Section 1&2:
-flue gases- products of combustion
Wind PP- consists of windmill and electric generator
Windmill- converts energy of wind to mechanical energy turning
shaft of generator
Electric Generator- device that converts mechanical energy to
electrical
“Tea Kettle” System- converts chem energy in fuel into electrical
energy; consists of fire, tea kettle, “windmill”, electric generator
Basic Energy Processes- conversion from one type of energy to
another; type of energy produced in steam PP is electrical energy
Four Basic BEP:
1 Combustion: Conversion of Potential Chemical Energy into Heat-
chem energy in coal is converted to heat (real energy)
2 Absorption of Heat Energy by Water- thermal energy is absorbed
by water converting it to steam
3 Thermal Energy of Steam Converted to Mech Energy
4 Mech Energy from a Turbine is used to turn the shaft of a
Generator
“tea kettle” system- improved by enclosing the steam generating
equipment
Furnace- containing fire and fuel
Boiler- tea kettle w/c receives water and converts to steam by
absorbing heat from fuel
Stack- chimney in PP
Turbine- acts as windmill in PP
-steam PP is same as “tea kettle” system but in a complicated way
-objective: produce the most kWh of electricity w/ least amt of fuel
-50 years ago, 3 pounds coal/1 kWh; Present: <1 pound/1 kWh
Gas, oil, coal- most used fossil fuels
Furnace- equipment for convertin chem en to heat en; most
important equipment in PP; where actual burning takes place; gives
a better control over the size of the fire and control heat flow
Types of Furnace
1 Hand-Fired – for early furnaces like coal burning steam boilers for
home heating; problem: moving tons of coal per coal (had to be
done mechanically); burning takes place in grates
2 Stoker Fired- stoker- type f conveyor that moved the coal into the
furnace; problem: getting a complete and rapid combustion;
smaller lumps has more surface area and would burn more quicly
and completely; burning takes place in grates
3 Puleverized Burning- ground up coal is blown into the furnace and
burning takes place in mid-air of steel box
-Mill –machine for grinding the coal to proper size
-Exhauster- fan that blows the coal to furnace
-Burners- openings in steel box where coal enters the furnace
-Cyclone Burner- burns coal at ¼’’; Conventional Burner- burns
coal that is ground to the fineness of face powder
-it takes 11 lb of air/lb of fuel (SMC: 7.5 lb)
-when fire is enclosed in a steel box, it is necessary to force air into
the furnace
-Imaginary bellows- supply air for combustion
1⁰ air- air that goes to mill to pick up powdered coal
2⁰ air- eneters the furnace through dampers near the burner
-heat is supplied by a gas/ oil torch w/c brings the temp in the
furnace up to the ignition temp
-ignition temp- temp at w/c coal will burn
-combustion continues because heat from burning coal is available
-air is mainly composed of 21% O2, 78% N2, 1% Ar
-O2 will combine w/ carbon in fuel forming CO2/CO
-CO is to be avoided since coal is partially burned and releases ½ of
heat available; goal: increase CO2 in order obtain more heat
-perfect mixing of air and coal is not possible
-excess air- somewhat more than enough air supplied
-CO2, N2- flue gases when theoretical amt of air supply is used; with
uncombined O2 when excess air is used
-incomplete combustion indicated by presence of CO
-analysis of flue gases- basis for judging completeness of
combustion
-process of combustion is stimulated by heat; process will not start
until fuel is brought to kindling temp w/c makes it desirable to heat
air for combustion to increase efficiency
-putting a heating coil (air preheater) in stack will provide necessary
heat to air w/c makes it n integral part of every steam PP
-bellows are replaces with fan (Forced Draft Fan); use of bellows
depended upon natural draft w/c is provided by stack utilized by the
difference in the weight of heated air and cold air (same principle as
home fireplace)
-Mechanical Draft: (1) FDF- forced air into the furnace (2) IDF-
before the stack to draw the gases out of furnace
-ash- parts of coal that did not burn; may be wet, dry, hot,dusty,
soft/ large hard clinkers
-slag- removed from the furnace by drpping into ash tank; fly ash-
exhaust out the stack with fue gases and removed by dust collector
-smoke-represents unburned coal and results from inefficient
operation w.c can be remedied by propercombustion
-85% of refuse is fly ash
-for ash removal- use of ash tank(w/ conveyor) removes slag and
ESP removes fly ash
-circulation currents bring the bubbles bring the bubbles to the
surface to the open space
Fxn of steam drum: (1) flow of water to heated areas (2) flow of
steam and heated water to upper areas (3) release of steam to the
collection area above water level
-generating tubes- increase steaming rate by increasing the heating
area (attaching tubes/pipes to the drum)
-boiler-consists of one steel drum connected by a number steel
