NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA

Professional School of Mining Engineering

INDEX

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 2
OBJECTIVES......................................................................................... 3
GAPS ................................................................................................... 4
BREACHES CLASSIFICATION RELATED TO MINERALIZATION ............... 4
1) GAPS MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL............................................. 5

2) HYDROMAGMATIC GAPS ............................................................. 6

3) GAPS MAGMATIC (PORPHYRY AND EPITHERMAL). ......................7

4) GAPS INTRUSION ........................................................................ 8

5) TECTONIC GAPS .......................................................................... 8

6) OTHER GAPS ............................................................................... 8

CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 9
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................... 10

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 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA
Professional School of Mining Engineering

INTRODUCTION.

Cooling the surface of the lava, coupled to the differential displacement

of the hottest areas results in brecciation processes on said surface.

The presence of bodies of gaps, with a variety of characteristics, it is

common accompanying a broad spectrum of hydrothermal deposits and
often gaps they constitute a favorable environment for boiling fluids laden
with precious metals, moving to sub levels surface during or immediately
after brecciation resulting ore bodies.

Consequently, it is important to understand the processes that generate

mineralization associated with breccias, which are the characteristics
that distinguish different types of them and describe the role of the gaps
in the formation of mineral deposits.

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Professional School of Mining Engineering

OBJECTIVES.

Expand our knowledge about the formation of gaps, their classification,

their alterations and recognition.

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GAPS.
A gap is formed by a rock lithics that remain linked by a matrix whose
cement in the case of mineralization may be associated with
hydrothermal minerals including ore minerals (eg. Tourmaline, quartz,
chalcopyrite, etc.). In general, the hydrothermal minerals wholly or partly
the voids formed in the fragmented rock and much of the gaps
mineralization has been introduced by hydrothermal fluid filled and
therefore is in the main mass of the gap. The latter is a general term, not
genetic, including cement matrix and the gap. Hydrothermal processes
sometimes produce replacement or gaps metasomatism in this
replacement compositionally corresponds to cement,

BREACHES CLASSIFICATION RELATED TO

MINERALIZATION.

Sillitoe (1985) published a detailed description and classification of gaps

related to mineralization. This classification includes 5 main types of
gaps, with some sub-types, namely:
1) GAPS MAGMATIC
hydrothermal vents gaps Porphyry (breccia bodies associated with
porphyry systems)

2) HYDROMAGMATIC GAPS PHREATIC

Deposits Deposits epithermal porphyry Kuroko (massive sulphide)
phreatomagmatic maar systems – diatreme epithermal and
porphyry type deposits

3) GAPS MAGMATIC
(Volcanic) volcanic diatremes Porphyry and other deposits

4) INTRUSIVE GAPS
Matrix intrusively

5) TECTONIC GAPS
brittle fracturing failures
Corbett and Leach (1998) also presented descriptions and rated gaps
related to mineralization, which is broadly similar to Sillitoe (1985).

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Professional School of Mining Engineering

This includes:
 magmatic-hydrothermal gaps.
Profound related to porphyry Fireplaces gap
 phreatomagmatic breccias.
Diatremes (high level)
 phreatic breccias
Superficial
 magmatic breccias injection
hydraulic breccias
 Hydrothermal collapse breccias
retrogressive processes in porphyry
 Expansion gaps
Structures open spaces (sectors voltage faults)
 Gaps solution
In limestone and dolomite (by kárstica solution)
1) GAPS MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL:
These bodies are presented gap associated intrusive or intrusive
Batholiths sterile stocks (unaltered, unmineralized). Although there is a
gradation towards the gaps associated with porphyry Sillitoe (1985)
specifically in this group it includes those bodies that are not associated
gap to porphyric systems, while Corbett and Leach (1998) not make this
distinction.

It is estimated that the gap chimneys are located at depths of 1 to 3.6

km, which is mainly interpreted by its location in apical portion epizonal
intrusive. They are single or in groups (“clusters") bodies are presented to
200. They are generally vertical and no more than ± 15 ° from vertical
deviate. It is cylindrical bodies of circular or ovoid in plan and a section
several times greater than the horizontal dimension vertical extent;
although most become narrow in depth in inverted cone shape; bifid
forms occasionally occur in depth or branching upwards.

controlling generation parameters hydrothermal breccias:

 initial magma composition
 Depth of intrusive site
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 Initial percentage of water in the magma

 Percentage cast in the initial magma
 Tensile Strength Rock Box
 Fractures vertical dimension (depth and along fractures)

Fig. 1: Hidrothermal gap

2) HYDROMAGMATIC GAPS:
(Deposits porphyry and epithermal precious metals)

Gaps in this section are mainly associated with epithermal and porphyry
deposits and appear to be appreciably less widely distributed than other
varieties of gaps described these two types of deposits.

