TRANSFOMER

TRANSFOMER is a device that:

a. Transfer electrical energy from one electric circuit to another
b. Does so without a change in frequency
c. Does so by the principle of electromagnetic induction
d. Has electric circuit that are linked by a common magnetic circuit
From the formula:
P=VI
Transformer transfer electrical energy from one circuit (Primary side) to another (Secondary side) without a change in power and extremely efficient because the only losses are
those that occur in the copper windings (𝐼 2 𝑅 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 (ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡; there are also no losses resulting from rotation, such as are present in rotating
machines. If the input (Primary Side) to a transformer is assumed to equal the output (Output Side) of a transformer and voltage drops are negligible, then
Thus, 𝑃𝑝 = 𝑃𝑠
𝐸𝑝 𝑥𝐼𝑝 = 𝐸𝑠 𝑥𝐼𝑠
𝐸𝑝 𝐼 𝑁𝑝
𝑎= 𝐸𝑠
= 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑁𝑠
𝑝

Where:
Ep-primary voltage, volts
Es-secondary voltage, volts
Is-secondary current, ampere
Ip-primary current, ampere Ratio of Transformation indicates how much the primary voltage is lowered or raised
Np-primary winding
Step down transformer- When the primary impressed voltage Ep is reduced to a lower secondary voltage Es thus a>1
Ns-secondary winding
Step up transformer- When the primary impressed voltage Ep is increased to a higher secondary voltage Es thus a<1
a-ratio of transformation
Recall:
∅ ∅𝑥𝑍 ∅𝑥𝑁 ∅𝑥𝑁
𝐸𝑎𝑣 = = = = 1 V
𝑡 𝑥 108 𝑡 𝑥 108 𝑡 𝑥 108 𝑥 108
4𝑓

4f∅ 𝑁
Eav= 108 V

E=1.11 Eav=1.11 x (4f∅𝑁x10−8 ) = 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 𝑉

Thus,
Ep= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑝 𝑥10−8 𝑉
Es= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑠 𝑥10−8 𝑉
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. The 2,300 volt primary winding of a 60 cycle transformer has 4,800 turns. Calculate (a) the mutual flux (b) number of turns in the 230 volt secondary winding.
Given:
f= 60 cps
Vp= 2,300 volt
Np=4,800 turns

Solution:
𝐸𝑝 𝑥 108 2300 𝑥108
a. 𝟇m= 4.44 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑁 = 4.44 𝑥 60 𝑥 4800 = 1.8 𝑥 105 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠
𝑝

𝐸𝑠 𝑥 108 230 𝑥 108

b. 𝑁𝑠 = 4.44 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑁 = 4.44 𝑥 60 𝑥 1.8 𝑥 105 = 480 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑝

2. The maximum flux in the core of a 60 cycle transformer that has 1,320 primary turns and 46 secondary turns is 3.76 x 10^6 maxwells. Calculate the primary and secondary induced
voltages.
Given:
f=60 cps
Np=1,320 turns
Ns=46 turns
𝟇m=3.76 x 10^6 maxwells

Solution:
Ep= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑝 𝑥10−8 𝑉 = 4.44 𝑥 60 𝑥 3.76 𝑥 106 𝑥 1320 𝑥 10−8 = 13,200 𝑉
Es= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑠 𝑥10−8 𝑉 = 4.44 𝑥 60 𝑥 3.76 𝑥 106 𝑥 46 𝑥 10−8 = 460 𝑉
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. The secondary winding of a 4600/230 V transformer has 36 turns. How many turns are there in the primary winding?
Given:
Ep= 4,600 V
Es=230 V
Ns=36 turns
Solution:
𝐸𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝐸𝑠 𝑁𝑠
𝐸𝑝 4600
𝑁𝑝 = 𝑥𝑁𝑠 = 𝑥36 = 720 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝐸𝑠 230

4. The volts per turn in a 25 cycle 2400/230 volt transformer is 8. Calculate (a) the primary and secondary turns (b) maximum flux in the core.
Given:
E/N=8 volt/turn
Ep=2,400 volts
Es=230 volts