pipes connected to it; placed inside furnace so hot gases will pass
through the bank of tubes; steam drum- upper drum where steam
rises; receive water and start circulation by admitting water to
tubes; supply a water surface for steam separaton as mixture of
water and steam arise from the tubes and collecting space for
steam; provide an outlet for the steam n its way to turb; minor fxn:
provide water column connections to determine water level and
place to install a boiler pressure safety valve
-if water run dry in boiler, it could be hot, soften and rupture; if
water is filled with too much water it can force water out of the
drum
-generating tubes- in early designs; placed directly in the path of hot
flue gases; receive water and discharges a mix of water and steam;
replaced with water walls
-water walls- eliminated brick-lined furnace; characeristics of
modern of furnace w/c requires a layer of insulation
-if pockets of steam is trapped ingenerating tubes would overheat
and rupture; causes hot spots; can be eliminated by proper
arrangement of drums and tubes
-mud drum- lowest point of water in boiler; where impurities
concentrates
-saturated steam- steam at temp same as boiling point; water in
steam is like sand in blast jet
-superheater-adds heat to the stem after it leaves drum;
arrangemet of steel alloy placed in gas path
-superheated steam has two advantages (1) increases efficiency (2)
less likely to condense in turb
-turbine- changes steam enrgy to mechanical energy; blades are
arranged n group called stages; one third of energy has been given
up in three stages w/c leaves as exhaust steam; commercial turb has
multiple nozzles and blades ith curved entrances and exits
-reheaters- ssuperheaters that reheat steam ; after HP turbine, t
goes to reheater located at gas path; reheated steam has temp close
t the primary steam with lower pressure
-use of vacuum in the exhaust of turb: better turb efficiency- atm
exerts abot 15 psi around turb, removing this pressure, steam will
encounter less resstance
Cooling water- lrgest water system; it takes 1200 tons (300,000
gallons to cool exhaust produced by 1 ton of coal
-condenser- create vacuum ad convert steam to water to be reused
-excess air in condenser can cause the condenser to be air bound
w.c cause loss of vac and decreasing cooling of exhaust steam
-evactor- remove air in condenser
-hotwell- a chamber that collects still warm
-condensate pump- pumps the water/condensate to FW heaters
-make-up water- added to mainitain water level in hotwell; must be
very pure; utreated water can scale the boiler; water treatment
apparatus (demineralizing system) is essential for processing make-
up water
-cold water cannot be added diretly to boiler: (1) lower the temp n
the boiler w.c decreases steaming rate (2) produ ce strain because
of temp diff between water and boiler
-for FW heaters: steam can be extracted from the intermediate
stages of turb; better to extract at the exhaust end (lower pressure);
two FW heaters: low P, low T heater and high P, High T heater
-regenerative FW heating- heating the boiler FW; can be s many as
8 heaters
-deaerating heater-adds heat and remove dissolved gases
-economizer- located in the path between reheaters and air
reheater; can increase the economy by adding bank of tubes
-boiler feed pump- get water to steam drum; must operate at a
pressure high enough to overcome pressure in boiler; if pumps fail,
boiler can dry at about 90 secs
-controls regulate: quantity of coal and air, turb speed, turb load,
steam and water P, levels, temp
-subsytems: systems for lubrication, fuel oil and natural gas supply,
air and compressed air supply
Section 3:
-most work in science and math is based upon exact
measurement of physical quantities
-three fundamental units: mass , length, time
-length-measure of distance from one point to another
-mass- measure of quantitiy of matter
-time- measure of period during w/c an event occurs
-three unit systems: English sys, mks sys, cgs sys
-In US, mks with some cgs is used for physics calculations
while English is used for engineering calculations
-mks system- denotes powers of 10
-properties of subs- observable and measurable
characteristics of substace
1 Mass- measure of amont of substance present
-weight- force exerted by the subs when it is pulled by
gravity
-in PP, mass = weight
2 Volume – measure of amt of space it occupies
3 Density- mass/volume
-Specific Gravity- measure of relative density compared to
water; unit less quantity
4 Pressure- force per unit area
-three ways to create pressure: (1) weight of substance (2)
mechanical force (3) heating a fluid in enclosed container
-solid object cause pressure due to its weight; pressure=
weight/area
-air contains nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, neon, krypton, helium, xenon
- air is held around the Earth by force of gravity
-container may rupture/explode due to high steam P