The term diatreme chimney to fill gap or gap through this type is preferred
because it is believed that they meet the original definition of Daubree
(1891) a diatreme is a conduit emission produced by a volcanic explosion.

Alteration and mineralization

The diatremes associated epithermal precious metal deposits were

emplaced before mineralization began (pre-mineral), as in Montana
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Tunnels and possibly Acupan, or while this was happening (intra-

mineral). In contrast the accompanying diatremes deposits ce porphyry
Cu-Mo or Cu-Au are generally very late or post-minerals.

phreatic gaps (± epithermal deposits precious metals metals basis)

Such gaps develops shallow levels always <1000 m depth e associated

with volcanic structures (volcanic domes, maar-diatreme systems,
boiler). They are in wide range of bodies gap epithermal systems ranging
from small to large veins and veinlets chimneys, tabular and irregular
masses branched bodies often expand or open up.

3) GAPS MAGMATIC (PORPHYRY AND EPITHERMAL).

Sillitoe (1985) introduced this group to divide bodies formed almost
exclusively by juvenile magmatic fragmentary materials, less involvement
of accidental fragments of other rocks. More recently they have been
referred to as volcanic diatremes are the product of a volcanic eruption
felsic magma. An example of such gap is the volcanic complex Pliocene
Cup in reservoir Rio Blanco (Serrano et al., 1996), the complex includes
a chimney or volcanic neck brecciated dacite and an upper tank tuff of
the same composition.

The existing brechoso body in Rio Blanco is post-mineral, but this type
of breccia bodies can be pre- or post-mineral.

The origin is attributed to the release of energy during crystallization and

/ or decompression of hydrous magma bodies emplaced near the surface.
The brechización of shells and rocks stocks box has been assigned to
magmatic-hydrothermal processes exsolution retrograde fluid boiling
followed by decompression. However, if the release of energy by these
processes is large enough to produce brittle fracture to the surface, this
causes catastrophic failure of the entire column of overlying rock and

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trigger a volcanic eruption. Volcanic diatremes represent the emission

duct fragmented magma during eruption.

4) GAPS INTRUSION:
Magma injection into existing rocks can produce mechanical
fragmentation of rocks and incorporating rock box in an intrusive
magma. Magma to mechanical effects is a fluid if injected pressurized
hydraulic fracturing occurs, producing gaps with igneous matrix. This
gap partly by a step-intrusive massive rock (with or without xenoliths of
rocks packers) and secondly to cash non-fractured rocks. Such gaps are
common as irregular patches near the ceiling and roof of subvolcanic
stocks, and porphyry deposits.

5) TECTONIC GAPS:
Fracturing during movement of faults of various kinds of gaps causes
generation (cataclasites). Many mineral deposits are located in failures
(veins) and gaps failure are commonly associated with mineralization. In
many places lenticular bodies are mineralized fault gap, especially in
sectors tensional faults.

6) OTHER GAPS:
Thes sedimentary gaps, gaps karst solution in carbonate rocks and
especially gaps volcanic origin (eg. levels brecciated lava, volcanic gaps or
tuffs lapilli) can also be mineralized, because they provide permeability
to fluid flow and they have primary porosity for deposition of
hydrothermal minerals, but here emphasize gaps that are genetically
associated with hydrothermal processes generating porosity and
permeability rock massive breakdown of allowing the deposition of
hydrothermal minerals within the same blocks.

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CONCLUSIONS:

It was possible to obtain more knowledge asked as to the gaps and

know that sedimentary gaps or volcanogenic is common training
involves transport and aggregation of clastic or pyroclastic
materials, but genetically gaps associated with hydrothermal
processes more often gaps are disaggregating formed by in situ or
limited transport of pre-existing rock fragments.

In some gaps may occur alignments fragments and even

stratification.

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Professional School of Mining Engineering

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=dW5jLmVk
dS5wZXxvcmJhc2F8Z3g6MTAwMzI1NDRkYjlkNjA1OA
 https://es.scribd.com/document/260609418/Brechas-
Relacionadas-a-Mineralizacion

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