt = dt
2
1
= (t + sin t cos t) + C
2
1 −1
p
= (sin x + x 1 − x 2) + C
2
Rationalization
−9dx
Example. u = √ x , du = (x −9)3/2
2
x 2 −9 √
R −du x 2 −9
√dx = 9u 2 = 9u1 = 9x + C
R
x2 x 2 −9
Example. u = √ x2 , du = (x 2+3) 3dx
3/2
x +3
R√ R 3du
x 2 + 3dx = (1−u 2 )2
Example. u = √ x 2 , du = (1−xdx2)3/2
R√ R1−x du
2
1 − x dx = (u 2+1)2
R√
Exercise. Rationalize x 2 − 1 dx
Partial Fraction Decomposition
x +1 x +1 A B
= = +
x 2 − 7x + 10 (x − 2)(x − 5) x − 2 x − 5
Multiply by (x − 2)(x − 5), we have
x + 1 = A(x − 5) + B(x − 2)
Let x = 5, we get B = 2.
Let x = 2, we get A = −1.
Hence
−dx
Z Z Z
x +1 2dx
= +
x 2 − 7x + 10 x −2 x −5
Example
x3 + 1 A B
= x + +
x2 − 4 x −2 x +2
Multiply by (x 2 − 4), we have
x 3 + 1 = x(x 2 − 4) + A(x + 2) + B(x − 2)
Let x = 2, we get A = 94 .
Let x = −2, we get A = 74 .
Hence
x3 + 1 9 7
= x + +
x2 − 4 4(x − 2) 4(x + 2)
Examples.
3x − 9 A B C
= + +
(x − 1)(x + 2)2 x − 1 x + 2 (x + 2)2
3x − 9 = A(x + 2)2 + B(x − 1)(x + 2) + C (x − 1)
Use x = 1, then x = −2, and x = 0.
18 A Bx C
= + +
(x + 3)(x 2 + 9) x + 3 x 2 + 9 x 2 + 9
18 = A(x 2 + 9) + Bx(x + 3) + C (x + 3)
Use x = 3, x = 0, then x = 1.
Examples.
0
x 2−x 2 4−(x 2 +2) 4 1
x 2 +2
= (x 2 +2)2
= (x 2 +2)2
= (x 2+2)2 − x 2 +2
R dx
= 41 x 2x+2 + x 2dx+2
R
(x 2 +2)2
0
x 2−3x 2 8−3(x 2 +2) 8 3
(x 2 +2)2
= (x 2 +2)3
= (x 2 +2)3
= (x 2+2) 3 − (x 2 +2)2
R dx R 3dx
1 x
(x 2 +2)3
= 8 (x 2+2)2 + (x 2+2)2
RExercises.
dx
Evaluate the
R dx
R following anti-derivatives
dx 4dx
(u 2 +1)2
, (1−u 2 )2 , ,
x 4 −1 (x+2)(x 2 −4)
Net Change
Q 0(t) is the rate of change of Q(t) at t. The net
change of Q(t) from t = a to t = b is
Z b
Q(b) − Q(a) = Q 0(t)dt
a
Example. A protein disintegrates into amino acids

−30
at the rate dm
dt = (t+3)2 g/hr.
The net changeRin the first2 hours is
2 2
m(2)−m(0) = 0 dm 30

dt dt = t+3 0 = 6−10 = −4g.
Useful Life
Let P(t) = R(t) − C (t) be the (unknown) profit
generated by a facility. When it is getting old, the
profit rate P 0(t) (known) is decreasing. The useful
time T is defined by
P 0(t) > 0 ⇔ t < T
The net profit is
Z T
P 0(t) dt
0
Net Contributions
A fundraising campaign gets a weekly rate of
contribution 5000e −0.2t while expenses $676 per
week. The rate of revenue exceeds the rate of cost
iff 5000e −0.2t ≥ 676 or equivalently t ≤ T = 10.
The net earnings is
Z 10
[5000e −0.2t − 676] dt ≈ 14856
0
Area between two curves
Suppose f (x) ≥ g (x), ∀x ∈ [a, b]. The area
between the graphs Rof f and g and between
b
x = a and x = b is a [f (x) − g (x)]dx.
Example. Let g (x) = x 3, f (x) = x 2, a = 0, b = 1.
The area is
Z 1 3 4 1