-in PP, almost all pressure measurements are in psi
-barometer- measures atmospheric pressure
-vacuum- pressures less than atm P
-perfect vacuum – 0 psi, 30”Hg
-any gases mixed with steam decreases vacuum and
prevent efficient heat transfer
-back pressure- special term in PP used to refer to
vacuum; absolute pressure at the point where steam leaves
the turb to enter condenser
-differential pressure- pressure measured at two diff
points; usually used by flow measuring devices
-manometer- measures pressure
-the greater the pressure, the greater the height
-Bourdon Tube gage- mst commonly used instruments in
PP; indicate pressure in psi; usually measurespressure of
water, oil and steam; calibrated in psig; indicate both pressure
and vac
-vac is usually measure by mercury filled manometer and
occurs at the opposite leg of manometer
-head- pressure produced by large pum; water will rise to
height directly proportional to the head produced by pump
-discharge head- height of water level in tank above center
line of pump
-head in feet- pressure produced by BFP
-draft/negative P- pressure below atm P used in connection
with furnaces
-balanced draft- combustion takes place less than atm P
-draft- force that causes air (gases to be set in motion
-chimney draft is natural draft
-heated air in chimney exerts less downward pressure
-fans and blowers are used to move the gases in and out of
the furnace
-flow/flow rate –refers to the ovement of specific quantity of
gas/liquid within specific time
-fan and air compressor rating is usually expressed in CFM
(cubic feet/min)
-unbalanced pressure- make fluid move or flow from high P to
low P
-friction/resistance to flow has to be overcome; resistances:
fluid rubbing against interior surfaces of piping, changes in
direction of flow or obstructions
-pressure is needed to maintain flow of fluids and overcome
friction and resistance
-pumps - move liquids
-pressure drop only occurs when there is a fluid flow
-three ways to measure flow: (1) measuring pressure drop
(head loss) across a certain length of pipe (2) measuring P
drop on either side of an orifice plate/nozzle (3) measuring P
drop across a venture tube
-orifice plate-cause larger pressure drop which is easier to
measure
-venturi tube- constricts or narrows the area; operation is
based on high velocity, low pressure vice versa
-air pressure differential- difference in air pressure between
inlet and outlet of air flow path
-reading air pressure indicates air flow; change in readings
indicate that the equipment is not operating properly
-draft gages-indicate the pressure at various places in the
boiler; determine whether boiler is foled/plugged w/ ash w/c
causes greater pressure diff
Section 4
-energy- capacity to do work
-work- action of a force moving an object through a distance
-defining energy by observing the amount of work it does
-types of energy: mech en, chem en, elec en, thermal en,
nuclear en
-total energy of subs- sum of magnitudes of various types of
energy
-energies (prop of subs) important in PP: potential energy,
kinetic energy, PV energy, internal energy
-forms of energy w/c are not prop of subs: work, heat (this
energy are transit, can be transferred from or to subs)
-potential energy- energy of position
-kinetic energy- energy of motio; the heavier the body, the
greater the velocity, the greater kinetic energy
-potential and kinetic energy are energies associated with
with substance as a whole; in terms of velocity and position of
subs
-a substance possesses several forms of energy due to
vibration, rotation and movement of molecule; temperature
is one outward form of this energy
-internal energy- total sum of energy; in BTU;often referred as
thermal energy
-heating a substance, increases the internal movement of
molecules in water w/c increases temp an internal energy
-PV energy- arises from pressure and volume of substance
-temperature- measure of molecular activity of subs; higher
temp, greter movement of molecules; not a measure of heat;
it is the measure of ability to transfer heat; prop of subs
-heat-energy that flow between two bodies because of
temperature difference; form of energy that can be
transferred
-degree- each space in sale of thermometer
-two temp scales in PP: Celsius and Fahrenheit
-sea level-used as a standard
-below -39C, mercury freezes and becomes solid
-electric thermometer/resistance thermometer- operates at
a principle that wire’s resistance changes as temp is changed;
higher temp, greater resistance;contains battery w/c provides
voltage to generate electric current and ammeter that
measures electric current; calibrated using melting ice(32F)
and boiling water (212F)
-thermocouple- two diff metals is connected in a junction and
the other ends is connected to an ammeter; a change in temp
changes voltage and current
-water and steam- working fluid in steam PP
-PV work/flow work- force that results from P of working fluid
through distance associated with a change in volume; in terms