Solution:
𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
a. 𝑁𝑝 = 2400 𝑉 𝑥 = 300 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
8𝑉
𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑁𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑥 = 29 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
8𝑉
𝐸𝑝 𝑥 108 2400 𝑥108
b. 𝟇m= 4.44 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑁 = 4.44 𝑥 60 𝑥 300 = 7.21 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠
𝑝
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. The secondary load current of a 2300/115 V transformer is 46 A. Calculate the primary current.
Given:
Ep= 2300 volts
Es= 115 volts
Is= 46 A
Solution:
𝐸 115
𝐼𝑝 = 𝐸𝑠 𝑥𝐼𝑠 = 2300 𝑥46 = 2.3 𝐴
𝑝

6. The primary and secondary of a transformer were measured and found to be 3.8 A and 152 A, respectively. If
the secondary load voltage is 116 volts, what is the primary emf?
Given:
Ip= 3.8 A
Is= 152 A
Es= 116 V
Solution:
𝐼 152
𝐸𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑥𝐸𝑠 = 𝑥116 = 4640 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑝 3.8
Since the voltage drops are all directly proportional to the load current, Is in the secondary and Ip in the
primary, it should be clear that at no load there will be no voltage drop in either winding. Therefore, if a
transformer delivers rated load at secondary terminal voltage, that voltage will change if the load is removed.
Thus,

𝐸𝑁𝐿 −𝐸𝐹𝐿
Percent Regulation= 𝑥 100
𝐸𝐹𝐿

Where:
Enl=No Load Voltage, volts
Efl= Full Load Voltage, volts
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. Calculate the percent regulation of a 2300/115 volt transformer whose no load voltage was measured and found to be 118 V
Given:
Ep=2300 volt
𝐸𝑠𝐹𝐿 = 115 volts
𝐸𝑠𝑁𝐿 = 118 volts

Solution:
118−115
Percent regulation= 𝑥100 = 2.61 %
115
8. The percent regulation of a 4800/240 volt distribution transformer is 3.33 percent. Calculate the voltage to which the secondary voltage will
rise when full load is removed.
Given:
Percent regulation=3.33%
Ep=4800 volts
𝐸𝑠𝐹𝐿 = 240 volts

Solution:
𝐸𝑠𝑁𝐿 −240
Percent regulation= 3.33 = 𝑥100
240
Thus,
𝐸𝑠𝑁𝐿 = 248 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
 Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

When regulation calculations are made for transformers, it is convenient to combine the resistance and reactance
drops that actually occur on the primary and secondary sides into a single value of IR and a single value of IX. One
method of simplifying the calculations is to make use of idea that a transformer having a ratio of transformation a can be
converted into an equivalent transformer having a ratio of 1:1
𝐼
Converting primary value to secondary value through the transformation ratio (𝐼𝑝 = 𝑎𝑠 ),
𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝐼 𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎
= 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑎
)=𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 𝐼 𝑋𝑝 𝑋𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎
= 𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑎
)=𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑅𝑝 𝑋𝑝
Thus,𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑎2 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋𝑠 𝑎2 + 𝑋𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑍𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒2 + 𝑋𝑒2
Where,
𝑅𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑋𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑋𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
9. A 25 kva 2300/230 volt distribution transformer has the following resistance and leakage reactance values; Rp=0.8 ohm; Xp=3.2 ohm ohm;Rs= 0.009 ohm; Xs=0.03 ohm. Calculate the
equivalent values of resistance ,reactance and impedance. (a) in secondary terms (b) in primary terms.
Given:
Ep=2300 volt
Es= 230 volts
Rp=0.8 ohm
Xp=3.2 ohm
2300
𝑎= 230
= 10

Solution:
0.8 3.2
a. 𝑅𝑒 = 0.009 + 102 = 0.017 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑋𝑒 = 0.03 + 102 = 0.062 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑍𝑒 = 0.0172 + 0.0622 = 0.0642 𝑜ℎ𝑚

or 𝑍𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒 < 𝜃 = 0.017 + 𝑗0.062 = 0.0642 < 74.667 𝑜ℎ𝑚

a. b. 𝑅𝑒 = (0.009𝑥102 ) + 0.8 = 1.7 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑋𝑒 = (0.03𝑥102 ) + 3.2 = 6.2 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑍𝑒 = 1.72 + 6.22 = 6.42 𝑜ℎ𝑚
or 𝑍𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒 < 𝜃 = 1.7 + 𝑗6.2 = 6.42 < 74.667 𝑜ℎ𝑚

10. For the transformer of last example, calculate the equivalent resistance and reactance voltage drops for a secondary load current of 109 A in (a) secondary terms (b) primary
terms.
Given:
Is=109 A
109
Ip= 10 = 10.9 𝐴