x x 1
(x 2 − x 3)dx = − =
0 3 4 0 12
Example. Area enclosed by 4x, and x 3 + 3x 2,
where −4 ≤ x ≤ 0, is
R0 3
−4 (x + 3x 2 − 4x)dx
i0
x4
= 4 + x 3 − 2x 2
−4
= 32
Example. Find the area bounded by
y1 = x82 , y2 = 8x, and y3 = x,
The intersecting corners are (0, 0), (1, 8), (2, 2).
Two pieces
Z 1 Z 2
8
(8x − x)dx + − x dx = 6
0 1 x2
Exercise. Find the shaded areas
Volumes can be calculated as integrals of
cross-sectional areas.
Z b
V = A
a
Example. (the sphere) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2.
For every x ∈ [−r , r ], the area of the cross section
at x is πy 2 = π(r 2 − x 2), and
Z r
V = π(r 2 − x 2)dx
−r
r3 3
= 2π(r − )
3
4
= πr 3
3
Pyramid. The base is a square with side L and
the height is h. The area of the cross section is
Lx 2
h = L2h−2x 2
L2 h
Rh 2 −2 2 2 −2
Rh
V = 0 L h x dx = L h 0 x 2dx = 3
Volume of Revolution
Suppose the region between f (x) and g (x), where
f (x) ≥ g (x) ≥ 0, is rotated about the x-axis.
Then the volume of the created solid is
Z b
π (f (x)2 − g (x)2)dx
a
Example: f (x) = x ≥ g (x) = x 2, ∀x ∈ [0, 1]. The
cross section is A(x) = π(x 2 − x 4) and the
volume is
Z 1 Z 1
1 1 2π
A(x)dx = π (x 2−x 4)dx = π − =
0 0 3 5 15
Example: The solid is obtained by rotating about
√
the x-axis the region under the curve x from 0
to 1.
Z 1 √ π
V =π ( x)2dx =
0 2
Example: The area between f (x) = x 2 + 2, and
g (x) = 4 − x 2 rotates about the horizontal line
y = −3.
Rb 2 2

V = π a (g (x) + 3) − (f (x) + 3) dx = 32π
The Shell method
A solid is obtained by rotating about the y-axis
the region under the graph of y = f (x) over the
interval [a, b]. It may be easier to find the areas of
the cylindrical shells than the areas of the
cross-sections.
The area of a cylindrical shell is 2πxf (x) and the
volume of the solid is
Z b
V = 2π xf (x)dx
a
Example. y = 2x 2 − x 3, x ∈ [0, 2]
Z 2 5

2 16π
V = 2π x(2x 2−x 3)dx = 2π 23 − =
0 5 5
Example: Find the volume obtained by rotating
about the y-axis the area enclosed by the graphs
of f (x) = 9 − x 2, g (x) = 9 − 3x.
Solve
f (x) = 9 − x 2 =
g (x) = 9 − 3x,
and get a = 0,
b=3
R3 27π
V = 2π 0 x[(9 − x 2) − (9 − 3x)]dx = 2
Work=force × distance, W = Fd , F = ma,
where
F is the force (in newtons N) on the object,
m is the mass (in Kg) of the object,
a is the acceleration (in m/s 2) of the object,
d is the moving distance (in m),
and the work (W) is in joule (J).
Example. 1.2Kg books are lifted off the floor and
put on a desk that is 0.7m high. The work is
W = Fd = mad = 1.2(9.8)(0.7) = 8.232 J.
The work done in moving an object by a force
f (x), from coordinate a to coordinate b is
Z b
f (x)dx
a
Example. The location of a particle is x (meters

from the origin), a force of (x 2 + 2x) Newton acts
on it to move it from x = 1 to x = 3. The work is
Z 3 3 3
x 50
(x 2 + 2x)dx = + x2 = J
1 3 1 3
Example: A force of 40N is required to hold a
spring that has been stretched from its natural
length of 10cm to a length of 15 cm. Therefore,
the force required to maintain a spring stretched x
meters beyond its natural length, by Hooke’s law,
is f (x) = 800x Newton. The work done in
stretching the spring from 15cm(0.15m) to
18cm(0.18m) is
Z .08
W = 800xdx = 400((0.08)2−(0.05)2) = 1.56J
.05
Example: A 90.8kg cable is 30.5m long and hangs
vertically from the top of a tall building. After x
meters of the cable has been pulled up, the
required force is ma = 90.8(30.5−x)(9.8)
30.5 . Therefore,
the work required to lift the cable to the top of
the building is
Z 30.5
90.8
W = 9.8 (30.5 − x)dx
0 30.5
30.5
= 9.8(90.8)( ) = 13570J
2
Example: A tank has the shape of an inverted
circular cone with height 10m and base radius 4m.
It is filled with water to a height of 8m. The work
required to pump all of the water over the top of
the tank is
Z 8
9.8(1000) (10 − x)π(0.4x)2dx ≈ 3363000J
0
Exercise: An aquarium 2m long, 1m wide, and 1m
deep is full of water. Find the work needed to
pump half of the water out of the aquarium.
Exercise: Find the shaded area
Exercise: Find the volume of liquid needed to fill a