of expansion and contraction of fluid
-work in PP is measured by determining the electrical eergy
produced/used
-BTU- amount of heat required to raise the 1 pound of
material by 1 F
-two types of units used to measure energy: (1) mechanical
units (ft-lb) (2) thermal uits (BTU)
2 Water hammer in pipes Filled with Water and Steam
Bubbles at Same Temp-steam/air enters water in the form of
bubbles w/c divide into sections, called slugs w/c causes noise
and vibration; occur if pressure in hot water is lost;
3 Water Hammer in Drain Headers- handles water and carries
steam in the form of bubbles w/c collapses the bubbles,
leaving empty pockets in water
-heat of fusion- heat required to change the phase from liquid
to solid
-heat of vaporization- heat required from liquid to gaseous
state
-superheated steam- steam at a temperature above the biling
point
-most outdoor storage tanks that holds oil, water and gas can
braced only internal pressure that is why it should be vented
to prevent possibility of vac
-it is a common practice to open vents at boiler drum as it
approached atmospheric during shutdown; a vac in boiler
could pull in handhold plates/man access doors and case leaks
-heat capacity- amt of heat required to raise the temp by a
certain amt
-specific heat- property that inly depends on the subs; amt of
heat added to a unit weight of substance to raise temp by one
degree
-boiling point increases with temp while heat vap decreases
w/ high temp; freezing pt decreases slightly and heat of fusion
increases
-there are small changes in density of water due to pressure;
density changes with temp
-density is a primary steam property; density is changed with
changing temp and pressure
-Steam Tables- tables of steam properties

Section 5
-water- liquid phase; composed of 2 hydrogen and one atom
of oxygen
-ice to water (melting); water to steam (vaporization/boiling);
steam to water (condensation); water to ice
(freezing/solidification)
-water cooled to about 39F will expand upon further cooling
-water filling a closed section can develop a pressure up to
45,000 psi I it freezes
-since water is practically incompressible, a little change n
olume is observed w/c causes noise, vibration, and damage in
piping system called water hammer
-hydraulic testing- used to test a heater for pipe/boiler leaks
-fill and pressurize with cold water
Forms of water hammer:
1 Water Hammer in Steam Pipes- at 212F, water has 1600
times weight of same volume of steam; if water is present in
steam pipes, it can be picked by steam and speeded up the
velocity of the steam; equalizing valve is cracked open to start
a small flow of steam to cold piping and if it is opened
instantly, water is picked up by steam and hurled against the
bend
Section 6:

-fire triangle-(1) combustible material (2) oxygen (3) heat

-flammable- <100C
-combustible- >100C
-combustible material- coal, oil, gas
-basic elements of combustible material are H and C
-the nitrogen nd other gases in air do not enter combustion
but carry away the gases out of combustion
-kindling/ignition temp- temp at w/c fuel will start a fue to
unite w/ oxygen causing combustion
-combustion- special case of oxidation
-nothing burns unless it is converted to gaseous state
-hydrocarbon- fuel gas used for ignition; usually methane
-fuel-air ratio- relationship between gas/coal and air; amt of
air and fuel needed for complete combustion
-ignition temp- the lowest temp at w/c the combustion no
longer depends on added heat and instantaneous occurs; it
becomes self-sustaining
-electric spark- used initiate heat to ignite the gas/air mixture
-flashpoint temp- vapors flash into flamr at that temp
-higher temp produces more radiant energy w/c produces
faster ignition and speeds up the rate of flame travel
-Sulfur ignites at 470F Carbon (bituminous) ignites at 766F;
flue gases ignites at 900F to 1200F
-temp produced normal combustion is 2500F to 3000F
Factors Affecting Combustion of Coal
1 Mixture- accomplished by creating turbulence in furnace
2 Surface Character- rough surface provides a staring place
for combustion; heat generated causes the surface to break
open due to explosive effect of formation of steam and
gaseous products
3 Ratio of Surface to Volume- finely ground powder takes
advantage of larger surface-to volume ratio
4 Time- if the cooling of gases takes place too soon,
combustion wil be incomplete and results poor efficiency;w/c
influences the size of furnace and cost
Factors Affecting Burning of Natural Gas:
1 Temperature- ignition temp is at least 1200F; ignition temp
is the temp above the flash point w/c combustion will start;
the flu gas temp is same as 2500F to 3000F
2 Mixture-less than 3.8% or greater than 9% of gas in weight
will not explode or burn
3 Time- flame length can be varied by control of air and
should be relatively short
-efficiency of boiler dependent upon the amt of heat that is
wasted