Solution:
a. Vr=IsRe=109 x 0.017=1.85 V Vx=IsXe=109 x 0.062=6.75 V
b. Vr=IsRe=10.9 x 1.7=18.5 V Vx=IsXe=10.9 x 6.2=67.5 V
 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

Note that the transformer, as an electric circuit, merely acts like an impedance voltage drop. Thus, it is also
possible to represent a transformer as an ordinary series electric circuit that has three elements, equivalent
resistance (𝑅𝑒 ), equivalent leakage reactance (𝑋𝑒 ) and the load.
The Short Circuit Test
In order to determine experimentally the value of the equivalent resistance, impedance and reactance and it
is an attempt to make the windings carry rated currents without requiring that the transformer deliver a load thus
the power input to the transformer will be extremely low. It is also use to determine the copper loss of the
transformer.
𝑃𝑠𝑐
𝑅𝑒 = 2
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝐸𝑠𝑐
𝑍𝑒 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐

𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒2 − 𝑅𝑒2
Where,
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑍𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑋𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 , 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
The Open Circuit Test
When one side of a transformer is left open circuited and the other side is connected to a source of
alternating current whose voltage is rated value, the current will be extremely low- about 2 to 10 percent of the
rated load current. Two components of power loss are developed in the iron and depends on the magnetic
properties of the materials used to construct the core of transformer and its design.
a. Hysteresis Loss- which is purely magnetic, and results because the tiny magnetic particles produce a kind of
molecular friction as they tend to change alignment with the rapid reversals of alternating current
1.6
𝑃ℎ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓𝐵𝑚
b. Eddy current loss- which is electromagnetic in character and is caused by the flow of currents in the iron in
exactly the same way as in transformer windings.
Recall:
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚
2
V= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 ; ∅= 𝐵𝑚 x A
𝐸 𝑥 108 108 𝐸 𝐸
∅ = 𝐵𝑚 𝑥 𝐴 = ; 𝐵𝑚 = =𝑘
4.44𝑓𝑁 4.44𝑁𝐴 𝑓 𝑓

thus,

1.6 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6

𝑃ℎ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓𝐵𝑚 = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓 𝑘 = 𝑘ℎ 𝑥𝑘 1.6 = 𝑘1
𝑓 𝑓0.6 𝑓0.6

𝐸 2
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚
2
= 𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑥𝑘 2 𝐸 2 = 𝑘2 (𝐸 2 )
𝑓

𝐸 1.6
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 (𝐸 2 )
𝑓0.6

Where,

𝑃ℎ = ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝐸 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑓, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑓 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑐𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑧

𝑘1 = ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
11. A 4400 volt 60 cycle transformer has core loss of 840 watts of which one third is eddy current loss.
Determine the core loss when the transformer is connected (a) to a 4600 volt 60 cycle source (b) 4400 volt 50
cycle source (c) to a 4600 volt 50 cycle source.
Given:
840
𝑃𝑐 = 840 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 280 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑃ℎ = 840 − 280 = 560 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
3
𝑃ℎ 𝑓0.6 560 600.6 𝑃 280
𝑘1 = = = 9.673𝑥10−3 𝑘2 = 𝐸𝑒2 = 44002 = 1.446 𝑥10−5
𝐸 1.6 44001.6

Solution:
𝐸 1.6 46001.6
a. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘1 𝑓0.6 + 𝑘2 𝐸2 = 9.673𝑥10−3 + 1.446 𝑥10−5 46002 = 907.262 watts
600.6

44001.6
b. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 9.673𝑥10−3 + 1.446 𝑥10−5 44002 = 904.692 watts
500.6
46001.6
c. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 9.673𝑥10−3 500.6
+ 1.446 𝑥10−5 46002 = 976.772 watts
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
12. The following data were obtained when a short circuit test was performed upon a 100 kva 2400/240 volt
distribution transformer: 𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠. All instrument were placed on the high side,
and the low side was short circuited. Calculate (a) the equivalent resistance, impedance and reactance (b) voltage
drop IR and IX at primary and secondary side.
Given:
𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑉𝐴 = 100,000 𝑉𝐴
𝐸𝑝 = 2400 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 ; 𝐸𝑠 = 240 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Solution:
𝑃𝑠𝑐 1180 𝐸𝑠𝑐 72
a. 𝑅𝑒 = 2 = = 0.682 𝑜ℎ𝑚 ; 𝑍𝑒 = = = 1.707 𝑜ℎ𝑚; 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒2 − 𝑅𝑒2 = 1.7072 − 0.6822 = 1.565 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝐼𝑠𝑐 41.62 𝐼𝑠𝑐 41.6
𝑃 100,000 𝑃 100,000
b. 𝐼𝑝 = = = 41.667 𝐴; 𝐼𝑠 = = = 416.667 𝐴
𝐸𝑝 2400 𝐸𝑠 240