sphere of radius r to height h.
Exercise: A bead is formed by removing a cylinder
of radius r from the center of a sphere of radius R.
Find the volume of the bead with r = 1, R = 2.
Lorentz curves
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, L(x) is the percentage of total
income earned by a group of lowest-paid people.
this group
The proportion whole community = x.
Properties of Lorentz curves
1. L is increasing.
2. L(0) = 0, L(1) = 1, L(x) ≤ x.
L(x) = x is the ideal case of complete equality in
the distribution of income. The closer the Lorentz
curve is to the line y = x, the more equitable the
distribution of income.
Gini index, denoted GI (index of income
inequality), may beRcomputed by
1
GI = Area of R1
Area of R2 = 2 0 (x − L(x))dx
Examples
Average Value of a function f on [a, b] is
Z b
1
AVG = f (x) dx
b−a a
Examples. f (x) = sin x, average on [0, π] is
Z π
1 1 2
sin xdx = (− cos π + cos 0) =
π−0 0 π π
Examples. f (x) = sin x, average on [0, 2π] is
Z 2π
1 1
sin xdx = (− cos 2π + cos 0) = 0
2π − 0 0 2π
Example. Average value of f (x) = x on [a, b] is
Z b
1 b 2 − a2 a+b
x dx = =
b−a a 2(b − a) 2
Example. Average value of g (x) = x 2 on [a, b] is
Z b
1 2 b 3 − a3 a2 + ab + b 2
x dx = =
b−a a 3(b − a) 3
Mean Value Theorem. If f is continuous on
[a, b], then there exists a value c ∈ [a, b] such that
Z b
1
f (c) = f (x) dx
b−a a
Proof. Let F be an anti-derivative of f , then by
Newton-Leibnitz theorem and Lagrange theorem,
we have c ∈ [a, b] such that
Z b
1 F (b) − F (a)
f (x)dx = = F 0(c) = f (c)
b−a a b−a
Exercise
1. Show that L(x) = 0.7x 2 + 0.3x is a Lorentz
function.
2.. Find the Gini Index.
Improper Integrals
Z b Z t
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx, s, t ∈ (a, b)
a s→a,t→b s
Example. For p < −1,
R∞ p Rt p t p+1 −1 1
1 x dx = lim 1 x dx = lim = − p+1
t→∞ t→∞ p+1
Example. Similarly, for p > −1,

1−t p+1
R1 p R1 p 1
0 x dx = lim t x dx = lim
t→0+ t→0+ p+1
= p+1
Comparison Theorem Rb
Suppose 0 ≤ f (x) ≤ g (x). If a f (x)dx is
Rb
infinite, then a g (x)dx is also infinite. If
Rb Rb
a g (x)dx is finite, a f (x)dx is also finite, and
Z b Z b
0≤ f (x)dx ≤ g (x)dx
a a
Example. The area under the bell curve is
Z ∞ Z −1 Z ∞
−x 2 2dx 2dx
e 2 dx < 2
+ 2 + =6
−∞ −∞ x 1 x2
(see next page for details.)
−x 2
x
∀x > 0, e > x and e < x22 .
2
Z ∞ Z −1
2 2 1
2
dx = 2
dx = 2 1 − lim =2
1 x −∞ x t→∞ t
Z 1 Z 1
−x 2
e 2 dx < dx
−1 −1
=2
Probability and Density function
The probability that variable X ∈ [a, b] is
Z b
P(a ≤ X ≤ b) = f (x)dx ∈ [0, 1]
a
R∞
where f (x) ≥ 0 and −∞ f (x)dx = 1.
Example. Given the density function