-sensible heat- heat that you can feel; greatest loss;
oversupply of air can increase heat loss and cools the boiler
-the amount of gases produced per pound can be determined
by gas analysis and carbon content of coal
-moisture in coal- second largest heat loss
-potential heat loss- heat that wasn’t produced but could
have been if combustion is complete
-Incomplete Combustion
-Unburned Carbon- has little content in slag (in pulverized
and cyclone firing); in fly ash; low C content in pulverized fring
Section 17:
Circulating Water- used to condense steam that passed
through turbine and condenser
Condenser tubes- made of titanium w/c is more resistant to
erosion and fouling
Intake tunnel- large pipes/concrete channes where water
from lake or river flows through
Circulating Pump- take the water from these tunnels and
pump it through condenser; pumps wih piping sizes of 60”
diameter; handle large quantities of water at low pressure;
vertical pumps
-PP not located adjacent to natural waters uses cooling
lake/cooling tower
Trash Rack- catch and retain the large refuse located at the
mouth of tunnel; sufficiently close to screen out anything that
could damge the operation of revolving screens; cleaned by
rake; large logs is removed by hoist/derrick
Revolving Screens- 3/8” mesh baskets catch and retake the
bulk of refuse that passes through the trash rack; refuse is
removed from screens by water spray w/c washs it to debris
trough
-treatment of CW consists of feeding it with hypochlorite
solution to retard/kill algae w/c foul up condenser tubes
System Problems:
-water flow is reduced when intake screens become
blocked with refuse /ice
-holes develop in screens and permits derbis to pass
through wc damages condenser tubes, suction pipe/ impeller
of pump that reduces pump capacity
-efficiency of condenser is lowered when warm water
recicrculates in the inlet
Gland Water System
-Gland power- water used to many glands in power station
Use:
-cooling of stuffing boxes on pumps, quenching the high T
leak-off from high T pumps, sealing pump glands, lubricating
pump packing, keeping glands clean in pump
Supply and Treatment
-city waterand well water (ideal for gland water service), CW
(must strained/filtered)
Bearing Cooling Water
Use
-control bearing temp by cooling oil lubricating bearings;
used in hydraulic couplings and mill journal
Supply and Treatment
-CW (strained and filtered)
-closed system that uses a make-up; corrosion is remedied
using sodium chromate
Pressure, Temp, Volume
-cooling water pressure depend on plant design; must be
established maintain temp of outler w/in temp limits
-temp: 85F to 95F
-must be constant flow; Bearing Cooling Water Pump- used
to furnish a constant supply of water
High Pressure Service Water System
-Use: ash and dust handling system and fire protection
-S &T: CW treated with hypochlorite and strained
-PTV- P: 100-200 psi; T: not important, V: depends on
demand of ash and dust handling
-Importance: usually an on and off system; it is shut down
when not needed
Low Pressure Service Water System
-all-purpose system w/c is primarily used in cooling
-for use: check pg (207)
-S&T-from strained and filtered CW
-PTV- P: 40-60 psi; T: 110F hydrogen temp; V: governed by
temp demands
Sanitary Water System
-S: city water, deep and shallow wells; must strict health
codes
-U: for drinking, showers, toilets, make-up water
-T: treatment deending on chemical and mineral contingent
-PT: P: demand according to demand; designed to have 2 to
3 pumps; T: not critical; water coolers is used cool SW
- a connection between service water and sanitary water is
prohibited
Compressed Air System
-spraying, sandblasting, pneumatic controls, sootblowing, air
hoists
1 Service Air Supply (House Supply)- for general use; supplied
by single/multiple compressor
2 Combustion Control Air- kept from moisture and impurities;
use for pneumatic devices that provide automatic control of
combustion and steaming rate; use in level control valves,
norma and emergency make-up valves, heater drain valves,
check valves
-compressed air at 90 psi
-can be taken directly from service supply; clean dry air
3 Sootblowing Air- advantage over steam: lower cost,
uninsulated piping is used, avoids pur condensate losses due
to steam blowing, thorough cleaning due to air density;
reduces boiler tube corrosion, saves fuel
-Operate at higher pressure around 200 psig
Section 18
Lubrication- separate moving loaded surfaces by interposing
oil/grease film between surface to reduce friction, heat and
water
-full lubrication is acheieved when shaft reaches operating
speed; a wedge of lubrication is built by pressure of rotation
Oils
1 Mineral Oil- produced from crude petroleum refining
process; it should be further refined to get rid of waxy
compounds that becomes solid at low temperatures and filter
foreign matter
2 Fixed Oils- vegetable/animal origin; usually organic oil and
greases; vegetable oil- produced from seeds and fruits spec.