IpRe=(41.667)(0.682)=28.417 V
IpXe=(41.667)(1.565)=65.209 V
IsRe=(416.667)(0.682)=284.167 V
IsXe=(416.667)(1.565)=652.084 V
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
13. For the transformer of the previous example , calculate the copper losses when the load is (a) 125 kva (b) 75
kva (c) 85 kw at a power factor of 0.772.
Given:
𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Thus, 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑆 2
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 1180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐𝑢2 𝑆2 2 𝑆2 2 125 2
a. = ; 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 1180 = 1843.75 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆1 1 100

𝑆2 2 75 2
b. 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 = 1180 = 663.75 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑆1 100

𝑆2 2 85/.772 2
c. 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 1180 = 1430.491 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
1 100
 Equivalent Calculations Using Short Circuit and Open Circuit Data

When the secondary of a transformer delivers power to a load, an equivalent amount of power is supplied to
the primary by the AC source; the power output is generally delivered at a voltage that is different from that of a
source. As previous discussions have shown, there are only two kinds of losses in a static transformer:
a. Copper losses in the primary and secondary windings which measured by wattmeter when the short circuit
test is performed.
b. Hysteresis and eddy current losses in the laminated core which where Core loss is made up and is measured
when open circuit test is performed.
the efficiency of a transformer is given by,
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑥100
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐

It can ,in fact, be shown that, because of these relationships, the efficiency of a transformer is a maximum when the copper losses are equal to the iron losses.
𝑃𝑐
𝐼𝑠2 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝐼𝑠 =
𝑅𝑒

𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝐼
𝑠 𝐹𝐿 𝑃𝑐 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑃𝑐
1000
= 1000𝑥𝐼 𝑅𝑒
= 1000 2 𝑥𝑅
𝐼𝐹𝐿
𝐹𝐿 𝑒

𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑓𝑙
where, = 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦; = 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟
1000 1000

𝑃𝑐
𝑘𝑣𝑎max 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑃𝑠
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
14. A 5 kva 2300/230 volt 60 cycle standard distribution transformer was tested, with the following results; short
circuit input= 112 watts, open circuit input= 40 watts. Calculate the efficiencies of the transformer for a power factor
of 0.8 for the following fractions of rated kilovolt ampere. (a) ¼ (b) ½ (c) 1 ¼
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝐸𝑝 = 2300 𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑓 = 60 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐𝑢2 𝑆2 2 2; 𝑆2 2 112 2
a. = = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 = 0.25 = 0.007 𝑘𝑤 𝑃𝑐𝑜1 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜2 = 0.04 𝑘𝑤
𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆1 𝑆1 1000
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑥0.8𝑥0.25 = 1 𝑘𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 x 100 = 1+(0.007+0.04) 𝑥100 = 95.51%
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑆2 2 112
b. 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 = 0.5 2 = 0.028 𝑘𝑤 𝑃𝑐𝑜1 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜2 = 0.04 𝑘𝑤
𝑆1 1000
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑥0.8𝑥0.5 = 2 𝑘𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 x 100 = 2+(0.028+0.04) 𝑥100 = 96.712 %
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑆2 2 112
c. 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 1000
1.25 2
= 0.175 𝑘𝑤 𝑃𝑐𝑜1 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜2 = 0.04 𝑘𝑤
1
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 5
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑥0.8𝑥1.25 = 5 𝑘𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 x 100 = 5+(0.175+0.04) 𝑥100 = 98.877 %
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
15. Using the data of the previous example , calculate the kva load (at a power factor of 0.8) when the
efficiency is a maximum and the maximum.
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐 40
a. 𝑘𝑣𝑎max 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 =5 = 2.988 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑠 112

𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 ,

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 2.988 𝑥 0.8
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 x 100 = (2.988𝑥0.8)+(0.04+0.04) 𝑥100 = 96.762 %
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
 Parallel Operation of Transformer

Several important conditions must be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to operate successfully in
parallel to deliver a common load. Theses important conditions are:
a. The voltage rating of both primaries and secondaries must be identical. This obviously implies that the
transformation ratios are the same.
b. The transformers must be properly connected with regard to polarity.
c. The equivalent impedances should be inversely proportional to the respective kilovolt ampere ratings.
d. The ratio of the equivalent resistance to the equivalent reactance of all transformers should be the same.