0.006x(10 − x) x ∈ [0, 10]
f (x) =
0 x∈/ [0, 10]
Z 8
P(4 ≤ X ≤ 8) = 0.006 (10x − x 2)dx = 0.544
4
Exponential Density Function
Waiting times and equipment failure times are
commonly modeled by exponentially decreasing
density functions

0 if t < 0
f (t) =
ce −ct if t ≥ 0
Z ∞ Z x
f (t)dt = lim ce −ct dt
−∞ x→∞ 0
= lim 1 − e −cx = 1

x→∞
Mean Z ∞
µ= tf (t)dt
−∞
Example. Given an exponential density function f ,
Z ∞ Z x
µ= tf (t)dt = lim cte −ct dt
−∞ x→∞ 0
x Z
x
lim −te −ct 0 + e −ct dt

x→∞ 0
−cx

1 − e 1
= lim −xe −cx + =
x→∞ c c
Example. Suppose the average waiting time is 5
minutes, so

0 if t < 0
f (t) =
0.2e −0.2t if t ≥ 0
(a) The probability that the waiting time is ≤ 1
Z 1
P(0 ≤ T ≤ 1) = 0.2e −0.2t dt = 1−e −0.2 = 0.181
0
(b) The probability P(T > 5) is
Z ∞
1
0.2e −0.2t dt = lim (e −1 − e −0.2x ) =
5 x→∞ e
Example. Given the density function

0.1 if t ∈ [0, 10]
f (t) =
0 if t ∈/ [0, 10]
The mean is
Z ∞ Z 10
µ= tf (t)dt = 0.1tdt = 0.1(102)/2 = 5
−∞ 0
Example. (Average Lifetime) A type of lightbulb
is labeled as having an average lifetime of 1000
hours. It is reasonable to model the probability of
failure of these bulbs by an exponential density
function with mean µ = 1000. Use this model to
find the probability that a bulb.
(i) fails within the first 200 hours,
(ii) burns for more than 800 hours.
Exercise. A distribution is given by the graph
(a) Show that f (x) is a density function.
(b) Use the graph to find the probabilities
P(X < 3) and P(3 ≤ X ≤ 8).
(c) Calculate the mean.
Exercise. Evaluate the following improper integrals
a. Z 3 Z t
dx dx
√ = lim √
1 3 − x t→3− 1 3 − x
b.
Z 4 Z 4
dx dx
1/3
= lim
−2 (x + 2) t→−2+ t (x + 2)1/3
c. Z 1 Z 1
x ln x dx = lim x ln x dx
0 t→0+ t
Exercise. The standard deviation for a random
variable with probability density function f and
mean µ is defined by
Z ∞ 1/2
σ= (x − µ)2f (x)dx
−∞
Find the standard deviation for an exponential

density function with mean µ = c1
Exercise. At a fast-food restaurant, the average
time that customers wait for service is 2.5
minutes.
(a) Find the probability that a customer has to
wait for more than 4 minutes.
(b) Find the probability that a customer is served
within the first 2 minutes.
(c) Determine T such that only 2% of customers
would wait more than T minutes.

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CALCULUS I

Thai-Duong Tran, Ph. D.

July 19, 2015

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 1 / 208

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Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 8 / 208

Domain(f ) = (−3, 3),

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 9 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 13 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 14 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 15 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 17 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 18 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 22 / 208

ln(x − 1), x > 1 ex + 1

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 23 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 24 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 26 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 28 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 29 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 30 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 31 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 33 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 34 / 208

if, for every  > 0, there exists a number M such

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 36 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 37 / 208

if, for every  > 0, there exists a number M < a

if, for every  > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 40 / 208

lim (f (x) + g (x)) = lim f (x) + lim g (x)

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 42 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 43 / 208

Does the following limit exist?

lim f (x) = 2 lim (2f (x) + 3g (x))

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 45 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 46 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 47 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 48 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 49 / 208

if, for every M > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 51 / 208

Example. Each rational function is continuous on

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 53 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 55 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 56 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 60 / 208

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Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 63 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 64 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 65 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 70 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 71 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 72 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 73 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 74 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 75 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 78 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 80 / 208

Thai-Duong Tran (IU HCMC) CALCULUS I July 19, 2015 81 / 208

if, for every > 0, there exists a number M such

if, for every > 0, there exists a number M < a

if, for every > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that