castor, olive, cottonseed, coconut, peanut oil; animal oil-
produced by heating/rendering fatty tissues wc includes
tallow, lard, neats-foot, whale, fish oils; one or more of these
can compounded with mineral oil that forms a steam cylinder
oil lubricant that can mix with steam; Lard oil ommonly used
as thread oil, machine lathe
-very little value as lubricants when used alone
3 Synthetic Oils- compounded from elements other than
mneral and organic oil; far superior than petroleum base
oils;wide tem range -40F to 300F; use to light to moderate
loads
Additives- added to mineral oil w/v gives oil an ability to do a
lubricating job that oil alone was not capable of doinf.
1 Detergents- maintain a clean internal surface in engines
2 Oxidation Inhibitors- helps the oil give a better service for a
longer priod; oxidation destroys lubricating prop
3 Rust Inhibitors-coats metal with protective film which
prevent moisture from reaching metal surfaces
4 “Oiliness” and Extreme P Additives- gives extremely thin oil
lubricating qualities and help prevent break down/squeeze
out under heavy bearing load
Greases- semi solid w/c combines luid lubricant with
thickening agent; density is designated by number; No. 1
relatively thin; No. 5 thick/heavy
Types of Greases:
-oil is fed into the top of bearing in the direction of shaft
travel; builds a wedge to raise journal and cools the journal
-bearings are fitted to journal with minimum clearance and
lubricated by low viscosity/thin oil
Ring Lubricated Sleeve Bearing- by means of ring around the
shaft w/ larger diameter; bottom part is immersed in oil
-too much in oil in ring can turn the shaft slowly while little
amt of oil may not able to carry a suff amt to lubricate and
cool bearing
Ball and Roller Bearing- anti-friction bearings; only contact is
in balls or rollers; oil is used to avoid rust and corrosion w.in
bearing that would pi moving parts
-grease is used in ati-friction bearings; housing should be
filled from 1/3 to ½ full when usng grease
-overfilling with grease may rupture the seals and overheat
Coupling Lubrication
-coupling- forms link between pump and driver
Types:
-Mechanical Coupling- oil/grase lubricated; filled with oil
and grease and the revolving motion spreads the lubricant to
reduce friction and wear
-Hydraulic Coupling- uses turbine oil/fluid; uses the fluid
to transmit energy from driver to pump; must maintain
correct level

Viscosity- internal resistance to motion w/in itself; expressed

in SAE (Soc of Automotive Eng) for automobile; SAE 10W-
low viscosity suitable for cold weather; SAE30- Climates with
90F(32C)
-higher viscosity, heavier, higher resistance w/in itself
-viscosity decrease, with increase of temp
-increase in oil pressure, increases viscosity
--lower viscosity oil I used in high speed machinery
-in choosing a lubricant, the speed of journal and load is
established; next is viscosity and oil temp
Bearing Lubrication
Sleeve Bearing- referred s friction bearings around shaft; can
be lubricated by grease/oil
-slow speed, heavily loaded-grease lubricated
-high speed, high temp-oil lubricated (turbine and generator
bearings)