No load operation- When the secondary load is removed, the primaries will still be energized and the secondaries will
remain connected in parallel.
(𝑎1 −𝑎2 )𝐸𝑠
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑎
1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑚𝑝
𝑎1 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑎2 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑍𝑒2 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
Load operation –Equal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having equal ratios of transformation ratios are connected in parallel, the total
load current will divide between them inversely as their equivalent impedances.
𝐸𝑝
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑠 , 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡,
𝑎
𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2
𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1
Thus, 𝐼2
=
𝑍𝑒2

It implies that when two transformer of different kVA ratings are connected in parallel, they divide the total load in proportion to their respective kVA
ratings only when their equivalent impedances are inversely proportional to their respective ratings.
Where,
𝐼1 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐼2 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑍𝑒2 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
Load operation –Unequal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having unequal ratios of transformation ratios are connected in parallel, the
total load current will divide in accordance with the following equations.

(𝑎2 −𝑎1 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 𝐼𝑡 )

𝐼1 =
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2
(𝑎1 −𝑎2 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 𝐼𝑡 )
𝐼2 =
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2

Where,
𝐼𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
16. The following information is given in connection with two transformer that are connected in parallel. Determine the circulating current.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2
25 kva 35 kva
2360/230 volts 2300/230 volts
Ze=0.08 ohm, in secondary terms Ze=0.06 ohm, in secondary terms
Solution:
2360 2300
𝑎1 = = 10.26 𝑎2 = = 10
230 230
(𝑎1 −𝑎2 )𝐸𝑠 10.26−10 230
𝐼𝑐 = = = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏 𝒂𝒎𝒑
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 10.26 0.08 +(10)(0.06)

17. The following information is given for two transformers connected in parallel and delivering a total load of 300 kva. Calculate the load current and kilovolt amperes delivered by each transformer.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

150 kva 250 kva

6900/230 volts 6900/230 volts
Ze=9.4 ohm, in primary terms Ze=5.8 ohm, in primary terms

300,000 𝑉𝐴 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 5.8 𝑍𝑒1 5.8 5.8

𝐼𝑡 = = 43.478 𝐴 = = ; 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 ; 43.478 = 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼2 ; 𝐼2 = 26.888 𝐴
6900 𝑉 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2 9.4 𝑍𝑒2 9.4 9.4

𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑡 − 𝐼2 = 43.478 − 26.888 = 16.59 𝐴

𝑆1 = 6.9 𝑘𝑣 𝑥 16.59 𝐴 = 114.471 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑆2 = 6.9 𝑘𝑣 𝑥 26.888 𝐴 = 185.527 𝑘𝑣𝑎

𝑆𝑡 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 = 114.471 𝑘𝑣𝑎 + 185.527 𝑘𝑣𝑎 = 300 𝑘𝑣𝑎

 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
18. The transformer of example 16 deliver a total load of 46 kva. Calculate the secondary currents and the kilovolt ampere load of each one.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2
25 kva 35 kva
2360/230 volts 2300/230 volts

Solution: Ze=0.08 ohm, in secondary terms Ze=0.06 ohm, in secondary terms

2360 2300 46000

𝑎1 = = 10.26 𝑎2 = = 10 𝐼𝑡 = = 200 𝑎𝑚𝑝
230 230 230
(𝑎2 −𝑎1 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 𝐼𝑡 ) 10.26−10 230+(10)(0.06)(200)
𝐼1 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝒂𝒎𝒑
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 10.26 0.08 +(10)(0.06)
(𝑎1 −𝑎2 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 𝐼𝑡 ) 10−10.26 230+(10.26)(0.08)(200)
𝐼2 = = = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝟐 𝒂𝒎𝒑
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 10.26 0.08 +(10)(0.06)
𝑆1 = 0.23 𝑘𝑣 𝑥 126.548 𝐴 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝒗𝒂 𝑆2 = 0.23 𝑘𝑣 𝑥 73.452 𝐴 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐯𝐚