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Abstract
Harvesting electrical power from environment energy sources is an attractive and increasingly feasible option for
several batteries-less micro-scale electronic systems such as biomedical implants and wireless sensor nodes that
need to operate autonomously for long periods of time without needed batteries replacement and maintenance.
However, designing highly efficient micro-scale energy harvesting systems requires an in-depth understanding of
various design considerations and tradeoffs. This paper reports and describes method of power management cir
cuit design and implementation for micro-scale solar energy harvesting that based-on step-up voltage conversion,
DC-DC boost converter with maximum peak power controllable and minimum 300mV start-up input voltage. A
micro-solar powered energy harvesting and power management system introduced for targeting to autonomous
wireless sensor node (AWSN) application for monitoring purpose such as remote patient monitoring, structural
monitoring and precision agriculture monitoring. In order to enhance efficiency of supply power to a microcon
troller unit (MCU) and a radio frequency (RF) module in a battery-less sensor network device without battery
power, our current prototype system utilizes combination of a super-capacitor with miniaturize flexible photovol
taic cells. Based on the consideration of practical application, we designed a communication mechanism for the
battery-less wireless sensor mote network system and discuss the various challenges and considerations involved
from a system-design perspective.
source for being powered a wireless mote and sensor becomes less than 3.05V). If the charge level becomes
nodes. Hence, communication mechanism of the sys 3.25V, the reset IC restarts the MPU. When the device
tem must be design by considering not only power is continuously sending data via RF module, the max
consumption but also power charging. In following imum power consumption is around 22mA since the
nate to safe and minimize power consumption and (open circuit) (short circuit)
d 5.40mA
waiting 2n active mode trigger signal from MPU. 1501( 5.193V
240K 5.193V 8.79mA
Sensor _HUmicity 3001( 5.193V 12.13mA
So"""
In emce
Readout Circuit _Temperature 360K 5.t95V 13.ttmA Max. charge
So"""
(SIRC) current
4251( 5.194V 12.54mA
local Ho st
Si;nal
Base Mote
Conditionine
and AOC
r Mote
k .. Ga e\'� I-> Computer
Table 1: Maximum short circuit current at MPP
Yktless COfnmI.nOtIOn voltage of the solar cell
ISM a.nd 2.4SGH2 SOHSA �8te1
4 Result & Measurement circuit current produced at the output of power con
verter is 43.45mA. This is considered enough current
The output power of solar cell not only varies with the
for the power converter to charge and transferring the
intensity of the environmental source, but also with
open circuit voltage (i.e. 5.18V) to store in the 25F,
the load across its terminals. When the loading imped
5V supercapacitor in 30 minutes during sunny day
ance is infinite (open circuit) or zero (short circuit), no
with high intensity of sunlight. From this measurement
output power is obtained since either the output cur
result, the amount power out of the power converter is
rent or the output voltage is zero. At optimal loading
determined by the following factors: 1. solar radiation,
point that is best matched with the inherent impedance
2. solar cell characteristic, 3. solar cell maximum
of the used solar cell. This point on the solar cell I-V
power operating point (V max, I )
max . Maximum power
curve is the MPP. When the optimal loading is applied
extraction of micro-solar powered power converter
to the solar cell, the solar cell operates at its maximum
can be achieved from this point of views when the
power point (MPP). Note that the MPP changes sig
nificantly as the light (sunlight) intensity changes.
product of these two parameters (i.e. I and V) gives
the maximum power. For further achievement, output
Table 1 describes maximum output current produced current of the power converter will be increased de
by the power converter system occurred at the maxi pends on the numbers of the solar cell connected in
mum power point (MPP) voltage of the solar cell. parallel in the system.
This can be done by configuring the power converter
[5] J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, and D. Culler. Telos:
DC-DC Power Converter System Output Enabling ultra-low power wireless research.
IEEE SPOTS, Apr. 2005.
No: of Cell Open Circuit Short Circuit [6] V. Raghunathan, A. Kansal, J. Hsu, J. Friedman,
Connected in Voltage, Voc (V) Current, Isc (rnA)
and M. Srivastava. Design considerations for so
Parallel
lar energy harvesting wireless embedded sys
1 5.188 17.85
tems. IEEE SPOTS, 2005.
2 5.186 28.78 [7] J. F. Randall. Designing Indoor Solar Products,
Photovoltaic Technologies for AES. John Wiley
3 5.186 39.68
& Sons, Ltd, 2005.
[8] S. Roundy, B. P. Otis, Y.-H. Chee, J. M. Rabaey,
4 5.189 43.45
and P. Wright. A 1.9ghz rf transmit beacon using
environmentally scavenged energy. IEEE Int.
Table 2: Relation between output charge current Symposium on Low Power Elec. and Devices,
and numbers of the solar cell 2003.
[9] P. Sikka, P. Corke, P. Valencia, C. Crossman, D.
Swain, and G. Bishop-Hurley. Wireless adhoc
5 Conclusion sensor and actuator networks on the farm. IEEE
We introduce and presenting autonomous hybrid ener SPOTS, 2006.
gy sources for battery-less sensor network system in
cluding hardware design and communication mecha
nism. Experimental results demonstrated the system
can replenish the energy itself by extracting solar en
ergy. The 25F, 5V supercapacitor can fully charge
within 30 minutes in sunny day. The available energy
is employed to transmit sensor data by means of a
wireless communication module through the MICAz
mote to local host computer and power path manage
ment and reconfiguration from energy harvesters for
powering internal loads. The system can be used for
application based on monitoring is requesting a low
power and a highly autonomous sensor node. Since
the system implementing and communication mecha
nism are still in prototype level, we have to measure
performance of the mechanism and improve the power
converter design through various kinds of experiments
and measurement.
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